Phased-array grating compression for highenergy chirped pulse amplification lasers

Transcription

1 Phased-array grating compression for highenergy chirped pulse amplification lasers A. Cotel 1,2, M. Castaing 1, P. Pichon 2, and C. Le Blanc 1 1. Laboratoire pour l Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France 2. Horiba Jobin Yvon SAS, rue du Canal, Longjumeau Cedex, France arnaud.cotel@polytechnique.fr Abstract : The development of phased-array grating compressor is a crucial issue for high-energy, ultra-short pulse petawatt-class lasers. We present a theoretical and experimental analysis of two-grating phasing in a broadband pulse mosaic compressor. The phase defaults induced by misaligned gratings are studied. Monochromatic grating phasing is experimentally achieved with an interferometric technique and pulse compression is demonstrated with a two-phased-array grating system Optical Society of America OCIS codes: ( ) ultrafast lasers; ( ) pulse compression; ( ) diffraction gratings References 1. D. Strickland and G. Mourou, Compression of amplified chirped optical pulses, Opt. Commun. 56, (1985). 2. B. W. Shore, M. D. Perry, J. A. Britten, R. D. Boyd, M. D. Feit, H. T. Nguyen, R. Chow, G. E. Loomis, and L. Li, Design of high-efficiency dielectric reflection gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, (1997). 3. T. Zhang, M. Yonemura, and Y. Kato, An array-grating compressor for high-power chirped-pulse amplification lasers, Opt. Commun. 145, (1998). 4. T. J. Kessler, J. Bunkenburg, H. Huang, A. Kozlov, and D. D. Meyerhofer, Demonstration of coherent addition of multiple gratings for high-energy chirped-pulse-amplified lasers, Opt. Lett. 29, (2004). 5. C. Le Blanc, C. Felix, J. C. Lagron, N. Forget, P. Hollander, A. M. Sautivet, F. Amiranoff, A. Migus, The Petawatt laser chain at LULI : from the diode-pumped front end to the new generation of compact compressor, Proceeding Third International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA), Chap X - 608, Eds B. A. Hammel, D. D. Meyerhofer, J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, and H. Azechi (2003). 6. M. C. Rushford, W. A. Molander, J. D. Nissen, I. Jovanovic, J. A. Britten, and C. P. J. Barty, Diffraction grating eigenvector for translational and rotational motion, Opt. Lett. 31, (2006). 7. T. Jitsuno, H. Kai, M. C. Rushford, N. Miyanaga, S. Motokoshi, G. Xu, K. Kondo, R. Kodama, H. Shiraga, K. A. Tanaka, K. Tsubakimoto, H. Habara, J. A. Britten, C. P. J. Barty, K. Mima, Groove density compensation of segmented gratings in large scale pulse compressor, Fourth Intenational Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA), Biarritz (2005). 8. T. J. Kessler, J. Bunkenburg, and H. Huang, Grating Array Systems for the Alignment and Control of the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Light, U.S. Patent Application (2003). 9. E. B. Treacy, Optical pulse compression with diffraction gratings, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5, (1969). 10. M. Trentelman, I. N. Ross, and C. Danson, Finite size compression gratings in a large aperture chirped pulse amplification laser system, Appl. Opt. 36, (1997). 11. M. Hornung, R. Bödefeld, M. Siebold, S. Podelska, M. Schnepp, J. Hein, and R. Sauerbrey, Alignment of a multigrating mosaic compressor in a PW-class CPA laser, Proc. of SPIE vol. 5962, 59622K (2005). 12. N. Blanchot, G. Marre, J. Néauport, E. Sibé, C. Rouyer, S. Montant, A. Cotel, C. Le Blanc, and C. Sauteret, Synthetic aperture compression scheme for multi-petawatt high energy laser, Appl. Opt. 45, (2006). 13. R. Diaz-Uribe, and A. Jiménez-Hernandez, Phase measurement for segmented optics with 1D diffraction patterns, Opt. Express 12, (2004). 14. G. Chanan, M. Troy, F. Dekens, S. Michaels, J. Nelson, T. Mast, and D. Kirkman, Phasing the mirror segments of the Keck telescopes : the broadband phasing algorithm, Appl. Opt. 37, (1998). 15. N. C. Mehta, and C. W. Allen, Remote alignment of segmented mirrors with far-field optimization, Appl. Opt. 31, (1992). (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2742

