DISTANCE PROTECTION OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE WITH NOVEL FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE

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1 IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 DISTANCE PROTECTION OF HVDC TRANSMISSION LINE WITH NOVEL FAULT LOCATION TECHNIQUE Ruchia Nale, P. Suresh Babu Suden, M.Tech nd year, PSE, NIT Warangal, A.P., India, ruchia9@gmail.cm Assisan Prfessr, EED, NIT Warangal, Warangal-56, A.P. India, drsureshperli@niw.ac.in Absrac This paper presens a nvel mehd fr lcaing fauls using ing pin vlage and curren daa. The line mdel used is based n he frequency dependen parameer mdel and i is disribued in w pars: Disribued Parameer mdel and Cmpensain marix. Finie Impulse Respnse filers are used fi he Cmpensain marix. S by using lcal Sampling daa, vlage and curren a he ing pin are calculaed accuraely. Then, he line mdel equains are slved in e dmain calculae he faul disance. The prpsed mehd is able enhance he accuracy f he measuremen f faul a far end. Sulain resuls have shwn he effeciveness f prpsed mehd and is capable f lcaing he fauls ccurring n HVDC Transmissin lines accuraely and quickly. Key Wrds: faul disance, frequency dependen parameer, disribued parameer mdel, HVDC ransmissin lines *** INTRODUCTION The HVDC ransmissin sysem has advanages f ransmiing large amun f pwer ver lng disances wih lwer capial cs, lwer lsses and enhancing he sabiliy and ecnmy f he verall grid []. HVDC lines are msly used fr ransmiing pwer ver lng disances, cerainly passing hrugh cmplex errain, influenced by he weaher and gegraphical cndiins, ccurrence f faul is quie fen which may cause a majr HVDC uage. S, i is very necessary find he lcain f he faul accuraely and emplying precive measures fr clearance f he faul. Varius mehds are emplyed fr he precin f HVDC ransmissin lines []-[7]. Travelling wave precin is used as a prary precin and is unable deec he line fauls wih high ransiin resisance. Under vlage precin and differenial precin serves as a back up fr he ravelling wave precin bu because f lnger delay e, differenial precin lses is back up funcin. Under vlage precin is als n reliable fr high pedance fauls. Currenly ravelling wave based mehd [] is used fr lcaing he faul in line bu i is unable deec he wave head when he faul has ccurred wih high ransiin resisance. Disribued parameer mdel echnique [],[8] is als used, bu i neglec he effec f frequency dependen naure f he parameers, as during iniial perid f he faul pleniful harmnics are presen in he ransien vlages and curren and using nly cnsan parameers fr he calculain f vlage and curren a he ing pin will lead inaccuracy in he calculain f lcain f faul. T reduce he inaccuracy, he frequency dependen line parameer mdel is used and has been successfully plemened in Elecrmagneic Transiens prgram and elecrmagneic ransiens in DC sysem [9]-[]. This paper prpses a mehd remve he inaccuracy in he peraing parameer esain and prve he peraing behavir f line precin.. MEASUREMENT ACCURACY IN LOCATION OF FAULT Deerminain f faul lcain is necessary disinguish wheher he faul is inernal r exernal precin zne, especially fr he end zne fauls. Therefre, in disance precin sme degree f measuremen errr is accepable as relay will perae nly when he faul lies in he precin zne and if he measured faul disance is n mre han he ing disance. Assume relay is insalled a pin M as shwn in fig. and K is he ing pin. Faul has ccurred a F. S, he cndiin fr precin mehd perae crrecly is ha he measuremen errr in he lcain f faul shuld be less han he difference beween he faul disance and ing disance [] ha is given as belw Em < l f l () where E m is he measuremen errr, l f and l is he faul disance and he ing disance respecively. Fig : Prpsed precin principle Vlume: Issue: Apr-, hp:// 6

