The Impact of Directional Antenna Models on Simulation Accuracy
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1 The Impact of Directional Antenna Models on Simulation Accuracy Eric Anderson, Gary Yee, Caleb Phillips, Douglas Sicker, and Dirk Grunwald University of Colorado Department of Computer Science 25 June 2009 Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 1 / 21
2 Outline 1 Introduction Physical Layer Simulation Current Models of Directivity 2 EDAM The Effective Directivity Antenna Model Error Idea Parameters 3 Case Study Overview Metrics Results 4 Conclusions Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 2 / 21
3 Phy-Layer Simulation Framework Environmental Factors Terrain In/Outdoors Motion Line of Sight In/Outdoors Line of Sight Antenna Properties Path Loss Fading Directivity Model Two ray COST 231 ITU Rician Rayleigh... EDAM Antenna Gain Only None Position Temporal Variation Direction / Orientation Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 3 / 21
4 Directivity Current Models Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 4 / 21
5 Directivity Current Models Fading & path loss Node a gain Node b gain P rx = P tx X f a (θ 1 ) f b (θ 2 ) Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 4 / 21
6 Example Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 5 / 21
7 Example f a (θ 1 ) f b (θ 2 ) Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 5 / 21
8 Example f a (θ 3 ) f b (θ 4 ) Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 5 / 21
9 Example Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 5 / 21
10 Outline 1 Introduction Physical Layer Simulation Current Models of Directivity 2 EDAM The Effective Directivity Antenna Model Error Idea Parameters 3 Case Study Overview Metrics Results 4 Conclusions Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 6 / 21
11 How Bad Is It? Patch Panel Antenna db Relative to Peak Mean Patch Outdoor B Patch Outdoor A Patch Indoor A Reference Angle, Degrees Counterclockwise Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 7 / 21
12 How Bad Is It? 24dBi Parabolic Dish, Indoors db Relative to Peak Mean Parabolic Indoor C Parabolic Indoor B Parabolic Indoor A Reference Angle, Degrees Counterclockwise Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 7 / 21
13 EDAM The Effective Directivity Antenna Model Key Idea: Model offset between the expected ( pure ) antenna gain and observed effect. Offset is environment-specific and impractical to compute (but easy to measure) Distribution of offsets can be predicted well. Construct distributions, sample, repeat. Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 8 / 21
14 EDAM Distribution Parameters Mean offset is based on antenna gain and environment type. Offset variance and packet signal variance are based on environment type. See Modeling environmental effects on directionality in wireless networks, WiNMee 2009 (tomorrow). Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt 09 9 / 21
15 Outline 1 Introduction Physical Layer Simulation Current Models of Directivity 2 EDAM The Effective Directivity Antenna Model Error Idea Parameters 3 Case Study Overview Metrics Results 4 Conclusions Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
16 Case Study: Data Striping for Security Compare simulated and real results (S. Lakshmanan et. al, 2008) Propagation-sensitive system: APs beam-form to client Packet must be received from all APs to decode. Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
17 Experimental Design Directivity Path Loss Fading EDAM Two ray Log-normal Pure ITU-1238 Ricean None/Omni Implicit Gaussian None Directivity Null Hypotheses 1 Pure: Antenna gain fully describes directional effects. 2 None/Omni: There is no predictable directional effect. (indoor) Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
18 Ground Truth Measurement Measurement Points Signal strength from y coordinate x coordinate Signal strength, dbm Y position X position Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
19 Application Performance: Vulnerability Area Application goal: Minimize physical area of reception. Metric: Fraction of packets decodable at each location. Distribution, not scalar. 30 Actual performance, outdoor test Complete packet reception probability CDF of packet reception probability by location, outdoor Cumulative fraction of nodes Observed Sim: NA, NA, NA y coordinate x coordinate Fraction of packets received completely Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
20 Simulation Accuracy: Distribution Similarity CDF of packet reception probability by location, outdoor Accuracy = similarity of application performance to reality. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test: Maximum divergence between distributions. Evaluation: Factorial ANOVA on KS test across all configurations. Cumulative fraction of nodes Observed Sim: pure, two ray, lognormal Fraction of packets received completely Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
21 Results (subset) EDAM Pure Gain Outdoor Indoor Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
22 50% Vulnerability Region Indoor Directivity Model Area (points) Pure antenna 3-5 Measured 38 EDAM Omni (no directionality) 83 (100%) Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
23 Outline 1 Introduction Physical Layer Simulation Current Models of Directivity 2 EDAM The Effective Directivity Antenna Model Error Idea Parameters 3 Case Study Overview Metrics Results 4 Conclusions Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
24 Highlights EDAM enables more accurate simulation and modeling of networks with directional antennas. Dramatic improvement indoors Marginal improvement outdoors Directional effects are significant even in worst case. Determinants of accuracy: (indoor): 1 Directivity model 2 Path loss model 3 Fading model (outdoor): 1 Path loss model > 2 Fading model 3 Directivity model. Eric Anderson (CU Boulder) The Impact of Directional... WiOpt / 21
25 Thank you Contact: Simulation software (Qualnet patch): Raw measurements:
26 KS Test Statistic For all Configurations and Seeds outdoor Kolmogorov Smirnov Test Statistic indoor EDAM ITU 1238 Ricean EDAM ITU 1238 implicit Gaussian EDAM ITU 1238 lognormal EDAM two ray Ricean EDAM two ray implicit Gaussian EDAM two ray lognormal omni ITU 1238 Ricean omni ITU 1238 lognormal omni ITU 1238 none omni two ray Ricean omni two ray lognormal omni two ray none pure ITU 1238 Ricean pure ITU 1238 lognormal pure ITU 1238 none pure two ray Ricean pure two ray lognormal pure two ray none
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