Chapter 12- The Law of Increasing Disorder
|
|
- Delilah Simmons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Second Law of Thermodynamics Changes occurring in natural systems always proceed in such a way that the total amount of entropy in the universe is either unchanged or increased. If total disorder is increased, the process is irreversible. Chapter 12- The Law of Increasing Disorder Student Versions: Nature Makes Messes If You Think Things Are Bad Now, Just Wait a While The moral of the story It takes work (energy) to straighten up messes. If you increase order in one place, disorder increases someplace else to more than make up for it. Reading quiz What s Entropy? State the law of increasing disorder Total disorder of the universe increases or remains the same. It only remains the same in perfectly reversible processes. Another Of the quantities listed below, the one which is associated with the most disorder is: a. Sunlight b. ambient thermal energy c. macroscopic kinetic energy d. internal energy of stars e. chemical potential energy C.P. Snow Once or twice I have been provoked and have asked the company how many of them could describe the Second Law of thermodynamics [the law of increasing disorder to us]. The response was cold; it was also negative. Yet I was asking something which is the equivalent of Have you read a work of Shakespeare s? C.P. Snow Two Cultures
2 Main Ideas The Law of Increasing Disorder (Entropy) or the Second Law of Thermodynamics Reversible/Irreversible Processes Order and Disorder Key Questions for Chapter Can nature run backward in time? 2. What happens to the order of a system over time? 3. What is the relationship between order and the accessibility of energy? 4. Can order be increased? 5. Is there an energy crisis? 6. Is it easy to eliminate pollution? Left alone - Things tend to fall apart. Everything is made up of molecules molecules tend to get mixed up. The more Mixed, the later the time.... the arrow of time... Nature does not run backward Nothing we ve seen so far says why. a. Reversible process - one which works in reverse, one whose effect you can undo without using energy. b. Irreversible process - one you cannot undo or run in reverse unless you add energy to the system. Almost all spontaneous events in nature are irreversible irreversible reversible (almost) scrambling eggs ice <-> liquid at 0 o C smashing china real falling balls a pendulum swinging balls falling in a vacuum before they hit the ground A $100 word EntropyEntropy (disorder) Can order ever increase (Entropy decrease)? Yes - locally. But for the universe as a whole, disorder increases.
3 Boltzmann: Think of it this way -- Any arrangement of particles is equally probable. Only a few are what we would call ordered. Most are what we would call disordered. What are the chances that an explosion in a printing press would spontaneously generate the Book of Mormon? Does the 2 nd law mean it is impossible to print the Book of Mormon? How does the 2 nd law apply? You have to use energy to organize the type into words. Types of order Type of Energy Energy hierarchy Structure Shape Function Arrangement Mixed versus sorted Order and Energy Order in a system is related to the accessibility of its energy. (accessibility - how easy is it to use the energy to do work?) The more ordered the system, the more accessible is its energy. NOTE: Energy is conserved - but may be easier or harder to use to get somewhere. Energy hierarchy Form of Energy Gravitational Potential / Macroscopic Kinetic Nuclear Potential Electrical (Household) Chemical Potential Thermal Energy (heat) (Microscopic KE) ordered disordered Why are KE and GPE more ordered? All of the atoms have the same amount of energy Why is thermal energy the least ordered? The atoms are moving in random directions at random speeds.
4 Structure What has more order, a house before or after a hurricane knocks it over? What has more order, the contents of a leftover container before or after it s sat in the fridge for a few months? What has more order, your computer keyboard before or after your roommate spills pop on it? Arrangement What has more order, this set of letters or Jsadhjf dl;dfj teoiznt ajsdjfp twe kjdlka? What has more order, the ink and water before or after they get mixed? What has more order, a jar of hot water and a jar of cold water, or 2 jars of warm water? Which came first? A Why is A less ordered? A. Because the ice molecules are mixed with the water molecules. B. Because the hot molecules are mixed with the cold molecules C. Because the electrical energy in the ice got turned into thermal energy A B B Completely reversible processes Contain frictionless surfaces. Perfectly insulated systems. Happen infinitely slowly. Have odd starting and ending points. No real process that uses energy is perfectly reversible. SO. Can you use the 2 nd law to prove that it is impossible to clean your room? A. Yes, even though it looks neater, it is really more disordered after you pick it up B. No, it is possible to clean your room, but doing so is bad for the universe as a whole. C. No, the second law doesn t apply when there are people involved.
