Charles Coulston Gillispie * Raffaele Pisano. Lazare and Sadi Carnot. A Scientific and Filial Relationship. Second Edition.
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1 Charles Coulston Gillispie * Raffaele Pisano Lazare and Sadi Carnot A Scientific and Filial Relationship Second Edition 4 Springer
2 Contents 1 Biographical Sketch of Lazare Carnot 1 2 The Science of Machines Summary of Essai sur les machines en general Geometric Motions Moment-of-Momentum Moment-of-Activity-the Concept of Work Practical Conclusions 43 3 The Development of Carnot's Mechanics Argument of the 1778 Memoir on the Theory of Machines Argumentof the 1780 Memoir Argument of the Principes fondamentaux de I'equilibre et du mouvement (1803) Comparing the Work of Sadi Carnot 77 4 The Carnot Approach and the Mechanics of Work and Power, Early Engineering Mechanics Applied Mechanics The Concept of Work An Engineering Justification of Algebra and the Calculus Geometric Analysis and the Problem of Negative Quantity The Compensation of Error in Infinitesimal Analysis Analysis and Synthesis History and Historiography of Sadi Carnot's Thermodynamics A Historical Excursus On the Science of Sadi Carnot's Time: The Mechanics On the Science of Sadi Carnot's Time: The Theory of Heat Toward Physical Mathematical Theories 140 xiii
3 xiv Contents 62 A Historiographical Excursus On Sadi Carnot's Historiography On the Methodology used to Investigate Sadi Carnot's Science On Specificity and Scientificity in Historical Discourse On Interpretation in Historical Discourse On Categories in History of Science Biographical Sketch of Sadi Carnot Notes on the Philological Aspects of Reflexions stir la puissance motrice dufeit On Sadi Carnot's Studies at Ecole polytechnique An Ad Hoc Index of Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu On Principles in Sadi Carnot's Thermodynamics An Outline of the Problem of History and Logic On the Mathematics On the Physics On the Physics Mathematics On the Logic and Structure Sadi Carnot's Theory and its Logical Organization On the DNSs and Logical Investigation The Distribution of DNSs in Sadi Carnot's Book The Possible Theoretical Roles Played by a DNS Sadi Carnot's Arguments Through his DNSs Reconstruction of Arguments and Some Cycles of Reasoning Expressed by DNSs Sadi Carnot's Thermodynamics as PO Theory Its Non-classical Logic and its Central Problem On Sadi Carnot's Theory: a Case Study Which and How Many Principles did Sadi Carnot Express in his Reflexions sur la puissance motrice dufeit? DNSs and Mathematics in Sadi Carnot's Theory Final Remarks What are the Scientific Roots of Sadi Carnot's Cycle? An Outline of the Problem A Comparative Analysis: Volta's Battery and Sadi Carnot's Heat Machine An Analogy Between Heat Fluid and Electric Fluid An Analogy Between the Cycle of Electric Fluid and the Cycle on Heat States An Analogy Between Heat Work and Electric Work On the Analogy Between Thermodynamics and Electrostatics According to Mach's Investigations Other Kinds of Analogies 247
4 Contents xv 841 On the Birth of Electricity and Thermodynamic Theories On the Caloric and Entropy Final Remarks A Historical Epistemology of Thermodynamics The Mathematics in Sadi Carnot's Theory An Outline of the Problem A Book of Physics Without Mathematics? The Calculations and Historical Interpretation of the Mathematical Footnote The "Suppression" of Adiabatic Curves in Sadi Carnot's Cycle Why does Sadi Carnot "Supprime" the Adiabatic Curves? A Possible Solution Lazare Carnot's Synthetic Method The Synthetic Method in Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu The Mathematical Character of the Footnote How did Sadi Carnot use his Adiabatic Equation? A Possible Calculation A Reflection on the Modern Calculation of Efficiency Final Remarks Studies and Heritage of Reflexions sur la puissance motrice dufeu An Outline of the Problem La theorie analytique de la chaleur Reflections on Fourier and Lame On Fourier's theorie analytique de la chaleur (1822) On Lame's Lecons sur la theorie analytique de la chaleur (1861) Final Remarks on Fourier and Lame's Theories Theoretical Advancements on Caloric Theory in Sadi Carnot's Work On the Dynamical Effects of Heat by FerdnandReech(1853) On Cycles and Equivalent Mechanic of Heat On a Comparative Analysis Between Paul de Saint-Robert's Principes de thennodynamique (1865) and Sadi Carnot's Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu (1824) On Paul de Saint-Robert Historical Analysis of Principes de thennodynamique (1865) 324
5 xvi Contents 11 Final Remarks on the Scientific Relationship Between PereetFils An Outline of the Problem A Hypothesis on Structures of the Scientific Parentage On the Lost Newtonian Paradigm On the Constraints and Production of Work On the machine en general and its Working Substance On the Analogy between Hydraulic and Heat Machines On the Efficiency of a Machine On the Impossibility of Perpetual Motion On the Synthetic Method On the Principle of Virtual Work On the Principle of Virtual Work and the Interactions On the Principle of Virtual Work and State Equations Scholars, Formulas, Experiments and Sources cited by Sadi Carnot in his Works On the Equivalence of Work-Heat On the Cycle and Reversibility of a Machine Final Remarks a mo of Conclusion 407 Appendix to Chapter 7: DNSs Listed in Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu 413 Notes on Manuscripts and Documents 421 Special Images of Carnot's Family 425 References 441 Analytical Index: Names and Subjects 469
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