application API transport network data-link physical

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1 !! " # $ % & ' % ( )* )+), -. / 0 ' & 1 % 2 3 ) )* ), ) % & / 1 4 & & % ) ) % ) : -. / 0 ' & 1 % 2 3 ) , ; 4 )* 1 %, )& < )7. % 4 )6 = > 1 %? 1 +1 < > 1 %? 1 +1 < = - A B C D E F B B G S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ W [ `a b [ `W c d e b X Y f g W h c i U j b _ Z k d b i i g Z k k Z k d l g Z k Z c [ b [ `W c U \ ] ^ m h c X [ `W c k U ^ n o _ h p[ ` l pz q ` c f U r ` l k n r g W h e pz k s W W [ ` c f H IJ KLM NM OO PQ R 1

2 application API transport network data-link physical! " # $ #% & & ' # ( ' #) ) * ' + #,(' % ) -. ' #' / #' % ( -!,& ",0,'! % " ",* % (, ) " # $ #% & & ' # H IJ KLM NM OO PQ R E 4 F G H 5 I J K L M N O P Q R S P T Q UV P W R X Y T Z R Q X [ \ ] ^ _ ^ ` a b c^ d b e f g b ^ ^ _ g d cb ^ \ ] h b g i _ d ch f h h b g cf d _ ` j cd k _ f g k _ ^ ` l a b c^ d m _ ^ ` l k b h d n b e f g b ^ ^ _ g d cb ^ \ o ` _ ^ d ce c_ ` p q f ` ` r_ h h e f s ctq f ^ ` d q a _ u v w P x y R z { WQ O R W R x Q z R y V ~ P W R X X P x Y WQ x { y R W v R W Z R UR V X Y T Z R Q X ƒ W R UR P X R Q O ˆ x Š Œ Ž X Q O R R z P T Q Y x R Q Y W Z ~ \ ^ h b ^ c^ š c^ ` b j h \ œ _ ` e _ ` b ee a b a tf r cdq b e ž Ÿ o 2

3 v UP W Q Y ~ z UR ~ ~ ƒ X Y T Z R Q ƒ Ž X V X Q R T P UU W Y R X V Y { Q O P z UR R X T W Q Y W O T O V Y { T P x { X R U Z R P x V Y Q O R W z Ž ˆ v P X R Y x w X x UR Q O W R P R Y R U \ b _ h ^ b d r _ cr _ s td ca t_ d k r_ f ` h v w P x y { U O O R W UR R U x Q R Wz P T R X Y x Q Y Y z X Y T Z R Q X \ _ u u _ s b d _ rb g _ ` r_ Ÿ f tt m Ÿ n! " # $ % & '(( ) *) +,, -. ) / 0 ( / ), / '3. 4) 3 ) +, 5 '(() *) +, / ) *6 '1 ) ) 4/ : ; < = > A C D EF G H I C J K L M C N O PQ R B S G DG T EG H I C J K L M S U O Q R % V, *) W 3 / ), XY Z [ \ 7 ^ ^ 9 _ ; `@ ^ a@ b`9 ^ ;9 = c `^ _ d< = 9 : 9 : ;e f d`: g h 9 ^ ; i ; 9 bh `^ e ; `@ ^ j k l mnn o D p q r H s EF mt q F u Dv o s s t w y e _ z 9 ; d@ : : e ^ = `^ a@ b= 9 b = 9 d`{ 9 b> < e be ^ ; 9 9 = ~ ; a : ; a@ ^ _ 9 = 9 d`{ 9 b> = < y d`_ e ;9 : 7 ƒ ƒ ƒ x ƒ % & W, W *W 3 / ), X & [ \ ^ ^ 9 _ ; `@ ^ d9 : : cˆ < : ; = e ; e a; be ^ : 9 bj Š 9 : ; b; Œ = 9 d`{ 9 b> : : `f d> d@? 9 b { b`e ^ _ 9 `^ = 9 de > 7 ƒ 9 d9 y ^ > : ; b9 e h `^ { `= Ž e < = `@ 3

