Zhihan Xu, Matt Proctor, Ilia Voloh

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1 Zhihan Xu, Ma rocor, lia Voloh - GE Digial Energy Mike Lara - SNC-Lavalin resened by: Terrence Smih GE Digial Energy

2 CT fundamenals Circui model, exciaion curve, simulaion model CT sauraion AC sauraion, DC sauraion Simplified CT sauraion analysis Effecs of CT sauraion on 87L Techniques o improve CT sauraion olerance for 87L applicaions CT sauraion analysis ool for 87L 2

3 Like any oher kind of ransformer, consising of wo windings magneically coupled by he flux in a saurable seel core Draw an exciing curren o keep he core excied Experience copper losses, core losses, eddy curren losses and leakage flux deal CT ST X S R S Vs X E R E E S V B Z B N N2 3

4 More pracical way o represen he CT seadysae performance 0 3 Sauraion volage rovided by manufacurers Verified during field ess Exciing Volage V, rms nee poin volage 48V per EEE CT Raio: 2500/5A Secondary resisance: ohm Exciing Curren A, rms nee poin volage 57V per EC 4

5 EEE SRC model Assume he single-valued sauraion curve gnore curve in he below-knee-poin region Vs Slope=/S Exciaion Volage V, rms Acual curve Simplified Curve 0A Exciaion Curren A, rms 5

6 Seady sae sauraion Caused by he symmerical curren wih no DC componen.5 Raio Curren CT Raio: 800/5 Burden: 2 ohms Vs@0A: 303 V DC offse: 0% To avoid AC sauraion V X S Z S Cur r en pu of f aul Sauraed Secondary Curren 5-65kA Ti me s 6

7 Transien sauraion Caused by DC componen in he faul curren, unipolar half wave curren or remnan flux in he CT Raio Curren CT Raio: 800/5 Burden: 2 ohms Vs@0A: 303 V DC offse: 00% To avoid DC sauraion V X S Z S X R Cur r en pu of f aul Sauraed Secondary Curren 5-65kA Ti me s 7

8 High primary faul curren Excessive secondary burden Heavy DC offse in curren Large percen remanence 8

9 Nonlinear exciing curren during sauraion affecs he performance of curren-based proecion elemens 20 Sauraed Curren and Magniude pu of faul Time s p=5ka p=65ka Angle Shif degree, leading Time s p=5ka p=65ka 9

10 Exac same samples during unsauraion Sauraed curren samples are zero during sauraion Sauraion is repeaed each half cycle wih he same paern No dc offse The ime o sauraion longer han half cycle is no considered since 87 funcion operaes a high speed Cur r en pu deal Curren Sauraed Curren Ti me s 0

11 0 deal Curren Sauraed Curren deal Curren Sauraed Curren Magniude pu Angle degree Time s Time s Time o sauraion: Hz Magniude: 0.3 pu of ideal Angle: leading ideal by 5.3

12 Adjus ime o sauraion from 0 o 0.5 cycle 00 RMS pu of ideal Magniude α, pu of ideal Angle Shif from deal β, degree, leading Time o sauraion /64 cyc 0 2

13 DEAL cycle 0.5 0, sin cos sin cos sin cos cycle 0.5 0, sin cos sin cos

14 Consider inernal fauls in a wo-erminal line Tradiional percenage differenial plane is analyzed L R γ is an angle difference olerance facor is a magniude difference olerance facor Differen faul curren level a he remoe end Differen CT performance beween wo CTs Model difference beween simplified sauraion and real sauraion Oher errors caused by DC offse, asymmerical sauraion, ec. 4

15 87L operaes correcly if 5 R L DFF R L RES 2 cos 2 2 SL DF cos 2 2 Define Dependabiliy Facor

16 Dependabiliy Facor = Dependabiliy Facor = Time o sauraion /64 cyc γ degree Time o sauraion /64 cyc 20 0 γ degree 87L correcly operaes on inernal fauls if DF > 0.7, ha is, SL2 need o be se less han 0.7 6

17 7 80 R L 80 R L DFF R L RES 87L misoperaes if 2 cos SL SL SF cos 2 2 Define Securiy Facor

18 Secur i y Fac or Misoperaions =0.9 =.0 =. SL2= Ti me o sa ur a i on / 64 cyc There exiss misoperaion if ime o sauraion is less han 2.6 ms when SL2 is se o 0.7 8

19 6 4 =0.3 B=3 SL=30% SL2=60% 00% Line 2 Differenial Curren pu > 0 Operaing Zone Misoperaions Resrain Zone 2 p=6pu p=8pu Resrain Curren pu -> 0.5 cyc 9

20 Add a porion of curren disorions such as harmonics, sauraed CT signal and noise, ino he resrain signal; herefore, he resrain region is adapively increased. Dynamically swich he differenial seings o more secure values o deal wih exernal fauls. Normally, he more secure seings would resul in he larger resrain region. Consanly use he ransien bias as he addiional resrain signal. A dela signal is mixed ino he ransien bias o increase he resrain signal. 20

21 Adapive resrain dynamically adjuss he operaingresrain boundary. Adapive decision process is based on an on-line compuaion of measuremen error. Squared differences beween he acual waveform and an ideal sinusoid is a measure of a goodness of fi a measuremen error 2

22 Dynamically increase he weigh of he adapive resrain porion in he oal resrain quaniy, bu for exernal fauls only argloc/rem=80 exernal faul MULT=5 MULT=absargLOC/REM 5/80 MULT= MULT= argloc/rem=0 inernal faul 22

23 Toal resrain = Tradiional resrain + Weigh facor * Adapive resrain maginary LOC / REM OERATE Error facor is high REST. Real LOC / REM Error facor is low 23

24 is necessary o develop a ype of CT sauraion analysis ool because Uiliy cusomers are looking for he relay manufacurer recommendaions and warranies for he CT selecion a heir sysem wih paricular relay models. CT selecion recommendaions are differen from one manufacurer o anoher and here canno be any sandard giving specific recommendaions. 24

25 A pracical CT sauraion analysis ool is required o seamlessly incorporae he CT performance and relay sysem applicaion uilize he commonly recognized CT model and CT sauraion calculaion algorihm simulae he analog/digial signal processing and daa calculaions exacly exising in he line curren differenial relay 25

26 A pracical CT sauraion analysis ool is able o Analyze reliabiliy of 87L during CT sauraion Evaluae he differenial relay securiy nvesigae he effec of adjusing 87L seings Choose he proper size of CT Examine possibiliy of reducing CT requiremen 26

27 27

28 28

29 Based on he simplified sauraion analysis, The sauraion caused by inernal fauls will rarely resul in he failure o operae The sauraion caused by exernal fauls inroduces a spurious differenial curren ha may cause 87L o misoperae. Adapive resrain echnique used in 87L o olerae CT errors, reduce CT requiremen and improve relay securiy Necessiy, funcion requiremen, and example of a pracical CT sauraion analysis ool 29

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