2 IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 Hence fr precin mehd perae crrecly, accuracy shuld be high fr far end fauls and cmparaively lw fr clse up fauls. Fr ha we are calculaing ing pin vlage and curren using lcal sampling daa. The fllwing prpsed mehd depends msly n he accurae calculain f ing pin vlage and curren.. PRINCIPLE OF PROPOSED TECHNIQUE The prpsed echnique is based n he frequency dependen naure f he line parameers. Hence, by cnsidering frequency dependen parameer line mdel ransfrmain marix is separaed in w pars () Cnsan parameer mdel knwn as disribued parameer mdel () Cmpensain marix cnsising f frequency dependen parameers. Frm Fig. Vlage and curren a relay pin M and ing pin K, is given as UK U IK = J(s) I m m J(s) is he line ransfrmain marix given by csh( ( s)l ) sinh( ( s)l ) Z( s) J( s)= sinh( ( s)l ) / Z( s) csh( ( s)l ) Where l is he ing disance, Z(s) is he characerisic pedance and ϒ(s) is he prpagain cnsan and all he line parameers are dependen n frequency (R in Ώ/Km, L in H/Km, C in F/Km and G in S/Km). The line ransfrmain marix fr he given frequency f can be bained frm csh( ( s)l ) sinh( ( s)l ) Z( s) J (s)= sinh( ( s)l ) / Z ( s) csh( ( s)l ) Equain () can be rewrien as U U K m J( s). J. J( s) IK Im The marix in he abve equain is splied in disribued parameer mdel J (s) and cmpensain marix H(s) given by () () () (5) H(s) = J (s). J - (s) (6 ) Sep II: The frequency dependen parameer mdel which is given as belw UK U IK = H(s) I K K Where U k and I k are ing pin vlage and curren respecively. FREQUENCY DOMAIN TO TIME DOMAIN Calculains are being carried u in e dmain enhance he measuremen accuracy and calculain speed.. Disribued parameer mdel Bergern ransmissin line mdel is adped sulae he HVDC ransmissin line. The vlage and curren disribuins alng he line can be bained accrding [] Equains () and () gives he ing pin vlage and curren, where r is resisance per kilmeer, Z and v are characerisic pedance and wave speed respecively. Fr baining he ing pin vlage and curren u k () and i k () linear inerplain in [5] can be used. uk rl l rl l Z u m Z Z v v rl l rl l Z u m Z Zc v v rl rl rl rl u m Z Z Z () ik = rl l rl l Z u m Z Z v v rl l rl l Z u m Z Z v v rl rl u m Z () I is bserved ha he cmpensain marix is independen f he vlages and curren and is relaed frequency dependen parameers. The prpsed echnique can be wrien in w seps: Sep I: Deerminain f disribued parameer mdel which is indicaed as belw. Cmpensain marix Fur Finie Impulse Respnse filers are emplyed fi he cmpensain marix. N N n n anz bnz Ak z Bk z n n UK Um Hk z N N IK = J (s) Ck z Dk z n n Im cnz dnz n n Vlume: Issue: Apr-, hp:// 6 (7)

3 IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 The filer cefficiens a n, b n, c n, d n are calculaed using line parameers and ing disance, s in advance we can calculae his cefficiens ffline. The ing pin vlage and curren in e dmain using frequency dependen parameer mdel is given by: N N (8) u a u nt b i nt k n k s n k s n n N N k (9) i c u nt d i nt k n s n k s n n. Calculain f faul lcain A cnsan parameer RL mdel beween he ing pin and he faul pin is sulaed as shwn in fig.. faul disance can be calculaed using equain () and ing pin vlage and curren. dik u Ri L )( l l ) R i d k k f f f L is in H/Km, R f cmpnen. () is he faul resisance and i f is he faul Fig. HVDC Biplar link Fig. RL ransmissin line mdel 5. SIMULATION RESULTS The schemaic diagram f he biplar HVDC ransmissin line is shwn in fig.. The CIGRE benchmark sysem [] is mdified frm he biplar mdel. The line lengh is being changed 5 K m and he her sysem daa is same as in []. PSCAD is running generae daa, sampled a KHz. The quaniies measured a he relay pin are influenced by he cupling beween he psiive line and he negaive line, i is required ransfrm he sampling value f vlage and curren a he relay pin independen mde quaniies emplyed in []. Fr his case, he ing disance is aken as Km and he faul has aken place a.9 sec wih ransiin resisance f hm and 5 hm. 5. Case I : Suppse a psiive ple grund has aken place a 6 Km a.9 sec. wih hm and 5 hm faul resisance. DC vlage and curren a he dc side f he cnverers fr bh psiive and negaive ples f DC link is shwn in fig. and fig. 5 wih x axis as e (milisec) and y axis as vlage r curren. Fig. DC vlage and curren graph fr bh he ples a recifier side and inverer side wih ransiin resisance f hm Vlume: Issue: Apr-, hp:// 6

errr(%) errr(%) IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 frequency dependen disribued parameer - - - -.9.95.

he inverer curren ends fall. Wih increase in ransiin resisance fauled curren peak als reduces in recifier. Wih he help f his figure he ing pin vlage and curren are deermined. 5.

. Afer he deerminain f ing pin vlage and curren, lcain f he faul is deermined by using he differenial equain ().