4 !! "#$ % # &! ' ( ' ) ) #& ( #** ' + % & % ' ) & % ( ' ) $, % -. % ' ) $, % :; < ==:> 3? :2 3 A1 =B 1 A 7 C D 53 E? 5 =3 7 B / F 3 83 :> 3 = ? 51? =7 53 B 3?? 7 G 3? :2? 5 =3 7 B br _ ` OS a J IJ T QR S T V I U QYJ J IIL Kc OJ V d J W I QY J KJ ZX R M J \ R ] L KJ X O ^ J NN[ application transport network data-link physical W H X IJ O QY K L J M KJ M NOPLQOR Z[ L S T S W X IJ R S M T J I \ U R ] J IIL L KJ V J I ^ J NN[ IJ M L KL QJ N\ p q r s t u v w x y z { u s v s v x u v t v s ~y ƒ ˆ ƒ ˆ Š Š ƒ Œ Œ ƒ Ž Š ˆ Š Š ƒ Š ˆ Ž Š Š ˆ ƒ A B C 4 size of record fixed length record fixed length record variable length record š Š ˆ Š ˆ ƒ œ ƒ Œ Ž ˆ ž Ÿ Ÿ ª «efghij kjll mno 4

5 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * +, - (. /0 ( ' ( 3 4 )( ' ( 5 1 /5 6 % /9 : 9 ' /0 ( 4 3 ; < = 2 >. ( ' %? : ( ) * +, - (. /0 +. / ' ( 5 1 ( ) ( ( * +, - (. /0 +. / )(, ( /A ( ) ( B( 1 2 >. )+ 5 ' * 4 ). B+ > ( ) % & ' /5 6 * )( A /4 : ' ( * B( C D E ( )( FG D E 4 * ( > 4 : + )( H ( BBG H /BB 1 ( 3 /5 /. ( B> 2 ( ' ( 5. /5 ' ( * + )+. ( * +, - (. ' +. 5 (. H 4 ) - B+ > ( ) T U V W X Y U X Z [ Z Z \ W X Y ] ^ _ A ( ) ' /4 5 < )( ' ' ` ab c d e fg fc h i h fd j kc l m h e o p q feh ª ±² ³ µ µ À ¼ ¹ º «½ «¾ ½ ºº»¼ Á ¾ ½¾ n r sfee c d i h b m ee c b m t ec eh à µ À Á  u v wx wy z { z z z z z z ~ z wz wz w É Ä Å ½ Æ Ç Æ º È ª ª ƒ ˆ ab c d e fg fc h i h fd j kc l m h e i sfi q kc kc d j e l h e sfd j n Š i h e m m d c m s Œ m sc a i b b sc h h u v wx wy Ž Ž Ž w v v v wv n j c e l m h e q d i Œ c e si d h ki ec h d i Œ c e m a i b b sc h h š œ ˆ š ab c d e fg fc h i d i kft i e fm d m d i l m h e n ž q fe Ÿ d h fj d c b d Ÿ Œ q c s IJKLMN ONPP QRS 5

6 ! " #! $ " % & '( ) & * $ '! $ * +, -./ M N : ; 7 : < 6; >? A 5 B C D E F : F 6F GH I J K K K D A F L ; 6 A C K D O P E? Q = : ; R S T I K 4 U 8 ; R F = : = 9W 97 : X Q : ; 9= = : F 6; = 9@ R ; R F 6Q H : : 8 ; GF L ; = : H Y Y 6; = = Z s o g r i j j tg q q 4 [ \ H R ] G; > ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j g k lm i n o lnn p g q rs tg j i q u f g tg 4A 3B 2C 1D v w x yz yz { ~ ƒ ˆ Š Š Œ Ž Ž x y z { š œ š œ ž Ÿ v w x z z y { y y { ƒ yz z y{ x ~ z z z v ž ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j g k lm i n o lnn p g q rs tg j i q u 1D 2C 3B 4A Š ª «Œ Ž «Œ Œ ± Œ ² Š ³ Š Ž Œ Š µ Œ Š Œ ³ Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È Å Ç É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ä É Í Ê Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Ó Õ Ö Ø Ù Ú Ô Û Ü Ý Þ ß Ø à Úá Ó â ã â Õ Ò Ó ä å å Ö Ú Ô Û ä ã Ô æ Õ Ú Ô â ç uint16_t htons(uint16_t host16bitvalue); uint32_t htonl(uint32_t host32bitvalue); uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t net16bitvalue); uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t net32bitvalue); Ð è â Ó ä Ø é å å Ô ã ê ë Ó Ø â ì Ú Ô Õ í â Ò Ø Õ î Õ ë Ó â Ó Ô Õ é æ Ø â â Ô Ó Õ Ö Ø Ù ï ð ñ ò óô õ ö ñ ø ù ú û ñ ô ü ý þ ú ÿ ý ô û ñ ù û ð õ õ ú þ ÿ ÿ þ ÿ ¹ º»¼ ½¼ ¾¾ À Á 6