5 What about life? Life is highly ordered. Does the 2 nd law mean that life couldn t happen naturally? Increasing order You can increase order in part of a system. When you do, something or some part of the universe becomes even more disorganized so that the total disorder is increased. Examples: Refrigerator Car Engine Example: Refrigerator Which is more ordered warm outside and cold inside or all the same temp.? Compressor and condenser cool down the air inside the fridge. an ordering process use highly organized electrical energy which is turned into thermal energy that heats up the room a disordering process Which is greater? Example: Automobile Chemical potential energy in fuel Thermal Energy Macroscopic K.E. + Thermal energy (Hot gases from combustion) Efficiency = % of input energy which is converted to useful, desired energy. Auto ~25% efficient. For every $1 you spend on gas, get 25 cents of motion. No heat engine is 100% efficient. WHY? Why is that? What is highest in the energy hierarchy? Can you convert 100% of CPE into KE? Can you convert 100% of CPE into heat? How does the car get KE out of thermal energy? Law of increasing disorder (different form) Any form of energy can be totally converted to any other form which has the same or more disorder, but it cannot be totally converted to another form in which it would have less disorder. Some of the energy is wasted heating up the environment.
6 Lots of energy in air molecules. So... Dude, why not run the refrigerator using the energy in the air? Remember the little dudes are bouncing around at 700mph. Random thermal energy is not ordered. Can t make it flow to create a more disordered system. What if there is a temperature difference? How about hotter air to colder or hotter water to colder? Universal Heat Death This is the way the world ends, not with a bang but a whimper. T.S. Eliot The Pollution Problem Several ways to reduce pollution: 1. Reduce industrial production 2. Eliminate cars 3. Increase efficiency of machines to their theoretical limit. 4. Collect pollutants after they are produced The Energy Crisis 1. Is there a total energy crisis? NO! - total mass-energy is always conserved 2. Is there a useful energy crisis? YES! - burning fossil fuels loses order irreversibly - resulting thermal energy is not very accessible Quizlet In a reversible process, the total amount of disorder a. is zero b. becomes infinite c. stays the same d. decreases e. increases Equilibrium When left to themselves, all systems change to the arrangement with maximum disorder. This state of maximum disorder is called Equilibrium. No further spontaneous macroscopic changes occur once the system is in equilibrium.
10/27/2012. Chapter 18: The law of increasing disorder. The arrow of time. Irreversible processes are all around us
Chapter 18: The law of increasing disorder Did you read chapter 18 before coming to class? A. Yes B. No The arrow of time Irreversible processes are all around us An irreversible process is one that occurs
More informationChapter 11 Heat Engines and The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 11 Heat Engines and The Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat engines use a temperature difference involving a high temperature (T H ) and a low temperature (T C ) to do mechanical work.
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 18. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outline Chapter 18 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 18 The Laws of Thermodynamics Units of Chapter 18 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Processes
More information12 The Laws of Thermodynamics
June 14, 1998 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics Using Thermal Energy to do Work Understanding the laws of thermodynamics allows us to use thermal energy in a practical way. The first law of thermodynamics
More informationConduction. Heat Transfer Methods. Conduction. Conduction
Heat Transfer Methods Conduction: Thermal kinetic energy passed from particle-to-particle along a length of material. Convection: Thermal energy carried by moving fluid. Radiation: Thermal energy carried
More information0 questions at random and keep in order
Page 1 of 9 This chapter has 57 questions. Scroll down to see and select individual questions or narrow the list using the checkboxes below. 0 questions at random and keep in order s - (45) - (13) Fill
More informationAgenda. Chapter 10, Problem 26. All matter is made of atoms. Atomic Structure 4/8/14. What is the structure of matter? Atomic Terminology
Agenda Today: HW Quiz, Thermal physics (i.e., heat) Thursday: Finish thermal physics, atomic structure (lots of review from chemistry!) Chapter 10, Problem 26 A boy reaches out of a window and tosses a
More informationThe four laws of Thermodynamics. WOD are underlined.
