ANALYSIS OF VOLUME AND DENSITY OF A SOLID MATERIAL AND ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

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Andrea Jennings
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1 EXPERIMENT 1 ANALYSIS OF VOLUME AND DENSITY OF A SOLID MATERIAL AND ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE Purpose : 1.)The goal of this laboratory is to measure the mass and the dimensions of solids and to determine their volume and density. solid materials. Theory: 2.)Using Archimedes Principle and determine the volume and density of irregular shaped While doing a basic physics experiment, the researcher mainly focuses on a chosen problem and tries to figure out the basic physical background and offers realistic methods to solve the general concept. The experiment will help researcher to visualize the problem and researcher will determine first of all the most suitable way to do the experiment and then will make a schedule to himself/herself that he/she will follow as doing the research. In this way researcher will be able to check the results in every step and be able to figure out if the chosen method is realible and practical or not. Physics experiments start with the basic concepts and one of the main topic in fresman physics laboratory is the matter. Matter is generally considered to be anything that has mass and volume. The volume is determined by the space in three dimensions that it occupies. The mass is determined by its rest mass (or invariant mass), which is measured by the acceleration a body has when a force is applied. The greater the mass, the slower the acceleration for the same force. Matter is thus a general term for the substance of which all observable physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles that have mass, but this definition confuses mass and matter, which are not the same. Different fields use the term in different and sometimes incompatible ways; there is no single agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter," even though the term "mass" is better-defined. The mass density or density of a material is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho). Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: m v where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. The volume of any solid which has a simple geometric form may be determined from its dimensions; which, if the

2 4 body is small, are most conveniently measured by a vernier caliper and a micrometer screw gauge. The mass; however is found by the use of the laboratory triple balance. When you place an object in a fluid it will do one of those two things; it will float or sink. Perhaps when you were in high school you learned that the typical way in which you can tell what the object will do is by knowing its density and how it compares to the fluid it is in. If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid it is in, then it will float. If the density of the object is more than the density of the fluid it is in, then it will sink. This is all well and good but it doesn t really get to the heart of the matter. This lab will hopefully give you a better feel for why objects float or sink. Archimedes Principle :Any object that is either partially or completely submerged in a fluid will always feel a buoyant force acting on it. A buoyant force always acts in a direction opposite to that of gravity. It can be calculated by using Archimedes Principle which states that an object will be buoyed upwards by a force that is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. We also know that W = mg so we can alter the equation as below F W B B dis F m g dis F B :Buoyant force(in Newtons, N) W dis :the weight of the displaced fluid (in Newtons, N) m dis :the mass of the displaced fluid (in kilograms, kg) g : the gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s 2 ) Apparatus: 1.)Metal cylinders in different radius 2.)Vernier.)Ruler 4.)Calculator 5.)Newtonmeter or dynamometer 6.)irregular shaped solids 7.) graduated cylinder 8.)Water 9.)Glass Beaker 4

3 5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP: A.)Analysis of volume and density of regular shaped solids: 1.)First of all take three or four cylinder shaped bulk metals. We need to figure out these unknown metal s densities. 2.)Use your vernier and ruler for analysis and measure these cylinders height and diameter one by one; firstly by vernier and then ruler. Write your measurement results in below table..)calculate the radius of all cylinders. 4.)Then use a Newtonmeter and measure the bulk metal s weight one by one. 5.)Calculate the cylinders volume seperately and note the table. V area r height h 2 ( ). ( ) V cm areacm heightcm 2 [ ] [ ]. [ ] 6.)Use the volume and mass of the cylinder and calculate the density of it. d gr cm [ / ] mgr [ ] vcm [ ] n R:diameter(cm) r:radius(cm) H:height(cm) V:volume(cm) M:mass(gr) Density (g/cm) vernier Average Density: 5

6 ruler 1 2 4 Average Density: B.)Analysis of volume and density of irregular shaped solids: Now we need to figure out the volume of irregular shaped solids for instance a piece of rock. 1.)Take two piece of rock and then lift the heaviest of the two types of blocks and try to guess the mass in kilograms of each and their density ratio.

4 6 ruler Average Density: B.)Analysis of volume and density of irregular shaped solids: Now we need to figure out the volume of irregular shaped solids for instance a piece of rock. 1.)Take two piece of rock and then lift the heaviest of the two types of blocks and try to guess the mass in kilograms of each and their density ratio. Note your estimates in your table below. 2.)Measure the mass of the two types of blocks using the mass balance (note your measurements.).) Use a ruler to measure the length, height, and width of the block. To what accuracy can you measure the dimensions? Now use the calipers to measure the dimensions. Measure at three locations and note down the readings and the average. Why is this a good idea to get the average? Calculate the corresponding volumes and the average. 6

5 7 4.) Find the slope of the line. If you plotted mass on the vertical axis and volume on the horizontal axis, then the slope is equal to the density. Compare the density you found for the metallic block set with the densities of common substances. Can you identify the substance? How does the density ratio compare to your initial estimate? 5.) Completely fill the glass beaker with water. Tie a string around the rock and gently immerse into the water in the jar. The excess water will spill over. Now remove the rock from the jar taking care that no excess water is spilled, and all the water that drips from the rock falls back into the glass jar. Using the graduated cylinder fill back the water that was lost in the glass jar. The volume of water you poured using the measuring cylinder is the volume of the rock. (Note: 1 ml = 1 cm) Weight of the rock in air m a Weight of the rock in water Weight loss Volume of overfloating water Weight of overfloating water m w m= m a - m w V water m water =1. V water 6.)Calculate the density of the rock and compare it with the density values table. Error Calculation: 1.) Compare your experimental value of metal s density to the accepted value and record the percent error. 2.) Plot a graph of M vs. V for the rock. Record the value of the slope and then calculate the density of the rock by using the slope. 7

6 REPORT

9 EXPERIMENT 2 SUMMING VECTOR QUANTITIES USING PARALELLOGRAM METHOD Purpose : Summing the vector quantities using the parallelogram method Apparatus: Different masses between grams A flat wood, Two pulleys, A few millimetric sheets. Prior information: Some quantities can be expressed in numbers, but there are some quantities that numbers are not sufficient to express them. In some cases, addition to numbers, the directions of the quantities should be given. Therefore, physical quantities are divided in two: scalar and vector quantities. Scalar Quantities: There is no direction in the question for physical quantities such as mass, energy, temperature, work, electric charge, time, volume. We would have enough information when their numerical values and units are given. These quantities are called scalar quantities. Vector Quantities: Some quantities such as velocity, force, acceleration, displacement are directional quantities. The quantities of this type cannot be expressed by just their numerical values and units. The quantities that are expressed by their magnitudes, starting points and directions are called vector quantities. When we say a train goes with a speed of 0 km/hour, it is said that the event is not expressed clearly. A question then arises: to which direction? For example, if we say a train goes with a speed of 0 km/hour to north the event would be expressed clearly. Vector representation: Starting point 0 1 A Magnitude Ending point

Objective: To enable the students to describe, state and derive the terms and expressions relevant in carrying out experiment 5 meaningfully.

Pre-Lab Questions 5 Topic: Archimedes Principle Objective: To enable the students to describe, state and derive the terms and expressions relevant in carrying out experiment 5 meaningfully. After successfully