Review of HAARP Experiment and Assessment of Ionospheric Effects

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1 Third AL PI ympsium Kna, Hawaii Nvember 9-3, 009 Review f HAARP Experimen and Assessmen f Inspheric Effecs T. L. Ainswrh, Y. Wang, J.-. Lee, and K.-. Chen Naval Research Labrary, Washingn DC, UA CRR, Nainal Cenral Universiy, TN (RC)

2 bjecives Deermine inspheric effecs n PALAR plarimery Develp insphere crrecin mehds Faraday rain cmpensain Assess required cmpensain lerances Based n desired plarimeric capabiliies Emply AR measure insphere prperies High resluin inspheric measuremens

3 TEC Effecs n AR Tal Elecrn Cnen, TEC pah n elecrn ( x) dx aellie Aliude ~700km Insphere F Layer Al. ~300km θ TEC Varies Diurnally and wih lar unsp Cycle Insphere TEC Causes Refracin, θ Faraday Rain Firs-rder Effecs n Pl. AR: Faraday Rain TEC Value Azimuh hifs TEC Gradien 3

4 HAARP Experimen Cncep High-frequency Acive Aurral Research Prgram Generae arificial TEC hle in insphere Use HAARP high pwer HF ransmier Frequency: 3-0 MHz, Max Pwer: ~3.6 Mw ynchrnize wih PALAR quad-pl cllec Image hrugh arificially disurbed insphere Cmpare wih insphere elecrn densiy Grund based measuremens Tmgraphic elecrn densiy infrmain 4

5 bservainal Difficulies Crdinain f experimenal cndiins HAARP HF radar schedule PALAR quad-pl imagery cllecs Naurally ccurring phenmena ufficien TEC levels lar aciviy affecs he insphere Near he minimum f he year slar cycle Primary prblems: Insufficien elecrn densiy Limied bservainal ppruniies 5

6 pprunisic bservains Naurally ccurring inspheric irregulariy erendipiy, r Chse a gd lcain Frequen insphere disurbances ufficien TEC variabiliy Frequen PALAR quad-pl cllecs Cmplemenary, grund based daase E.g. TEC / elecrn densiy mapping 6

7 PALAR Quad-pl Imagery Near Gakna, Alaska (April, 007) Ggle Earh HH-VV, HV+VH, HH+VV Faraday Rain PALAR 7

Gemagneic Laiude N elec [0 e/m 3 ] 59 6 65 68 7 Gemagneic Laiude N elec [0 e/m

8 Tmgraphic Imaging Daa High-frequency Acive Aurral Research Prgram 3 March 007; UTC Quie Day April 007; UTC Disurbed Day Gemagneic Laiude N elec [0 e/m 3 ] Gemagneic Laiude N elec [0 e/m 3 ] Insphere measuremens aken a HAARP shw spaial and day--day elecrn densiy variabiliy 8

9 Plarimeric Faraday Effec Mean =.987 Irregulariy Azimuh Prfile f Faraday Rain Faraday Rain 9

10 bservainal ulk Beer ppruniies in he near-erm lar cycle is (shuld be) heading ward a maximum Increased free elecrn densiy increased TEC Increased TEC variabiliy pprunisic insphere bservains Gd sluin a specific es sies Assuming ruine quad-pl image cllecin HAARP cncep is feasible prvided Well crdinaed daa cllecin plan PALAR quad-pl imagery, HAARP HF radar, ec. 0

11 Faraday Cmpensain Hw much des TEC affec AR plarimery? Assess plarimeric effecs n derived prducs Trea Faraday rains as a miscalibrains uncmpensaed Can ne cmpensae dual-pl imagery?

12 Faraday Effecs Faraday rain affecs plarimeric calibrain Generaes nn-reciprcal AR reurns Circular basis: Phase f RL LR* crrelain Nn-unique crss-alk / Faraday separain Crss-alk induces nn-reciprcal reurns Affecs RL LR* crrelains PALAR: crss-alk level n an issue

13 Faraday Rain Esimain hh vh hv vv = hh hv hv vv Esimae Faraday rain,, in he circular basis Well-defined based n secnd-rder saisics Insensiive arge rienain angles Insensiive scaering mechanisms in he scene ( ) π = π 4 Arg * RL LR wih 4 4 RL = [ hv vh + j( hh + LR = [ vh hv + j( hh + vv vv )] )] 3

14 4 Faraday Rain Marix where = an, and is he Faraday rain angle = VV VH HV HH VV VH HV HH VV VH HV HH = vv hv hv hh vv vh hv hh

15 5 + + = VV VH HV HH VV VH HV HH VV VH HV HH VV VH HV HH r r r r VV VH HV HH VV VH HV HH k k z u uz v uv u w wz z vw w v α α α α Full Calibrain Mdel where = an, and is he Faraday rain angle Faraday rains desry diagnal dminance f he [X][G][F] calibrain marix. is n necessarily a small parameer. X-alk, [X] Gain, [G] Faraday, [F] T.L. Ainswrh, L. Ferr-Famil & J.-. Lee, TGR, vl. 44, 006, pp

16 Faraday Rains Faraday Rain Marix Crss-alk Marix [ F( ) ] [ X ] z u uz v uv u w wz z vw w v where = an, and is he Faraday rain angle where u, v, w and z are he crss-alk cefficiens Faraday rain and crss-alk marices are similar Faraday rains affec crss-alk calibrain eing z = -u = -v = w and crss-alk generaes Faraday rain 6