The four laws of Thermodynamics WOD are underlined. The four laws of Thermodynamics The 0 th Law (discovered 4 th ) The 1 st Law (discovered 2 nd ) The 2 nd Law (discovered 1 st ) The 3 rd Law (discovered
More informationVISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENTROPY
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ENTROPY The Second Law of Thermodynamics is one of the fundamental laws which describes the workings of our universe. Not like other laws
More informationThermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes
Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes A thermodynamic system is described by an equation of state, such as the ideal gas law. The location of the state can be plotted on a p V diagram,
More informationThermodynamics: Entropy
Thermodynamics: Entropy From Warmup I've heard people say that the Entropy Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics disproves God. Why is this? What are your thoughts? The second law of thermodynamics
More informationChapter 12 Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 Thermodynamics 12.1 Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes System: definite quantity of matter with real or imaginary boundaries If heat transfer is impossible, the system is thermally
More information10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes
10.2 PROCESSES 10.3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMO/ENTROPY Student Notes I. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS A. SYSTEMS AND SURROUNDING B. PV DIAGRAMS AND WORK DONE V -1 Source: Physics for the IB Diploma Study
More informationToday. Work, Energy, Power loose ends Temperature Second Law of Thermodynamics
Today Announcements: HW#5 is due by 8:00 am Wed. Feb. 5th. Extra Credit Exam due by Tomorrow 8am. Work, Energy, Power loose ends Temperature Second Law of Thermodynamics ISP09s9 Lecture 11-1- Energy and
More informationBIT 1002 Thermodynamics. First Law Heat engines Second Law Entropy. What is heat?
BIT 1002 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics: this will introduce you to Rubber Band heat engine (Haverford college) 1. First Law 2. Heat engines 3. Second Law 4. Entropy What is heat? We can understand a number
More informationIntroduction to Energy Study Guide (also use your notes!!!!)
Introduction to Energy Study Guide (also use your notes!!!!) 1. What is energy? The ability to do work 2. What is kinetic energy? The energy of motion (movement) 3. Can objects with kinetic energy do work?
More informationChapter 8: Internal Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 8: Internal Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics Goals of Period 8 Section 8.1: To discuss conservation of energy and the first law of thermodynamics Section 8.: To discuss irreversible processes
More informationKnight: Chapter 18. The Micro/Macro Connection. (Thermal Interactions and Heat & Irreversible Processes and the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics)
Knight: Chapter 18 The Micro/Macro Connection (Thermal Interactions and Heat & Irreversible Processes and the 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics) Last time p Thermal energy of a Monatomic gas.. E th = 3 2 NK BT
More informationThe Direction of Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy
The Direction of Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy Reading: from Petrucci, Harwood and Herring (8th edition): Required for Part 1: Sections 20-1 through 20-4. Recommended for Part 1: Sections
More informationChemical Thermodynamics
Chemical Thermodynamics Overview Everything in the world is a balance of energy, in various forms from biological processes to the rusting of a nail. Two of the most important questions chemists ask are:
More information11/29/2017 IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES. UNIT 2 Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases, and kinetic theory
11/9/017 AP PHYSICS UNIT Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics, ideal gases, and kinetic theory CHAPTER 13 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES The U G of the water-earth system at the
More information10/31/2017. Calculating the temperature of earth (The greenhouse effect) IR radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum
Calculating the temperature of earth (The greenhouse effect) EM radiation so far Spectrum of EM radiation emitted by many objects may be approximated by the blackbody spectrum Blackbody spectrum (plot
More informationTemperature, Heat, and Expansion
Thermodynamics (Based on Chapters 21-24) Temperature, Heat, and Expansion (Ch 21) Warmth is the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules. Temperature (21.1) The measure of how hot and cold things are is temperature.
