Potential and Kinetic Energy
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- Thomasina McBride
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1 Potential and Kinetic Energy 1 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
2 Potential and Kinetic Energy 2 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
3 What is a system? 3 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A system is an object or a group of objects. It is a useful way of thinking about some physics problems. Energy can take many different forms. For example: moving objects have kinetic energy stretched or compressed objects have elastic potential energy objects in a gravitational field have gravitational potential energy. When something about a system changes, the way that energy is stored in it can also change from one form to another.
4 Changes in energy 4 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Can you describe the way that energy is changing in these systems? elastic potential energy An arrow fired from a bow: An archer draws back the bow string, storing elastic potential energy. When they release it, the arrow flies forwards and upwards. kinetic energy gravitational potential energy
5 5 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Changes in energy Can you describe the way that energy is changing in these systems? A basketball hitting the floor: An athlete scores a basket. As the basketball falls, its gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. It compresses (squashes) when it hits the floor, and the kinetic energy is stored as elastic potential energy. gravitational potential energy kinetic energy elastic potential energy
6 Changes in energy 6 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Can you describe the way that energy is changing in these systems? A car braking at a traffic light: When the brakes are applied, friction increases. The kinetic energy of the wheels is transferred into sound energy and heat (thermal) energy. kinetic energy sound energy heat (thermal) energy
7 Changes in energy 7 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Can you describe the way that energy is changing in these systems? Water boiling in an electric kettle: When the kettle is switched on, current flows through the heating element. Electrical energy is converted into sound energy and heat (thermal) energy. electrical energy sound energy heat (thermal) energy
8 Potential and Kinetic Energy 8 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
9 What is gravitational potential energy? 9 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 When an object is lifted upwards, the force doing the lifting does work against the force of gravity. For example, this crane does work lifting this box. The work done is stored as gravitational potential energy (E p ). It is called potential energy because it has the potential to be transferred into other forms of energy later. For example, if the hook broke and the box fell, the stored gravitational potential energy would be converted to kinetic energy.
10 How is GPE calculated? 10 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The GPE of an object can be calculated using this equation: GPE = mass gravitational field strength height or E p = mgh Mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg). Gravitational field strength (g) is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg), and is usually assumed to be 10N/kg close to the surface of Earth. Height (h) is measured in metres (m). Gravitational potential energy (E p ) is measured in joules (J).
11 Factors affecting GPE 11 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
12 Calculating GPE question 1 12 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A plane with a mass of 5,000kg travels at a height of 10km above the ground. How much gravitational potential energy does the plane have? Assume a value of 10N/kg for g. GPE = mass gravitational field strength height = 5, ,000 = 500,000,000J = 500MJ
13 Calculating GPE question 2 13 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 An orange with a mass of 250g falls 2.5m from its branch to the ground. How much GPE will the orange have lost when it hits the ground? Assume a value of 10N/kg for g. GPE lost = mass gravitational field strength = = 6.25J change in height
14 GPE, mass and height calculations 14 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
15 Potential and Kinetic Energy 15 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
16 What is kinetic energy? 16 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The word kinetic comes from the Greek word kinesis, meaning motion. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because it is moving. All moving things have kinetic energy, but the amount of energy they have is not just dependent on how fast they are moving. What other factors might affect the kinetic energy of a moving object?
17 How is kinetic energy calculated? 17 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The kinetic energy (E k ) of an object can be calculated using this equation: E k = ½ mass velocity 2 E k = ½mv 2 Mass, m, is measured in kilograms (kg). Velocity, v, is measured in metres per second (m/s). Kinetic energy, E k, is measured in joules (J). or
18 Calculating kinetic energy question 18 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A car with a mass of 1,000kg travels at a velocity of 20m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the car? kinetic energy = ½ mass velocity 2 = ½ 1, = 200,000J = 200kJ
19 19 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Rearranging the kinetic energy equation If you know the kinetic energy of an object, you can rearrange the equation in order to calculate its mass or velocity. E k = ½mv 2 Rearranged to calculate mass: Rearranged to calculate velocity: m = 2E k v 2 v = 2E k m
20 Calculating velocity question 20 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A lorry has a mass of 20,000kg. If its kinetic energy is 2.25MJ, at what velocity is it travelling? E k = ½mv 2 velocity = = = 15m/s
21 Using the kinetic energy equation 21 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
22 Potential and Kinetic Energy 22 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
23 Energy transfers within a system 23 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Imagine a tennis ball with a mass of 60g dropped from a height of 50cm. Initially, the tennis ball has some gravitational potential energy (E p ): E p = mgh m = 0.06kg = = 0.3J h = 0.5m And no kinetic energy (E k ), because it is not moving. The total energy in the system is 0.3J.
24 Energy transfers within a system 24 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Imagine a tennis ball with a mass of 60g dropped from a height of 50cm. E p = 0.3J When it is dropped, E p is converted to E E k = 0J k. As it falls, E p decreases and E k increases, but the total energy of the system stays the same. When it hits the ground, E p is reduced to zero. All of the gravitational potential energy has been transferred to kinetic energy. total Eenergy p = 0.2J = 0.3J E k = 0.1J total energy E p = 0.1J = 0.3J E k = 0.2J E p = 0J total energy = 0.3J E k = 0.3J total energy = 0.3J
25 Energy transfers in rollercoasters 25 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 What happens to the E k and E p of a rollercoaster?
26 The relationship between GPE and KE 26 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016 As the rollercoaster loses height, the stored gravitational potential energy is transferred into kinetic energy. E p lost = E k gained This equation is only true if air resistance and friction are ignored. In reality, E p would also be transferred into heat and sound energy, so the E k of the rollercoaster would be a bit less than the E p lost.
27 Energy transfer of roller coasters 27 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
28 Terminal velocity 28 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
29 Potential and Kinetic Energy 29 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
30 Glossary 30 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
31 Multiple-choice quiz 31 of 31 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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