7 Ï É Ð Ò é Õ Úâ Ö Ø Ô Û Ö ÚÕ Ò Õ Ò Ó ä å å Ö Ú Ô Û æ á Ó int factorial (int a) { /* we want to if (a == 0 a == 1) return factorial return 1; of a */ if (a < 0) return -1; return a * factorial (a-1); Å Í Ê Ê Å Ä É Í Ê Ç Í Å!!" # " " $ " " % " & # $ ' ) " * +, -!,. %!%,! / ( 0 1, % " 2 %!" 3 E F G H I J K L ME FNOG PH I J K L :;<:=9> ?68<@8 89 N OKQ R L B998C6?? O O S E JI K L G F I G J K L T G G I U J K L O P E I K L di G e K L G SF E I K L VW X Y Y Z W [ \X Y Z ] [^ _ `\] a Z b c di GOePK L E I K L G SF E I K L 7

8 int sock; if ((sock = socket(af_inet, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) { perror("socket"); printf("failed to create socket\n"); abort ();! " # # $ # % & ' & $ ( ( ) # # # " * ) % ) * ( $ % ) + " % + $ % & $, % * % & " + % ( $ " -. / : 9; 46 < = > A B C D A 1 E2 7 3 A F 1 G A = 3 9 S T U V U W X U Y Z [ \ Z ] ^ Z ] ] Z _ ` Z W a a ] b c d fs efg ol g h i z j t k { l oz m n n z g l q f g om n z l g pm n q f g poeg q r f s oz t ofq ~ehm em h z u v w fm x r s y z ol on y q oq w g z g n f hg eg hq fm z t { oz z q oƒ m e t t l g f k m hf n z g h l t n n m f hg qg g em hg u v w x ˆ f q g h g h m hf n z g hq t hg eo{ g Š z q f g hg q g Œ Ž Œ int optval = 1; if ((sock = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { perror ("opening TCP socket"); abort (); if (setsockopt (sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &optval, sizeof (optval)) <0) { perror ( reuse address"); abort (); HIJKLM NMOO PQR 8

9 ! " #! $ #! # % & " #! '( & )! & * + #! struct sockaddr_in sin; memset (&sin, 0, sizeof (sin)); sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_addr.s_addr = IN_ADDR; sin.sin_port = htons (server_port);, -. / / if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof (sin)) < 0) { perror( bind"); printf("cannot bind socket to address\n"); abort(); B C D E D F G D H I J K I L M I L G D N E I C O P Q R ST U V W SX Y V Z SX [ Y V X X \ Y T SV X P ] R WR Z \ T \ W ^ _ ` a b c d e f \ Y SU S\ e Z R g X h Z i W V U \ e T R i jse k \ l Y V X X \ Y T SV X e m R ST SX [ V i \ R Y Y \ f T \ l n h e SX [ accept()o p Q k R T Z S[ k T T k Se k \ jf q V h R r V Sl s if (listen (sock, BACKLOG) < 0) { perror ( error listening"); abort (); 789:;< =<>>?@A 9

10 N E F G D N J G D I C E O struct sockaddr_in sin; struct hostent *host = gethostbyname (argv[1]); unsigned int server_addr = *(unsigned long *) host- >h_addr_list[0]; unsigned short server_port = atoi (argv[2]); memset (&sin, 0, sizeof (sin)); sin.sin_family = AF_INET; sin.sin_addr.s_addr = server_addr; sin.sin_port = htons (server_port); if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof (sin)) < 0) { perror("connect"); printf("cannot connect to server\n"); 0 abort(); 53 / :;< =<>>?@A N E F G D N J K I L M I L O P _ Y Y \ f T SX Y V Z SX [ Y V X X \ Y T SV X int addr_len = sizeof (addr); int sock; sock = accept (tcp_sock, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, &addr_len); if (sock < 0) { perror ("error accepting connection"); abort (); 1. 5 / :;< =<>>?@A 10

11 K I C D C F E F K E L I F P V m T k R T T k \ Y V X X \ Y T SV X Se \ e T R i jse k \ l m \ m R X T T V e \ X l l R T R int send_packets (char *buffer, int buffer_len) { sent_bytes = send (sock, buffer, buffer_len, 0); if (send_bytes < 0) perror ( send ); return 0; 789:;< =<>>?@A I I D M D C F E F K E L I F int receive_packets(char *buffer, int buffer_len, int *bytes_read) { int left = buffer_len - *bytes_read; received = recv(sock, buffer + *bytes_read, left, 0); if (received < 0) { perror ("Read in read_client"); printf("recv in %s\n", FUNCTION ); if (received == 0) { return close_connection(); *bytes_read += received; while (*bytes_read > RECORD_LEN) { process_packet(buffer, RECORD_LEN); *bytes_read -= RECORD_LEN; memmove(buffer, buffer + RECORD_LEN, *bytes_read); return 0; / :;< =<>>?@A 11