More informationEntropy, free energy and equilibrium. Spontaneity Entropy Free energy and equilibrium
Entropy, free energy and equilibrium Spontaneity Entropy Free energy and equilibrium Learning objectives Discuss what is meant by spontaneity Discuss energy dispersal and its relevance to spontaneity Describe
More informationHeat Machines (Chapters 18.6, 19)
eat Machines (hapters 8.6, 9) eat machines eat engines eat pumps The Second Law of thermodynamics Entropy Ideal heat engines arnot cycle Other cycles: Brayton, Otto, Diesel eat Machines Description The
More informationLecture 25 Goals: Chapter 18 Understand the molecular basis for pressure and the idealgas
Lecture 5 Goals: Chapter 18 Understand the molecular basis for pressure and the idealgas law. redict the molar specific heats of gases and solids. Understand how heat is transferred via molecular collisions
More informationDAY 28. Summary of Primary Topics Covered. The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics
DAY 28 Summary of Primary Topics Covered The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics The 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics says this - - Heat energy naturally flows from hotter objects to colder objects. We know this happens,
More informationClass 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
Class 22 - Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy The second law of thermodynamics The first law relates heat energy, work and the internal thermal energy of a system, and is essentially a statement
More informationPhysics 207 Lecture 25. Lecture 25, Nov. 26 Goals: Chapter 18 Understand the molecular basis for pressure and the idealgas
Lecture 25, Nov. 26 Goals: Chapter 18 Understand the molecular basis for pressure and the idealgas law. redict the molar specific heats of gases and solids. Understand how heat is transferred via molecular
More informationChapter 20 Second Law of Thermodynamics. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 20 Second Law of Thermodynamics It is easy to produce thermal energy using work, but how does one produce work using thermal energy? This is a heat engine; mechanical energy can be obtained from
More informationTHE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. Professor Benjamin G. Levine CEM 182H Lecture 5
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Professor Benjamin G. Levine CEM 182H Lecture 5 Chemical Equilibrium N 2 + 3 H 2 2 NH 3 Chemical reactions go in both directions Systems started from any initial state
More informationArchimedes Principle
Archimedes Principle applies in air the more air an object displaces, the greater the buoyant force on it if an object displaces its weight, it hovers at a constant altitude if an object displaces less
More informationHeat. Conduction. Heat moves in three ways. They are conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat Heat doesn t stay put. It moves. It gets passed from one thing to another. This idea may sound very simple. There are some big ideas behind it. The study of heat is called thermodynamics (thurmoh-dye-nam-iks).
More informationPage #1 & Activity #54-Drive a Nail
Name: Page #1 & Activity #54-Drive a Nail Quiz Act # s 54-63 Study Guide 1.) What is the definition of energy? (page 1) The ability to do work. (anything that can cause an object to change, work or move)
More informationActive Learners Reflective Learners Use both ways equally frequently More Inclined to be Active More inclined to be Reflective
Active Learners Reflective Learners Use both ways equally frequently More Inclined to be Active More inclined to be Reflective Sensory Leaners Intuitive Learners Use both ways equally frequently More inclined
More informationChapter 4 - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 4 - The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it. -Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot David J. Starling Penn State Hazleton Fall 2013 An irreversible process is a process
More informationLet s start by reviewing what we learned last time. Here is the basic line of reasoning for Einstein Solids
Chapter 5 In this chapter we want to review the concept of irreversibility in more detail and see how it comes from the multiplicity of states. In addition, we want to introduce the following new topics:
More informationPhysical Science Chapter 5 Cont3. Temperature & Heat
Physical Science Chapter 5 Cont3 Temperature & Heat What are we going to study? Heat Transfer Phases of Matter The Kinetic Theory of Gases Thermodynamics Specific Heat (Capacity) Specific Heat Latent Heat
More informationChapter: Heat and States
Table of Contents Chapter: Heat and States of Matter Section 1: Temperature and Thermal Energy Section 2: States of Matter Section 3: Transferring Thermal Energy Section 4: Using Thermal Energy 1 Temperature
More informationLesson 12. Luis Anchordoqui. Physics 168. Tuesday, November 28, 17
Lesson 12 Physics 168 1 Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases 2 Atomic Theory of Matter On microscopic scale, arrangements of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases are quite different 3 Temperature
More informationLecture 6. Statistical Processes. Irreversibility. Counting and Probability. Microstates and Macrostates. The Meaning of Equilibrium Ω(m) 9 spins
Lecture 6 Statistical Processes Irreversibility Counting and Probability Microstates and Macrostates The Meaning of Equilibrium Ω(m) 9 spins -9-7 -5-3 -1 1 3 5 7 m 9 Lecture 6, p. 1 Irreversibility Have
More informationWhat Is Air Temperature?
