Antenna measurements
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1 Course on Microwave Measurements Antenna measurements Prof. Luca Perregrini Dept. of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering University of Pavia web: microwave.unipv.it Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 1
2 Summary Why antenna measurements? What do we measure? How do we measure? Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 2
3 Why antenna measurements? To verify the design To tune the antenna components To evaluate the production yield To routinely check the antenna performance AUT = Antenna Under Test Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 3
4 Parameters of interest Radiation characteristics Radiation pattern: main lobe beamwidth, main lobe direction, side lobes levels/directions, gain Polarization: axial ratio, cross polarization Input characteristics Reflection coefficient System parameters Equivalent Isotropic Radiater Power (EIRP), Gain to antenna temperature ratio (G/T) Mechanical properties Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 4
5 Radiation pattern The radiation pattern represents the normalized spatial power distribution radiated by the antenna Radiation intensity: K(θ,φ) = dp irr / dω [W/sterad] Directivity: D(θ,φ) = K(θ,φ) / K mean = Gain: G(θ,φ) = η D(θ,φ) = dp P irr in dpirr Pirr / d / 4 / d / 4 The radiation pattern is the plot of G(θ,φ)/G max (equivalent to K(θ,φ)/K max ) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 5
6 Radiation pattern Polar representation (2D) Logaritmic (db) Linear Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 6
7 Radiation pattern Cartesian representation (2D) Logaritmic (db) Linear Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 7
8 Radiation pattern Spherical representation (3D) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 8
9 Radiation pattern Cartesian representation (3D) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 9
10 Radiation pattern Contour plot (3D) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 10
11 Radiation pattern Relevant parameters Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 11
12 Radiation pattern International Telecommunication Union (ITU) masks ITU mask Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 12
13 Polarization Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 13
14 Relevant field zones Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 14
15 Friis formula P P RX TX 4r 2 G G 1 2 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 15
16 Antenna measurement setup Outdoor far-field Elevated range Ground reflection range Indoor (anechoic chamber) far-field Standard AUT-probe system Compact antenna test range (CATR) Indoor (anechoic chamber) near-field Planar scanning system Cylindrical scanning system Spherical scanning system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 16
17 Outdoor far-field Elevated range Calibrated probe(tx) AUT (RX) AUT moving system Flat land AUT/probe monted on high towers/buildings at far-field distance Probe must guarantee uniform field distribution on AUT (not critical) If possible, scatterers placed on the ground reflection area Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 17
18 Outdoor far-field Elevated range Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 18
19 Outdoor far-field Elevated range Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 19
20 Outdoor far-field Ground reflection range AUT (RX) Calibrated probe(tx) AUT moving system Flat land The ground reflection enhances phase uniformity on the AUT AUT/probe monted on high towers/buildings at far-field distance The AUT is positioned on the first interference lobe between the probe and the ground mirror reflection Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 20
21 Outdoor far-field Ground reflection range Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 21
22 Outdoor far-field Calibration methods Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 22
23 Outdoor far-field Pros/Cons Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 23
24 Indoor far-field Anechoic chamber Calibrated probe(tx) AUT (RX) AUT moving system Completely shielded environment covered by electromagnetic absorbing panels Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 24
25 Indoor far-field Anechoic chamber Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 25
26 Indoor far-field Pyramidal Anechoic chamber Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 26
27 Indoor far-field Pyramidal Anechoic chamber SBH feed antenna Test zone Feed section ETS-Lindgren Wireless Test Chambers (400 MHz to 6000 MHz) Sat Com Electronics Antenna Tapered Chamber (500 MHZ 40 GHz) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 27
28 Indoor far-field Semi-Anechoic chamber Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 28
29 Indoor far-field Semi-Anechoic chamber Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 29
30 Indoor far-field Semi-Anechoic chamber Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 30
31 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 31
32 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe small antennas: r >> l large antennas: r >> 2D²/l, D=10l 4m x 3m x 3m f min = 750 MHz f min = 15 GHz Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 32
33 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe ECCOSORB VHP-NRL: < GHz Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 33
34 Indoor far-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 34
35 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe ECCOSORB VHP-NRL: what about f >24 GHz Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 35
36 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe r = 4m, f=50 GHz, free-space propagation: -80 db cables attenuation: tens of db Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 36
37 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe Cables and connectors limitations frequency range and sensitivity of transmitter/receiver (e.g., VNA) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 37