4 errr(%) errr(%) IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 frequency dependen disribued parameer frequency dependen mdel disribued parameer mdel Fig. 5 psiive ple grund faul DC vlage and curren a recifier and inverer wih 5 hm faul resisance. Frm Fig. and Fig. 5 i may be cncluded ha, n ccurrence f faul n HVDC line, in he iniial perid ransiens r scillains are presen in he fauled ple vlage and curren and he line vlage cllapses and recifier curren rises while he inverer curren ends fall. Wih increase in ransiin resisance fauled curren peak als reduces in recifier. Wih he help f his figure he ing pin vlage and curren are deermined. 5.. Measured disance resuls: Fig 6. Measured disance Errrs when psiive ple grund has ccurred wih ransiin resisance hm and 5 hm respecively.. Afer he deerminain f ing pin vlage and curren, lcain f he faul is deermined by using he differenial equain (). Figure 6 gives he errr in he lcain f faul by using disribued parameer mdel and frequency dependen parameer mdel. The maxum relaive errr ccurred in frequency dependen parameer mdel wih ransiin resisance zer hm is less han.7% (.5 Km) cmpared.8 % in disribued parameer mdel. Since he allwable errr accrding () is Km, he presened precin mehd can perae reliably wih frequency dependen parameers Wih 5 hm ransiin resisance als errrs are less cmpared disribued parameer mdel. 5. Case II Negaive ple grund faul has ccured a a disance f 6 Km a.9 sec. wih faul resisance f hm and 5 hm. Behavir f Vlage and curren hrugh he line is shwn in fig. 7(a) and 7(b). Fig. 7(a) Negaive ple grund faul DC vlage and curren a recifier and inverer side fr bh he ples wih zer hm ransiin resisance. Vlume: Issue: Apr-, hp:// 6

errr(%) errr(%) errr(%) IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 Fig.

7(b) Negaive ple grund faul DC vlage and curren a recifier and inverer side fr bh he ples wih 5 hm ransiin resisance 5.. Measured Disance errr Frm fig.

We als bserved ha he measuremen accuracy is n much affeced by he ransiin resisance. Fig.

ha he whle sysem is cllapsed due ple ple faul 5.. Measured Disance Resul: - - - -.9.95.9.95.9.95.9.95.9 - frequency dependen disribued parameers 5 - - - disribued parameer frequency dependen -.

5 errr(%) errr(%) errr(%) IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 Fig. 8 Measured disance Errr wih negaive ple grund fauls wih zer hm and 5 hm ransiin resisance resp. 5. Case III Ple ple faul has ccurred a.9 sec wih 5 hm ransiin resisance. (b) Fig. 7(b) Negaive ple grund faul DC vlage and curren a recifier and inverer side fr bh he ples wih 5 hm ransiin resisance 5.. Measured Disance errr Frm fig. 8 we cncluded ha he maxum relaive errr is mre while using disribued parameer mdel han in frequency dependen parameer mdel errr is.% wih 5 hm ransiin resisance. We als bserved ha he measuremen accuracy is n much affeced by he ransiin resisance. Fig. 9 ple ple faul DC vlage and curren a recifier side and inverer side fr bh he ples wih 5 hm ransiin resisance freuency dependen disribued parameer Frm he abve figure 9 we bserved ha he whle sysem is cllapsed due ple ple faul 5.. Measured Disance Resul: frequency dependen disribued parameers disribued parameer frequency dependen Fig. measured disance errr wih 5 hm ransiin resisance fr bh he mdels Frm fig i is clearly visible ha he maxum relaive errr due disribued parameers is abu.5 % and wih frequency dependen parameer mdel is.8%. Hence, i can accuraely calculae he lcain fr any ype f faul. Vlume: Issue: Apr-, hp:// 65

IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 6.

S, he prpsed echnique is based n he accuracy f calculain f ing pin vlage and curren using frequency dependen parameer mdel.