2.2 Read What Is Air Temperature? In Learning Set 1, you used a thermometer to measure air temperature. But what exactly was the thermometer measuring? What is different about cold air and warm air that
More informationASTRO 114 Lecture Okay. What we re going to discuss today are what we call radiation laws. We ve
ASTRO 114 Lecture 15 1 Okay. What we re going to discuss today are what we call radiation laws. We ve been spending a lot of time talking about laws. We ve talked about gravitational laws, we ve talked
More informationHalesworth U3A Science Group
Halesworth U3A Science Group Thermodynamics Or Why Things are How They Are Or Why You Can t Get Something For Nothing Ken Derham Includes quotations from publicly available internet sources Halesworth
More informationT s change via collisions at boundary (not mechanical interaction)
Lecture 14 Interaction of 2 systems at different temperatures Irreversible processes: 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 19: Heat Engines and Refrigerators Thermal interactions T s change via collisions
More informationSpontaneity: Second law of thermodynamics CH102 General Chemistry, Spring 2012, Boston University
Spontaneity: Second law of thermodynamics CH102 General Chemistry, Spring 2012, Boston University three or four forces and, as capstone, a minimalist cosmic constitution to legislate their use: Article
More informationHeat engines and the second law of thermodynamics
Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics Thermodynamic cycles A thermodynamic cycle is a series of processes which change the volume, temperature and pressure of a gas, but which at the end return
More informationIrreversibility. Have you ever seen this happen? (when you weren t asleep or on medication) Which stage never happens?
Lecture 5: Statistical Processes Random Walk and Particle Diffusion Counting and Probability Microstates and Macrostates The meaning of equilibrium 0.10 0.08 Reading: Elements Ch. 5 Probability (N 1, N
More informationChapter 16 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 16 The Second Law of Thermodynamics To examine the directions of thermodynamic processes. To study heat engines. To understand internal combustion engines and refrigerators. To learn and apply
More informationExergy. What s it all about? Thermodynamics and Exergy
Exergy What s it all about? Thermodynamics and Exergy Quality of Energy General recognition that some forms of energy are more useful than others Electricity can be used for light, heat, cooling, mechanical
More informationCover Page: Entropy Summary
Cover Page: Entropy Summary Heat goes where the ratio of heat to absolute temperature can increase. That ratio (Q/T) is used to define a quantity called entropy. The useful application of this idea shows
More informationConduction is the transfer of heat by the direct contact of particles of matter.