38 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe antenna horn in band X: f min = 7 GHz Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 38
39 Indoor far-field measurement details Frequency constraints f f f min max Dimensions of the anechoic chamber Reflection of the anechoic material Attenuation Instrumentation Antenna probe Taking all the constraints into account: 4m x 3m x 3m 3 GHz f 25 GHz Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 39
40 Indoor far-field measurement details Antenna phase center Phase center? x a b y z g Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 40
41 Indoor far-field measurement details TX/RX antennas alignement problem Solution: use laser pointers Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 41
42 Indoor far-field measurement details TX/RX antennas alignement problem Solution: exploit directly the radiation pattern Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 42
43 Indoor far-field measurement details Example of measurement result (UNIPV near-field system) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 43
44 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Due to the double reflector system, the AUT is illuminated by a uniform plane wave in spite of the limited distance Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 44
45 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 45
46 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Parabolic reflector Hyperbolic reflector Calibrated probe (TX) AUT (RX) AUT moving system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 46
47 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 47
48 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 48
49 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 49
50 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 50
51 Indoor far-field Compact antenna test range (CATR) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 51
52 Indoor near-field Planar scanning system Calibrated probe (RX) AUT (TX) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 52
53 Indoor near-field Planar scanning system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 53
54 Indoor near-field Planar scanning system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 54
55 Indoor near-field Cylindrical scanning system Calibrated probe (RX) AUT (TX) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 55
56 Indoor near-field Cylindrical scanning system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 56
57 Indoor near-field Spherical scanning system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 57
58 Indoor near-field Spherical scanning system Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 58
59 Indoor near-field Spherical scanning system Calibrated probe (RX) AUT (TX) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 59
60 Indoor near-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 60
61 Indoor near-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 61
62 Indoor near-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 62
63 Indoor near-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 63
64 Indoor near-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 64
65 Indoor near-field measurement details Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 65
66 Indoor near-field measurement details x y 2 2 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 66
67 Indoor near-field measurement details 2 a z 2 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 67
68 Indoor near-field measurement details 2 ; a 2a Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 68
69 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 69 z y x E,, 0,, z y x E 0,, ; 0,, z y x E z y x E y x Indoor near-field measurement details
70 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag / 2 / 2 / 2 / 0,,, b b a a y k x k j x y x x dxdy e z y x E k k f y x y x jkr ff k k f r ke j r E, cos 2,, y x x k k f, y x x k k f, y x x k k f, y x x k k f, y x x k k f, Indoor near-field measurement details
71 Indoor near-field measurement details M 2 n a x ~ -30 db 1 2 x max k x k x a m zero-padding k 2 x k 2 y k 2 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 71
72 Indoor near-field measurement details k 10 GHz m k x k sin cos k max x k sin m 1 M x k x a x max k x 1 2 m a 0.5 M x 3 k x a x 1.8 a 2 cm 1 m a 3.5 m m 1 67 M 64 Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 72
73 Indoor near-field measurement details 10 GHz M 64 MxN 4096 T 5s h M x k x a x max k x 1 2 m a Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 73
74 Indoor near-field measurement details Probe radiation pattern correction needed Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 74
75 Outdoor vs indoor Outdoor (far-field) + Simple measurement technique + Limited post-processing Large measurement field High signal attenuation Environmental/climate changes Electromagnetic interferences Indoor (far-field/near-field) + Controlled environment (temperature, humidity, ) + No electromagnetic interferences + Accuracy antenna dimension/frequency limitation (far-field) Frequency and dimension limitation Strong post-processing (near-field) Large number of samples (near-field) Measurement of amplitude and phase (near-field) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 75
76 Outdoor vs indoor Sonda calibrata (RX) AUT (TX) Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 76
77 Possible source of errors Errors due to the measurement equipment InstrumentationSonda calibrata (RX) Connection cables Control/acquisition/processing software Inaccurate placement of the probe AUT (TX) Errors due to the measurement setup Multiple reflection in the measurement region Undersampling and/or limited sampling surface Non ideality of the probe Microwave Measurements 2014/15 Prof. Luca Perregrini Antenna measurements, pag. 77
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