12 D C 789:;< =<>>?@A! " # $ % & # ' $ # ( ) **) +,-. / % 0 1 ' $ # % 2 # 3 ( ) 3 4 % ' 5 ' $ # # # - ) ' # (,# *2 8,9 #,- 7 : ' # 8 ; < >?@ABC BDE? FGHIJ? KLL I KLL L?FB I ! " $ % ',8 + 3 ) -. +,' $ ' $ # 0 ) 2 # 7 # *) + = M R\ N RP OP P Q OW R STU QQ VWP \] R\ TV TQ X R W X X ^ N S\T_ OY Z SW [WU N` TVQ TV a N OP b [Y \W Q >?@ABC BDE? ccc FGHIJ? KLL I typedef struct _pkt_hdr_ { unsigned short length; char type; unsigned int src_addr; unsigned int dest_addr; pkt_hdr, *pkt_hdrptr;... char buffer[256]; pkt_hdr header; /* assume fields filled in properly here */ memcpy (buffer, &header, sizeof (header)); send (sock, buffer, sizeof (header), 0); L?FB KLL I

13 ! " # $ % " & # " ' ( $ )* +, -. / ) * $ # " & ' 5, -. / * " " ' 5 % * * " # ) * " $ # & 9 :)$ ; < " * # & * ' # " % < ) * & # ) * = $ " $ recvfrom() & * ' sendto() ) * > :& " 5 recv() & * ' send() % " $ > " # )? " :@ 0 & # & $ " * # ) * > &! " # $ A * # # " B $ # % " & < % )" * # " ' N O P Q O R S T U V W X Y V Q Z [ V W \ O T T W \ Q Z O T ] ^ _ ` ; " % " ' a " + " # ) * < ) * + ' & # & b c d e f gh i e j k gl m nnj o p j q r m s f gh k t e u v w nn x e sp m y z f m e m { s m y x r l o p e x v w x j h l s r h r t x m s s g m nz k s r { s m y f r p x h ~e o h r p h f m e m gnn m s s g p ƒ ˆ Š Œ ƒ ƒž Ž ƒž v gl gp h e r s r t s k t s k r x p x i k s p p s p f y p e r f u ƒ ˆ Š Œ ƒ ƒž ƒ ƒ v p sj gh p gl gp h e z h p p s f r e gx ƒ ˆ ƒ š Ž œ ž Ÿ Ž œ ƒ v r s p l r y k np z s p t gsp x y t e p z x p y m k r s p x z p e l v r y y r h nj t x p f r s y m x x g p x l m ngq np h p e r s o p f m k k ngl m e gr h x v r e l r p sp f z q t e p p n sp p e r e sj C DE FGH IH JJ KL M 13

14 int opts = fcntl (sock, F_GETFL); if (opts < 0) { perror ("fcntl(f_getfl)"); abort (); opts = (opts O_NONBLOCK); if (fcntl (sock, F_SETFL, opts) < 0) { perror ("fcntl(f_setfl)"); abort (); while (1) { if (receive_packets(buffer, buffer_len, &bytes_read)!= 0) { break; if (read_user(user_buffer, user_buffer_len, &user_bytes_read)!= 0) { break; Ž ƒž v m ge r h y t ne gk np gnp f p x l s gk e r s x! x r l o p e x m h f e gy p r t e v w k k ngl m e gr h f r p x h r e l r h x t y p " # l j l np x gnp m ge gh { v $ p e t s h p h gnp f p x l s gk e r s x! x r l o p e x m s p s p m f j e r q p s p m f r s s ge e p h r s e p j m p m h p s s r s z r s e gy p r t e p l p p f p f % & œ œ Ž v d gy k np v r s p p gl gp h e e m h k r nngh { i j ' u ( œ & œ œ Ž v ) r p x h r e x l m np e r nm s { p h t y q p s r gnp f p x l s gk e r sx! x r l o p e x v r s p m o m s f e r t x p e m h ge h p p f x e r q p 14