Matter and Energy Chapter 9 energy flows from a material at a higher temperature to a material at a lower temperature. This process is called heat transfer. How is heat transferred from material to material,
More informationWhat is energy??? The ability to do work or produce heat. Potential Energy (PE) energy due to position or composition
Chapter 10: Energy What is energy??? The ability to do work or produce heat. Potential Energy (PE) energy due to position or composition Kinetic Energy (KE) energy due to motion Law of Conservation of
More informationSecond Grade: Unit 2: Properties of Matter. Matter solid liquid gas property
Second Grade: Unit 2: Properties of Matter Matter solid liquid gas property Background: The universe is made of only two entities: matter and energy. Examples of energy are light, heat, and sound. Everything
More informationChapter 20. Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dr. Armen Kocharian
Chapter 20 Heat Engines, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Dr. Armen Kocharian First Law of Thermodynamics Review Review: The first law states that a change in internal energy in a system can
More informationLecture 21. Temperature. Thermal Expansion. Heat and Internal Energy. Cutnell+Johnson: , Temperature
Lecture 21 Temperature Thermal Expansion Heat and Internal Energy Cutnell+Johnson: 12.1-12.7, 14.3 Temperature So far in this class we ve usually talked about large objects, and we ve treated the object
More informationP1 Quick Revision Questions. P1 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
P1 Quick Revision Questions Question 1... of 50 What type of energy is stored in a stretched elastic band? Answer 1... of 50 Elastic potential energy. Question 2... of 50 What type of energy is stored
More informationLecture Presentation Chapter 11 Using Energy
Lecture Presentation Chapter 11 Using Energy Suggested Videos for Chapter 11 Prelecture Videos Efficiency The Laws of Thermodynamics Heat Engines and Heat Pumps Class Videos Work and Thermal Energy in
More informationChapter 19. Heat Engines
Chapter 19 Heat Engines Thermo Processes Eint = Q+ W Adiabatic No heat exchanged Q = 0 and E int = W Isobaric Constant pressure W = P (V f V i ) and E int = Q + W Isochoric Constant Volume W = 0 and E
More informationTHERMODYNAMICS. Zeroth law of thermodynamics. Isotherm
12 THERMODYNAMICS Zeroth law of thermodynamics Two systems separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Isotherm It is the graph connecting pressure
More informationClimate Change Lecture Notes
Climate Change Lecture Notes (Topic 12A) page 1 Climate Change Lecture Notes Learning Outcomes for the Climate Change Unit 1. Students can list observations which suggest that the world is warming, and
More informationExercises. 9.1 Work (pages ) 9.2 Power (pages ) 9.3 Mechanical Energy (page 147)
Exercises 9.1 Work (pages 145 146) 1. Circle the letter next to the correct mathematical equation for work. work = force distance work = distance force c. work = force distance d. work = force distance
More informationSTATES OF MATTER NOTES..
STATES OF MATTER NOTES.. While you are reading, answer the following which will help you with the States of Matter Project. What is matter (definition): What are the states of matter and what are the characteristics/properties
More informationTemp vs. Heat. Absolute Temperature Scales. Common Temperature Scales. Thermal Energy. Heat and Temperature are not the same!!
Thermal Energy Heat and Temperature are not the same!! Cold is the absence of heat, not an energy Same concept as light/dark Cold can t come in, heat flows out Heat flows from High Temp Low Temp Temp vs.
More informationsome are moving faster and some slower at any moment
Lecture 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases, Part 4, and Heat Engines We now know that the temperature of a gas is proportional to the average energy of each molecule But we also know that all the molecules don
More informationHeat What is heat? Work = 2. PdV 1
eat What is heat? eat (Q) is the flow or transfer of energy from one system to another Often referred to as heat flow or heat transfer Requires that one system must be at a higher temperature than the
More informationWhat does temperature have to do with energy? What three temperature scales are commonly used? What makes things feel hot or cold?
Heat and Temperature Section 1: Temperature What does temperature have to do with energy? What three temperature scales are commonly used? What makes things feel hot or cold? 1 Intro: Discussion A person
More information2,000-gram mass of water compared to a 1,000-gram mass.
11.2 Heat To change the temperature, you usually need to add or subtract energy. For example, when it s cold outside, you turn up the heat in your house or apartment and the temperature goes up. You know
More informationChapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics When we previously studied the first law of thermodynamics, we observed how conservation of energy provided us with a relationship between U, Q, and W, namely
More informationSo far in talking about thermodynamics, we ve mostly limited ourselves to
251 Lecture 33 So far in talking about thermodynamics, we ve mostly limited ourselves to discussions of thermochemistry, a quantification of the heat absorbed or given off as the result of a chemical reaction.