6 IJRET: Inernainal Jurnal f Research in Engineering and Technlgy eissn: 9-6 pissn: CONCLUSIONS In his paper he main purpse f he prpsed echnique is deermine he lcain f he faul and idenify wheher he faul lies in he precin zne r n. S, he prpsed echnique is based n he accuracy f calculain f ing pin vlage and curren using frequency dependen parameer mdel. I reduces he errr in he measuremen f disance a greaer exen fr far end fauls as cmpared disribued parameer mdel. Sulain Resuls shws ha he prpsed echnique is able lcae he faul accuraely a any faul disance and faul ype. Hence, i can be used prec he whle line and will enhance he perfrmance f he line. REFERENCES [] D. Naid and N. M. Ijumba, A precin sysem fr lng HVDC ransmissin lines, in Prc. IEEE Pwer Eng. Sc. Inaugural Cnf. Exp. Africa, 5, pp [] Jiankang Zhang, Jiale Sunan, Zaibin Jia, Gubing Sng, A Fas Full-line Tripping Disance Precin Mehd fr HVDC Transmissin Line IEEE cnf. pwer and energy, pp. -5,. [] A. Li, Z. Cai, Q. Sun, X. Li, D. Ren, and ZYang, Sudy n he dynamic perfrmance characerisics f HVDC cnrl and precins fr he HVDC line faul in Prc. Pwer Energy Sc. Gen. Meeing, 9, pp. 5. [] D. Naid and N. M. Ijumba, A Precin Sysem fr Lng HVDC Transmissin Lines, IEEE Pwer Engineering Sciey Inaugural Cnference and Expsiin in Africa, pp.5-55, 5. [5] X. Ga, P. Zhang, and Z. He, HVDC ransmissin line precin behavir analysis, Aum. Elec. Pwer Sys., vl. 9, n., pp , 5. [6] L. Shang, G. Herld, J. Jaeger, R. Krebs, and A. Kumar, High-speed faul idenificain and precin fr HVDC line using wavele echnique, presened a he IEEE Pr Pwer Tech Cnf., Pr, Prugal, Sep.,. [7] L. Shang, G. Herld, J. Jaeger, R. Krebs, A. Kumar, High-speed faul idenificain and precin fr HVDC line using wavele echnique [8] J. Sunan, Z. Hu, G. Sng, and J. Zhang, Disance precin fr HVDC ransmissin line based n disribued parameer mdel, Aum. Elec. Pwer Sys., vl. 5, n. 8, pp. 5 57,. [9] A. Bunder, Inrducin f frequency-dependen line parameers in an elecrmagneic ransiens prgram, IEEE Trans. Pwer App. Sys., vl. PAS-89, n., pp , Jan. 97. IEEE Pr Pwer Tech Cnference h-h Sepember, Pr, Prugal. [] A. Bunder, Inrducin f frequency-dependen line parameers in an elecrmagneic ransiens prgram, IEEE Trans. Pwwer App.Sys., vl. PAS-89, n., pp , Jan. 97. [] J. R. Mari, Accuare mdelling f frequencydependen ransmissin lines in elecrmagneic ransien sulains, IEEE Trans. Pwer App. Sys., vl. PAS-, n., pp. 7 57, Apr. 98. [] W. S. Meyer and H. W. Dmmel, Numerical mdelling f frequency-dependen ransmissinline parameers in an elecrmagneic ransiens prgram, IEEE Trans. Pwer App. Sys., vl. PAS-9, n.5, pp. 9, Nv. 97. [] J. Sunan, S. Ga, G. Sng, Z. Jia, and X. Kang, A nvel faul-lcain mehd fr HVDC ransmissin lines, IEEE Trans. Pwer Del., vl. 5, n., pp. 9, Apr.. [] M. Szechman, T. Wess, and C. V. Thi, Firs benchmark mdel fr HVDC cnrl sudies, Elecra, n. 5, pp. 56 7, Apr. 99. [5] G. Sng, L. Liu, and Z. Hu, Sudy n he frequency band fr inerplain mehd used in disribued parameer line mdel, Prc. CSEE, vl., n., pp. 7 76,. BIOGRAPHIES RUCHITA NALE, Cmpleed Bachelr in Engg frm Chhaisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical Universiy, Chhaisgarh, India in. Currenly Pursuing M.Tech in Pwer Sysem Engineeering, Elecrical Engineering Deparmen, Nainal Insiue f Technlgy, Warangal, India. Her area f ineres is pwer sysem Precin. Dr. SURESH BABU PERLI, currenly wrking as an Assisan Prfessr in Deparmen Of Elecrical Engineering, Nainal Insiue f Technlgy, Warangal. His area f ineres is Pwer Sysem Precin wih Digial Mulifuncin Relays, Develpmen f Adapive Precin Schemes and Digial Filering Algrihm Vlume: Issue: Apr-, hp:// 66

10.7 Temperature-dependent Viscoelastic Materials

10.7 Temperature-dependent Viscoelastic Materials Secin.7.7 Temperaure-dependen Viscelasic Maerials Many maerials, fr example plymeric maerials, have a respnse which is srngly emperaure-dependen. Temperaure effecs can be incrpraed in he hery discussed