15 fd_set read_set; struct timeval time_out; while (1) { FD_ZERO (read_set); FD_SET (stdin, read_set); /* stdin is typically 0 */ FD_SET (sock, read_set); time_out.tv_usec = ; time_out.tv_sec = 0; select_retval = select(max(stdin, sock) + 1, &read_set, NULL, NULL, &time_out); if (select_retval < 0) { perror ("select"); abort (); if (select_retval > 0) { if (FD_ISSET(sock, read_set)) { if (receive_packets(buffer, buffer_len, &bytes_read)!= 0) { break; if (FD_ISSET(stdin, read_set)) { if (read_user(user_buffer, user_buffer_len, &user_bytes_read)!= 0) { break;! " # $ %&' ( ) * + ( ) *, --. /) 0 1( 0 &2/) ' ) (. 123 *4 1 ( ) * : ; <= A?@ 7 B C > D B C > E B HI >J > K C B C > L M # %2N * &' O &' ( ) * + ( ) *, -- 1) P 4 Q ) ( RS &14 P * T ) ( ) * U8 8 9 : ; <= >?@ 7 B C > D B C > E FF > C B >B >J B C C <? HI <B <= > K C B C > V W X Y Z [\ Z X ] ^ _ ` \ ] Z a b c \ Z Y d Y e ey f g ^ ^ [h] _ ] \ i e [j Z g e\ k l W X ] d _ g ] \ Z X ] i Y hh e] Z c e d a n o p qqr q r s s t qu r o v o w x y z { p qp u x v v ~ p s r p u v v v ~ p r o v o wx y m ƒ v s p v v v ~ p o p qo p u o p qo v ~ t ww p q wr q r qp r ~ p q p o r wx o r u r p { o ˆ r t { v p r r q q v ~ r t Š y l W X Y Z _ g i X ] i Œ a m t u Ž z r u p p w v ƒ v q s t v q wx u u p v o x w u { p o r t o p x r { v o x p o u r p v y m n o r o p v s p wx u v qp s p v qp x u r r t r t x o p p x r qp u p { p wx u p w r t v o r u p o r v o s p qv o wx v ˆ v o Š y m r qp { v o r o p w x u p v ~ p u p v w p q u p p s qp t q o u y 15

16 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) ' * + +,- ). = / > 0> 1? : 2 8; 1 < A B C D EF H 89 : G ; D E= > C IJ. / 0 1? B 8K > A AF B ; 1 D F 7 B G M G K 8K N G L B 1 C 1 C D 1 B > > F ; F fflush(stdout) 1 K ; F A I8K 1 E $ O P Q R S ( ' T R ',- ) U $ V W R ( X select() $ Y R & * ' * Q,- ) ' R Z ( ' T W,- [ % \ W Q 'R * + $ ] ( Q ^ - ( _,- ) _ ` * Q R a * Z Q bp ) R Q W Q ' * - W +,Q Q R T ( - Q ` R _,' R. / 0 1 > 9? ; 7 c > = 1 B 1 N I d e # $ V W R + * - & * ) R W f,- W Q ( ' _ R g hi $ % ` R Z ^ ( j Q k k k f R a h O R R l mw n j,t R i o & ' ( ) ' * + +,- ) g ( ( ^ W $ p ( ( ^ * Q W * + & br Z ( T R h q s t r u v w u x t y z{ t z{ t ~ ~ z{ t ƒ v u { r t u zˆ ƒ ~ r u v w Šs { t ƒ~ Œ š œ š ž œ Ÿ Ÿ œ Ÿ ª «± ² ³ ² ª ± ² µ ² ² ² ² ² ³ ¹ º» ¼ ½ ¼ ¾ À ¼ ¾ ¾ Á ¾ Â Ã Ä ¼ Å ¼ Å Ä Á Æ ÀÇ ÀÈ É Å Ê ¼ Ë Ä ¼ Ë Ì ¼ Ç ½ Ç Ë À¼ ½ ¼ Ç Æ Í Î Á ¾ ¼ Ï ¼ ¾ É Å É Å Ë ÀÀ Ð Ä Ð ÑÅ Ò Ç ¼  ¹ Ó ¾ Á Ì ¼ ½ Í Ñ Í ¼ Ô Ë ½ Ä Í Í ¼ ½ ½ É Ð Ñ Ò ¼ Í Ñ Í ¼ ÑÅ Ê ¾ Á Ì ¼ ½ Õ È Ñ À À» ¼ Ð Ö Ø Ù Ù Ú Ë ¾ Å Ä Â» ½ Á ¾ ¼ Ö Ø Ù Ù Ú Ð Á Å Á ÀÏ ¼  ¹ Û Á ½ ½ ¼ Ë Ð ÑÁ ½ Ë À¼ ½ ÀÉ Ë ÀÁ Å ¼ Ç Ô Ð É Í ÑË ÀÀÉ É Á Æ ¾ ¼ Ë Ï Ü È Ä ¼ ½ Ð Ä ÑÅ Ä Í Í ¼ ½ Å Â Î É Á Æ Å ¼ ½ Ç Ð È ÑË ¼ É Á Æ È ÑÀÀ ÀÅ Á Ç ¼ Ð ¼ Ë Ð Ë ÀÁ Å ¼ Ç Å Á Ë Ì ¼ Ð Ê É Ë Ä ¼ Ë Ì Ñ ½» Ð Ä ¼ ¼ ¾ ¾ Á ¾  Ž 16