More informationΔU = Q W. Tue Dec 1. Assign 13/14 Friday Final: Fri Dec 11 2:30PM WALTER 145. Thermodynamics 1st Law. 2 nd Law. Heat Engines and Refrigerators
Tue Dec 1 Thermodynamics 1st Law ΔU = Q W 2 nd Law SYS Heat Engines and Refrigerators Isobaric: W = PΔV Isochoric: W = 0 Isothermal: ΔU = 0 Adiabatic: Q = 0 Assign 13/14 Friday Final: Fri Dec 11 2:30PM
More informationEntropy. Physics 1425 Lecture 36. Michael Fowler, UVa
Entropy Physics 1425 Lecture 36 Michael Fowler, UVa First and Second Laws of A quick review. Thermodynamics First Law: total energy conserved in any process: joules in = joules out Second Law: heat only
More informationw = -nrt hot ln(v 2 /V 1 ) nrt cold ln(v 1 /V 2 )[sincev/v 4 3 = V 1 /V 2 ]
Chemistry 433 Lecture 9 Entropy and the Second Law NC State University Spontaneity of Chemical Reactions One might be tempted based on the results of thermochemistry to predict that all exothermic reactions
More informationCore Concepts. PowerPoint Lectures to accompany Physical Science, 8e. Chapter 4 Heat and Temperature. New Symbols for this Chapter 2/14/2011
PowerPoint Lectures to accompany Physical Science, 8e Chapter 4 Heat and Temperature Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. New Symbols for this Chapter
More informationChapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics. First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work
More informationPhysics 111. Lecture 42 (Walker: 18.9) Entropy & Disorder Final Review. May 15, 2009
Physics 111 Lecture 42 (Walker: 18.9) Entropy & Disorder Final Review May 15, 2009 Review Session: Today, 3:10-4:00, TH230. Final exam, Monday May 18, 10:45-1:15. Lecture 42 1/32 The Physics 111 Final
More informationChapter 12 Thermal Energy
Chapter 12 Thermal Energy Chapter 12 In this chapter you will: Learn how temperature relates to the potential and kinetic energies of atoms and molecules. Distinguish heat from work. Calculate heat transfer
More informationChapter 19. Heat Engines
Chapter 19 Heat Engines QuickCheck 19.11 The efficiency of this Carnot heat engine is A. Less than 0.5. B. 0.5. C. Between 0.5 and 1.0. D. 2.0. E. Can t say without knowing Q H. 2013 Pearson Education,
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 20 Lecture 4/E FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH RANDALL D. KNIGHT Pearson Education, Inc.
PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS A STRATEGIC APPROACH 4/E Chapter 20 Lecture RANDALL D. KNIGHT 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 20 The Micro/Macro Connection IN THIS CHAPTER, you will see how macroscopic
More informationPhysics Nov Heat and Work
Physics 301 5-Nov-2004 19-1 Heat and Work Now we want to discuss the material covered in chapter 8 of K&K. This material might be considered to have a more classical thermodynamics rather than statistical
More informationName Class Date. c. 273 K
Exercises 24.1 Absolute Zero (page 469) 1. Is the following sentence true or false? There is no limit to how cold an object can get. 2. Define absolute zero. 3. Circle the letter of each statement about
More informationDisorder and Entropy. Disorder and Entropy
Disorder and Entropy Suppose I have 10 particles that can be in one of two states either the blue state or the red state. How many different ways can we arrange those particles among the states? All particles
More information11/22/11. If you add some heat to a substance, is it possible for the temperature of the substance to remain unchanged?
Physics 101 Tuesday 11/22/11 Class 26" Chapter 17.2, 17.5, 17.6, 18.1, 18.2" Kinetic Theory" Latent Heat" Phase changes" 1 st law of thermodynamics" " Which one is not the assumption in kinetic theory
More informationchanges in mass are only in physical appearance Dynamic Events Conservation Laws Conservation Laws What does it mean to conserve something?