17 Generic Errr Merics Merics shuld be simple imilar merics fr pin and disribued arges Pin arges merics Apply scaering marix frmalism Disribued arge merics Apply cvariance / cherency marices 7

18 Pin Targe Errr Meric Define a pin arge meric assess impacs f Faraday rains and her plarizain errrs eek fr he maximum nrmalized errrs in he arge space: max vec e ( ) = max ( D I ) vec( ) vec( ) D = F ( ) Cannical arges display reciprcal scaering. bservains are n reciprcal due Faraday rains. Faraday crrecin max vec e ( ) = max ( D I ) A4 vec( ) vec( ) A 4 0 = Evaluaed as he induced nrm: ( D I ) A 4 = max ( D I ) A4 vec( ) vec( ) 8

19 Evaluain The defined meric is used evaluae he cmprmised plarimeric accuracy due Faraday rain. Wrs case siuain: quad-pl and several dual-pl mdes ( ) 9

20 Errr Evaluain Crss-pl cupling increases significanly wih Faraday rain and rienain angle rains Induced crss-alk is he similar fr rienain and Faraday rains T mainain a -0 db measuremen accuracy, he Faraday rain shuld be cmpensaed beer han 3 deg, which ranslaes a crss-alk f -5 db. 0

H H v ( A Σ A ) v v ( A4 Σ A4 ) 4 4 H H ( A DΣ D A )v where A 4 resrics errr maximizain reciprcal scaering

21 Disribued Targe Meric Plarizain synhesis deermines he maximum errr fr all allwed cmbinains f ransmied and received plarizains ynhesis bias is bained frm a general eigen prblem, max v H H H ( A4 DΣ D A4 ) v = max H H H v ( A Σ A ) v v ( A4 Σ A4 ) 4 4 H H ( A DΣ D A )v where A 4 resrics errr maximizain reciprcal scaering v= v H H [ ] linear (H, V) basis C vlume This errr meric represens a wrs case scenari.

22 Plarizain ynhesis Prediced synhesis errrs fr ypical naural arges. Urban Targe j 0. 4e j 7. 09e e 0. 3e j j e 0. 3e j0. 3 j j 0. 36e j. 8e e e j33. 4 j e 0. 8e j64. 6 j j 0. 6e j 0. 64e e e j3. 7 j e 0. 07e j5. 6 j ample cvariance marices drawn frm PALAR imagery

23 Pauli Basis Effecs = 0 Pauli Display: = 0 Duble Bunce HH-VV HV+VH HH+VV HH-VV / (db) urface Pauli Display: = 0 nly he surface scaering cmpnen is affeced. verall, he Pauli decmpsiin shws lile change. HH+VV / (db) 3

24 Pauli Basis Effecs = 0 Pauli Display: = 0 Duble Bunce HH-VV HV+VH HH+VV HH-VV / (db) urface Pauli Display: = 0 nly he surface scaering cmpnen is affeced. verall, he Pauli decmpsiin shws lile change. HH+VV / (db) 4

25 Freeman-Durden Mdel = 0 Freeman-Durden Display: = 0 Even hugh he crss-pl pwer des n change, he Freeman- Durden vlume scaering is reduced keep he mdel psiive semi-definie. verall, Freeman-Durden shws mre yellw, i.e. less blue. Vlume caering (db) Freeman-Durden Display: = 0 Duble Bunce (db) urface caering (db) 5

26 Freeman-Durden Mdel = 0 Freeman-Durden Display: = 0 Even hugh he crss-pl pwer des n change, he Freeman- Durden vlume scaering is reduced keep he mdel psiive semi-definie. verall, Freeman-Durden shws mre yellw, i.e. less blue. Vlume caering (db) Freeman-Durden Display: = 0 Duble Bunce (db) urface caering (db) 6

27 Cnclusins Quad-pl PALAR daa prvides precise Faraday rain esimaes L-band quad-pl imagery can be plarimerically calibraed in he presence f Faraday rains Faraday effecs n PALAR plarimery urface scaering shws greaes effec, i.e. HH+VV Quad-pl imagery Appears lerae up ~0 f uncmpensaed Faraday rain Freeman-Durden classificain cmparisn andard disribued arges analysis Quad-pl easily cmpensaed fr Faraday rains Dual-pl imagery Circular ransmi mdes display smalles Faraday effecs Linear ransmi dual-pl mdes srngly effeced Especially fr surface and duble bunce scaering Linear dual-pl mdes require beer Faraday cmpensain 7

28 Thank yu 8

29 rienain Angle [ ( θ )] = θ θ + θ θ HH VH HV VV θ + θ θ θ [ R( θ) ] = θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ where Γ = an θ, and θ is he rienain angle, a rain abu he line f sigh. Γ Γ Γ Rain, Faraday and Crss-alk marices have similar frms Γ Γ Γ Γ [ R ( θ) ] [ F( ) ] Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ [ X ] z u uz Rain Faraday Crss-alk v uv u w wz z vw w v 9

An Introduction to Wavelet Analysis. with Applications to Vegetation Monitoring

An Introduction to Wavelet Analysis. with Applications to Vegetation Monitoring An Inrducin Wavele Analysis wih Applicains Vegeain Mniring Dn Percival Applied Physics Labrary, Universiy f Washingn Seale, Washingn, USA verheads fr alk available a hp://saff.washingn.edu/dbp/alks.hml