17 œ! " # $ %! ) $ * # +,, -.. /0 / :! ' ( (! ) ' ;<' # +,, = 7 5 >4 / > > <$ ' A A B C # +,, D 8 5 7@ E ?? >5 9 9 F 5 /3 G >5 7 H >3 5? I H 9 H 1 22@ J KL MN O P : <$! ) ;# $ Q! +,, D G ?? >5 9 9 / : & 7 8! 5 ' 8 6 ( 9 ( 7 :! V ) 6 ' 9 A 7 A 1 )?? ;< > ,, 9 = 1 >5 R 5 /3 >6 S75 W 5 7T >4 6 /3 > 1 U > - >1 5 6 >: T 6 >U 1?? > > Y + Z <$ _ Q #! " $ ' * # [! ' (! " $ ' * # \ <] # ) <] # ^ H > E H 7 5 > H > E >6 G >1 4 /9 >H 3 3 /3 G 6 3 : a b a c a d a e d a e f a a c a b g c d b c c h c c d a c c f a a i d a f a a b g c d b c c i h c c d a c c f a e a b g c d i ac c c d a c c f a c a b g c d i ac d a f d a g f a i a b g c d i ac g d a f d a c a g f ` b e a j d a kl m l kd a n o p q r s l d i ac n o p m r kd b f h n o p kl q Ž ƒ ƒ ˆ Š Œ Œ Œ Œ Œ Ž Ž š œ Ž ž Ÿ Ž š œ ž Ÿ ª «± ² ³ª š µ ²² ³ ± ª ª ³ ª ± ª ¹ «ª ¹ ± º š» Ž ž Ÿ Ž ¼ ½½ œ Ÿ œ ž Ÿ ¾ ± ± ² ³ ± ± «ª ¹ ± º ¼ ½½ ± ª ± À µ «² º «³ ± ³» Ž Ž Ž Á  œ Ž ž Ÿ Ž Á à œ ž Ÿ Ä ª «± ² ³ª ª ³ ³ š Å ± ª š Æ» DZ ³ ± µ ³ ¹ š Æ» Dz š Æ ¹ º š Å ª À ³ «È ± ³ ª «º ¹ «³ ³À ¹ É ¹ ¹ ³» Ž Ê ÊŽ Ê Ž ž Ÿ Ë Ì Ê ž Í ³ ¹ ± ± ³ ³ ª ³ É» ÎÄ Ï ž Ð Ÿ ÎÄ Ï Ä Ñ Ò Á œ Ñ Ò Á Ó Ï Ô Õ Ó Ö Ò Ñ Ò Á œ Ñ Ò Á Ó Ï Ô Õ ÎÏÓ Ñ Ò Á œ Ñ Ò Á Ó Ï Ô Ó Ø Ù Ó Ú Ï Ñ Ò Á œ Á Ï Õ Û Ù Ï Ï ÎÜ Ó Ý Ö Þ Ô Ï ÎÜ Ó ß Û Ï t uv wxy zy {{ ~ 17

ALTER TABLE Employee ADD ( Mname VARCHAR2(20), Birthday DATE );

ALTER TABLE Employee ADD ( Mname VARCHAR2(20), Birthday DATE ); !! "# $ % & '( ) # * +, - # $ "# $ % & '( ) # *.! / 0 "# "1 "& # 2 3 & 4 4 "# $ % & '( ) # *!! "# $ % & # * 1 3 - "# 1 * #! ) & 3 / 5 6 7 8 9 ALTER ; ? @ A B C D E F G H I A = @ A J > K L ; ?

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