2 16. C. Pizzaro, J. Arasa, F. Laguarta, N. Tomas, and A. Pinto, Design of an interferometric system for the measurement of phasing errors in segmented mirrors, Appl. Opt. 41, (2002). 17. J. Bunkenburg, T. J. Kessler, W. Skulski, and H. Huang, Phase-locked control of tiled-grating assemblies for chirped-pulse-amplified lasers using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Opt. Lett. 31, (2006). 18. R. L. Kendrick, D. S. Acton, and A. L. Duncan, Phase diversity wavefront sensor for imaging system, Appl. Opt. 33, (1994). 19. J. Flamand, S. Kane, G. De Villele, A. Cotel, and B. Touzet, New MLD gratings adapted for tiling in petawattclass lasers, Fourth International Conference on Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (IFSA), Biarritz (2005). 1. Introduction The application of chirped pulse amplification (CPA) technique [1] to broadband, high-energy petawatt-class lasers implies the design of efficient and large dimension pulse compressor. Multilayer dielectric (MLD) gratings used in the pulse compressor are very promising to compress high-energy pulses to the sub-picosecond regime. Because of the high diffraction efficiency, high damage threshold, good wavefront quality and large dimension, MLD gratings seem to be well-adapted [2]. However, these gratings are limited in size and cannot be used adequately for multi-kj, short pulse laser systems. To reach the petawatt regime with a compact pulse compressor, a grating phasing can be considered. The grating phasing consists of a coherent addition of multiple gratings that will act as a monolithic large grating [3]. A theoretical analysis of the grating phasing is necessary to know the influence of phase defaults induced by grating misalignments on the spatial and temporal pulse profiles. To accomplish an accurate grating phasing in a pulse compressor, phase errors between each grating have to be measured with simple and compact diagnostics and removed by a highprecision mechanical system. Grating phasing has been firstly demonstrated in a double-pass pulse compressor by tiling the first grating [4]. We report pulse compression experiments where only the second grating is a two-phased-grating. Within the framework of Pico2000 petawatt laser at LULI [5], we present firstly in section 2 a theoretical analysis of two-grating phasing taking into account the compressor configuration and broadband pulses. After a brief presentation of the degrees of freedom between two adjacent gratings, we express analytically the constant and linear phase defaults induced by grating misalignments. The far-field irradiance is then numerically computed for the three main phase defaults. The alignment tolerances are given for three laser parameters : peak intensity, pulse synchronization and pulse duration related respectively to the constant, linear and quadratic phase defaults. In section 3, we perform a monochromatic plane wave grating phasing with an accurate interferometric diagnostic. The phased-grating mechanical system and the fringe matching technique for grating alignment are validated. The influence of the phase defaults on the spatial laser beam profile is experimentally shown by far-field profile measurement. In section 4, the pulse compression using a two-phased grating system is demonstrated in a mj chirped pulse amplification system. An embedded interferometric system is designed for the grating phasing in the compressor and finally the recompressed pulses are characterized in the spatial and temporal domains. 2. Theoretical analysis of diffraction grating phasing 2.1 Degrees of freedom between two adjacent diffraction gratings The diffraction grating phasing consists of determining the phase errors between two adjacent gratings, which can be caused by relative translations and rotations, and then removing these phase errors by using actuators. In the case of a two-grating mosaic, there are five degrees of freedom following the grating coordinates (x, y, z) : longitudinal piston (Δz), lateral translation (Δx) also called gratings gap, tip (θx), tilt (θy), and grating-plane rotation (θz) (Fig. 1). The translation along y axis, parallel to the grating grooves, is inconsequential for the reflected wavefront. The relative grating period difference (Δd) related to the grating manufacturing is considered as a tilt-like phase error [6-7]. (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2743

