The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power

Transcription

1 The SuperCable: Dual Delivery of Chemical and Electric Power Paul M. Grant EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal, W2AGZ Technologies SuperGrid October 2004, Urbana, Il Technical Plenary Session Levis Faculty Center -- UIUC Monday, 25 October 2004, 9:30 AM

2 The Discoveries La-Ba-Cu-O Onset T C = 40 K! Leiden, 1914 Zürich, 1986

3 Superconductivity 101 Cooper Problem e -ikr 2 single particles e ikr 1 H(k) + H(-k) + V(k) V(k) = -V 0 0 k f dk e ik(r 1 - r 2 ) ψ(r 1 -r 2 ) = φ(r 1 -r 2 )χ(s 1,s 2 ) + + e e -2/N(E f )V 0 pairs e - Fermion-Boson Feynman Diagram T C = D 1.14 θ exp( 1/ λ ) k' 1 k 1 q k' 2 k 2 θ D = 275 K, λ = 0.28, T C = 9.5 K (Niobium)

4 GLAG 1 G[ φ] d 3 r[ ( iη + e* A) φ*( iη + e* A) φ+ aφφ* bφφ* φφ*] 2m* 2 2 ( i A) f + f ( 1 f ) = 0 2 * * κ ( A) i( f f f f ) + Af = 0 φ = ( a b) A = ( Φ / 2πξ) A 0 κ = λ / ξ L 1 2 f

5 The Flavors of Superconductivity -M Magnetic Field Normal 1/4π H C1 Meissner Temperature T C λ < ξ H C1 H Type I

6 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H Dipole Force

7 The Flavors of Superconductivity λ > ξ Type II -M Magnetic Field H C2 Mixed Normal 1/4π H C1 Meissner Temperature T C H C1 H C2 H

8 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H J Dipole Force F

9 The Flavors of Superconductivity λ > ξ Type II -M Magnetic Field H C2 NOT PERFECT CONDUCTOR! Mixed Normal 1/4π H C1 Meissner Temperature T C H C1 H C2 H

10 Abrikosov Vortex Lattice Pinned H J Dipole Force F

11 The Flavors of Superconductivity H C2 Normal Magnetic Field H C1 R = 0 Mixed R 0 Irreversibility Line Meissner Temperature T C

12 No More Ohm s Law E (V/cm) 2.0E E E E E+00 Typical E vs J Power Law E = aj n n = 15 T = 77 K HTS Gen 1 E = 1 µv/cm J (A/cm^2)

13 ac Hysteresis -M M H 1/4π H C1 H C2 H

14 T C vs Year: Temperature, T C (K) K High-T C MgB 2 Low-T C Year

15 HTSC Wire Can Be Made! 1. Powder Preparation 2. Billet Packing & Sealing Oxide Powder Mechanically Alloyed Precursor Deformation & Processing Oxidation - Heat Treat A. Extrusion C. Rolling B. Wire Draw But it s 70% silver!

16 Finished Cable

17 Reading Assignment 1. Garwin and Matisoo, 1967 (100 GW on Nb 3 Sn) 2. Bartlit, Edeskuty and Hammel, 1972 (LH 2, LNG and 1 GW on LTSC) 3. Haney and Hammond, 1977 (Slush LH 2 and Nb 3 Ge) 4. Schoenung, Hassenzahl and Grant, 1997 (5 GW on HTSC, 1000 km) 5. Grant, 2002 (SuperCity, Nukes+LH 2 +HTSC) 6. Proceedings, SuperGrid Workshop, 2002 These articles, and much more, can be found at sub-pages SuperGrid/Bibliography

18 1967: SC Cable Proposed! 100 GW dc, 1000 km!

