Hari Dass, N.D. The principles of thermodynamics digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern

Transcription

1 Hari Dass, N.D. The principles of thermodynamics 2014 digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern

2 Preface Guide for readers and teachers xiii xv Chapter 1 The Beginnings Temperature and Uniform temperature temperature scales Materials for thermometry Ideal laws The Kelvin scale gases 1.3 Heat and specific heats heat States and Some examples Sadi the of heat 17 Infinitesimal andfinitecycles engines and the Clapeyron Equation Problems 32 Chapter 2 First E = Mc 2 of Thermodynamics 33 The fall of the caloric The path to the first law The first law of thermodynamics Some applications of thefirstlaw Internal energy of ideal gases Isochoric changes Isobaric changes Adiabatic changes in an ideal gas Isothermal changes Heats transformation Problems Suggested reading for this book in 49

3 3 The Second and Third Laws Perpetuum mobiles Perpetual machines of thefirstkind Perpetual machines of the second kind The entropy the first part of second law A first law for ideal gases A consequence of the entropy axiom Entropy axiom and universality of Carnot cycles Ideal gas Carnot Composition of Carnot cycles Historical of second law Consequences of Clausius Inequality Second law and Second law and arrow of Entropy and disorder Entropy and Information An absolute scale of temperature Applications first and second laws Third law of thermodynamics - the Nernst-Planck postulate Problems 85 Chapter 4 Carnot Cycles - The Turing Machines of Thermodynamics The gas Carnot cycles The ideal gas cycles The van cycle The Carnot cycle The Stirling engine The Otto cycle The Diesel cycle The Brayton cycle The magnetic Brayton cycle Carnot cycle with photons 96 The Thermodynamics of the radiation field Photon Carnot cycle The thermodynamic gateway to world Problems 101 Chapter 5 Specific Heats: Magnificent Bridges A brief history Varieties of specific heats 105 Negative specific heats Specific heats and the third law 107

4 Specific heats and cooling powers Specific heats and microscopics Specific heats herald quantum theory! 109 Einstein and specific heats Debye Theory Specific heats of quantum ideal gases 5.6 Problems Chapter 6 Structure of Thermodynamic Theories Extensive and intensive variables: general The Fundamental Equations 124 Intensive variables and the fundamental The Euler relations The relations True equations of State Multicomponent Systems Entropy of and the Gibbs paradox 130 Extensivity revisited Worked out examples 133 Fundamental equations and equations of State Gibbs-Duhem relations Axiomatic intensive variables and equilibrium Stability of equilibrium Problems 137 Chapter 7 Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Relations 7.1 Thermodynamic potentials Internal energy and enthalpy 140 Helmholtz free energy Gibbs free energy Maxwell 's relations How different potentials? Inclusion of potential Problems 147 Chapter 8 Magnetic Systems 8.1 Introduction Thermodynamic potentials Inclusion of PdV and terms in du Magnetic Euler relations Counting the magnetic potentials PdV vs Equation of for magnetic 166

5 x Contents Equilibrium conditions Problems 170 Chapter 9 Dilute Solutions 171 General considerations Mixing revisited Osmotic pressure Vapor pressure and boiling point of Freezing point of dilute Problems 186 Chapter 10 Phases and Their Equilibria The Gibbs phase Phases of water Salt water phase diagram Phases of Carbon Phase Diagram Phase Diagram QCD Phase Diagram Superconducting Phase Transitions Superconductor Phase Diagram Problems 203 Chapter 11 The Clapeyron Equation 205 original treatment 205 Clausius's improvement 205 More modern approaches 206 Other 207 Freezing curves 209 Anomalous freezing curves 210 Boiling and Sublimation curves 210 near absolute zero The Dew, frost and relative An Temperature dependence of latent heats treatment 216 Boiling points of dilute 217 Breakdown of the Clapeyron equation 218 Magnetic Clapeyron equation 219 Superconducting transitions Problems 226

6 Chapter 12 The van der Equation Thermodynamic aspects Thermodynamic potentials Various isoparametric processes Properties the vdw isotherms Existence of Phases in the vdw The Maxwell construction and unstable states of the vdw Phases vdw system Negative pressures in vdw Systems Surface tension Thermodynamics of inhomogeneous substances van der Waals theory of surface tension Surface thermodynamics in vdw theory Revisiting the bubble pressure Problems 257 Chapter 13 The Critical Point Overview Critical properties of The coexistence curve Latent heat Surface tension Critical behaviour of van der Waals theory Critical exponents of vdw theory Even more exponents Beyond the critical region of vdw theory From van der Waals to Wilson via Landau The group Renormalization group inspired 13.4 Problems 274 Chapter 14 to Absolute Zero Standard methods of refrigeration power Helium cryostats He4cryostat Dilution refrigeration 280 Thermodynamics of He3-He4 mixtures Cooling power of dilution refrigerators The dilution refrigerator Dilution refrigeration: designs 285

7 14.4 Magnetic cooling Principles of adiabatic cooling Adiabatic demagnetization Electronic demagnetization: some results Nuclear demagnetization: some results Cascade nuclear demagnetization Further Pomeranchuk cooling The principle of cooling Problems 298 Chapter 15 Entropy Constants reactions Entropy constants for solids Two verifications of the Sackur-Tetrode The entropy constants gases Problems 311 Chapter 16 Some Mathematical Aspects of Thermodynamics Introduction Differentials and derivatives Partial derivatives Important properties of partial derivatives Jacobian matrices and Jacobians Some important properties of Jacobians Maxwell relations and Jacobians Thermodynamic potentials and Jacobians Another application to thermodynamics Differential in thermodynamics Some applications to thermodynamics 321 References 323 Index 327 Name Index 337