Dynamic Events We observe many dynamic events in nature where obvious changes take place - earthquakes volcanoes etc. Question: In all of these events where changes are observed, are there some things
More informationUnit 5: Energy (Part 2)
SUPERCHARGED SCIENCE Unit 5: Energy (Part 2) www.sciencelearningspace.com Appropriate for Grades: Lesson 1 (K-12), Lesson 2 (K-12) Duration: 6-15 hours, depending on how many activities you do! We covered
More informationName Class Date. How are temperature and energy related? What are the three common temperature scales? Why do objects feel hot or cold?
CHAPTER 14 SECTION Heat and Temperature 1 Temperature KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: How are temperature and energy related? What are the three common temperature scales?
More informationCHEM Introduction to Thermodynamics Fall Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
CHEM2011.03 Introduction to Thermodynamics Fall 2003 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Introduction It is a matter of everyday observation that things tend to change in a certain direction.
More informationTwo mark questions and answers UNIT II SECOND LAW 1. Define Clausius statement. It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process, to transfer heat from a body at lower temperature
More informationLecture 4: Classical Illustrations of Macroscopic Thermal Effects
Lecture 4: Classical Illustrations of Macroscopic Thermal Effects Heat capacity of solids & liquids Thermal conductivity Irreversibility References for this Lecture: Elements Ch 3,4A-C Reference for Lecture
More informationTypes of Energy Calorimetry q = mc T Thermochemical Equations Hess s Law Spontaneity, Entropy, Gibb s Free energy
Unit 7: Energy Outline Types of Energy Calorimetry q = mc T Thermochemical Equations Hess s Law Spontaneity, Entropy, Gibb s Free energy Energy Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat. The energy
More informationLecture Notes Set 3b: Entropy and the 2 nd law
Lecture Notes Set 3b: Entropy and the 2 nd law 3.5 Entropy and the 2 nd law of thermodynamics The st law of thermodynamics is simply a restatement of the conservation of energy principle and may be concisely
More informationChapter 16 Thermodynamics
Nicholas J. Giordano www.cengage.com/physics/giordano Chapter 16 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Introduction Another area of physics is thermodynamics Continues with the principle of conservation of energy
More informationChapter 12. The Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics tells us that the internal energy of a system can be increased by Adding energy to the system Doing work
More informationBefore the Quiz. Make sure you have SIX pennies
Before the Quiz Make sure you have SIX pennies If you have more than 6, please share with your neighbors There are some additional pennies in the baskets up front please be sure to return them after class!!!
More informationConducting Energy and Heat. Energy Likes to Move. Radiating Energy
Energy Likes to Move If there is a temperature difference in a system, heat will naturally move from high to low temperatures. The place you find the higher temperature is the heat source. The area where
More informationLecture 15. Available Work and Free Energy. Lecture 15, p 1
Lecture 15 Available Work and Free Energy U F F U -TS Lecture 15, p 1 Helpful Hints in Dealing with Engines and Fridges Sketch the process (see figures below). Define and Q c and W by (or W on ) as positive
More information1. Thermo = the that happen in a chemical reaction. 4. You must ADD energy to melt solids into liquids example:
ThermoChem Notes 1. Thermo = the that happen in a chemical reaction. 2. When heat is given off it is an reaction. 3. Sometimes energy is absorbed in order for the reaction happen; this is called an reaction.
More informationSupplemental Activities. Module: Thermodynamics. Section: Second Law of Thermodynamics Key
Supplemental Activities Module: Thermodynamics Section: Second Law of Thermodynamics Key Spontaneity ACTIVITY 1 The purpose of this activity is to practice your understanding of the concept of spontaneous
More informationGechstudentszone.wordpress.com. Chapter 6. Vittal.K
Chapter 6 Vittal.K Leads Up To Second Law Of Thermodynamics Heat source T 1 Q +ve w possible. It is now clear that we can t construct a heat engine with just one +ve heat interaction. The above engine
More informationUnderstanding KMT using Gas Properties and States of Matter
Understanding KMT using Gas Properties and States of Matter Learning Goals: Students will be able to describe matter in terms of particle motion. The description should include Diagrams to support the
More information