19 Hydricity SuperCables +v I H 2 H 2 -v I Circuit #1 Multiple circuits can be laid in single trench +v I H 2 H 2 Circuit #2 -v I

20 SuperCable HV Insulation Super- Insulation D H Flowing Liquid Hydrogen D O Al Al Superconductor Conductor Al Al core of of diameter D C wound with HTSC tape t s thick

21 Power Flows P SC = 2 V IA SC, where Electricity P SC = Electric power flow V = Voltage to neutral (ground) I = Supercurrent A SC = Cross-sectional area of superconducting annulus P H2 = 2(QρvA) H2, where Hydrogen P H2 = Chemical power flow Q = Gibbs H 2 oxidation energy (2.46 ev per mol H 2 ) ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube

22 Power Flows: 5 GW e /10 GW th Electrical Power Transmission (+/- 25 kv) Power Current HTS J C (MW e ) (A) (A/cm 2 ) D C (cm) t S (cm) 5, ,000 25, D H HV Insulation Super- Insulation Flowing Liquid Hydrogen Al core of D O Al Chemical Power Transmission (H 2 at 20 K, per "pole") Power D H -effective H 2 Flow D H -actual (MW Superconductor th ) (cm) (m/s) (cm) Conductor 5, diameter D C wound with HTSC tape t s thick

23 Radiation Losses W R = 0.5εσ (T 4 amb T4 SC ), where W R = Power radiated in as watts/unit area σ = W/cm 2 K 4 T amb = 300 K T SC = 20 K ε = 0.05 per inner and outer tube surface D H = 45.3 cm W R = 16.3 W/m Superinsulation: W Rf = W R /(n-1), where n = number of layers = 10 Net Heat In-Leak Due to Radiation = 1.8 W/m

24 Fluid Friction Losses W loss = M P loss / ρ, Where M = mass flow per unit length P loss = pressure loss per unit length ρ = fluid density Fluid Re ε(mm) D H (cm) v (m/s) P (atm/10 km) Power Loss (W/m) H (20K) 2.08 x

25 Heat Removal dt/dx = W T /(ρvc P A) H2, where dt/dx = Temp rise along cable, K/m W T = Thermal in-leak per unit Length ρ = H 2 Density v = H 2 Flow Rate C P = H 2 Heat Capacity A = Cross-sectional area of H 2 cryotube SuperCable Losses (W/M) K/10km Radiative Friction ac Losses Conductive Total dt/dx

26 SuperCable H 2 Storage Some Storage Factoids Power (GW) Storage (hrs) Energy (GWh) TVA Raccoon Mountain Alabama CAES Scaled ETM SMES One Raccoon Mountain = 13,800 cubic meters of LH2 LH 2 in 45 cm diameter, 12 mile bipolar SuperCable = Raccoon Mountain

27 Relative Density of H2 as a Function of Pressure at 77 K wrt LH2 at 1 atm Rho(H2)/Rho(LH2) Supercritical 100% LH % LH2 Vapor Pressure (psia) H 2 Gas at 77 K and 1850 psia has 50% of the energy content of liquid H 2 and 100% at 6800 psia

28 Hybrid SuperCable HV Insulation D H Super- Insulation Flowing High Pressure Hydrogen Gas D O Flowing liquid N 2 cryogen in flexible tube, diameter D N Al Superconductor Conductor Al core of diameter D C wound with HTSC tape t s thick

29 Electrical Issues Voltage current tradeoffs AC interface (phases) Ripple suppression Charge/Discharge cycles (Faults!) Power Electronics GTOs vs IGBTs 12 wafer platforms Cryo-Bipolars

30 Construction Issues Pipe Lengths & Diameters (Transportation) Coax vs RTD Rigid vs Flexible? On-Site Manufacturing Conductor winding (3-4 pipe lengths) Vacuum: permanently sealed or actively pumped? Joints Superconducting Welds Thermal Expansion (bellows)

31 Jumpstarting the SuperGrid Do it with SuperCables Focus on the next two decades Get started with superconducting dc cable interties & back-to-backs using existing ROWs As hydrogen economy expands, parallel/replace existing gas transmission lines with SuperCables Start digging

32 Nukes 20% Hydro 7% Electricity Generation - June 2004 Oil 2% Coal 49% Gas 18% Renewable 2%

33 Al-Can Gas Pipeline Proposals

34 Mackenzie Valley Pipeline 1300 km 18 GW-thermal

35 LNG SuperCable Electrical Insulation Super- Insulation Thermal Barrier to LNG Liquid 77 K Superconductor 105 K 1 atm (14.7 psia)

36 SuperCable Prototype Project H 2 e Cryo I/C Station H 2 Storage SMES 500 m Prototype Appropriate National Laboratory

37 Regional System Interconnections