3 θ y y θ x Δ x z x Output θ z G21 G22 Δ z Input G1 Fig. 1. Phased-array grating compressor scheme with the five degrees of freedom between the two adjacent diffraction gratings G21 and G22 (Δz, Δy, θx, θy, θz). However, a reduction in degrees of freedom can be realized by grouping them together [8], thus we can compensate three phase defaults by the three others. The lateral translation (Δx), the grating period mismatch (Δd), and the tip (θx) can be compensated by respectively longitudinal piston (Δz), tilt (θy) and grating-plane rotation (θz). 2.2 Phase errors analysis of a grating mosaic compressor A standard pulse compressor is composed of two parallel diffraction gratings and a roof mirror in the case of a double-pass configuration [9]. The mosaic pulse compressor developed for Pico2000 petawatt laser at LULI [5] consists of phasing the second and the third gratings where the pulse spectrum is spread. It is composed of six 485 mm-gratings : a first single grating G 1 followed by two gratings mosaic (G 21 G 22 ; G 31 G 32 ) and a fourth single grating G 4 for a beam diameter of 200 mm. The grating groove density is 1740 mm -1 and the grating distance is 1800 mm. The goal is to preserve the spectral bandwidth by reducing the spectral clipping in the compressor for an optimum temporal compression [10]. According to the grating equation, we determine the diffraction angle as a function of the wavelength : λ d ( ) = Arcsin sin( α) β λ where α is the incident angle on the grating, λ the laser wavelength, and d the grating period. Usually, the spectral phase introduced by the pulse compressor φ(ω) can be written as Taylor series about the central frequency ω 0 : ( ) φ( ω) = φ0 + φ1( ω ω0) + φ2( ω ω0) + φ3( ω ω0) + o ( ω ω0) (2) 2 6 where φ 0 is the phase constant, φ 1 the group delay of the pulse, φ 2 the group velocity dispersion (GVD), and φ 3 is the third-order dispersion (TOD). In a standard monolithic grating compressor, φ 0 and φ 1 are not considered to optimize the pulse compression. Only φ 2 is considered to achieve the best pulse duration and φ 3 to preserve the temporal pulse contrast. In contrast, in a grating mosaic compressor, the constant and linear terms of the spectral phase are really crucial for the coherent addition of the output beams and the synchronization of the associated pulses [11]. Therefore, we have calculated the different phase defaults induced by gratings misalignment of a two-diffraction-grating mosaic and computed the far-field irradiance and the temporal profile for different cases of phase errors. (1) (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2744

4 Following the degrees of freedom defined in section 2.1, we calculate the phase errors introduced by a pair of misaligned grating for a single-pass configuration, Δφ(ω, Δx, Δz, θx, θy, θz), considering the reference laser beam coordinates (X, Y, Z), where Z is the propagation direction. We firstly study the constant (Δφ 0 ) phase errors (Table 1 left column) that are the major contribution on the spatial beam profile in the focal plane and then the influence of the linear (Δφ 1 ) (Table 1 right column) and quadratic (Δφ 2 ) phase errors on the temporal profile. Table 1. Constant and linear phase defaults corresponding to the five degrees of freedom plus the grating period mismatch in the case of a single-pass two-phased-grating system. k is the wave number, λ 0 is the central wavelength, α is the incidence angle on the grating, β 0 is the diffracted angle at the central wavelength, d is the grating period and (Δx, Δz, Δd, θ x, θ y, θ z ) are the degrees of freedom between the two adjacent gratings. Longitudinal piston k cos (Δz) ( α) + cos( β0 ) Δz Δφ 0 Δφ 1 ( α β0 ) ( β ) 1 1+ cos Δz c cos Lateral translation 2 x (Δx) d 0 Grating period 2 π. Δ d. X mismatch (Δd) 2 d.cos( α ) 0 Tip (θx) k + ( ) ( ) cos α cos β0 Yθ x Tilt (θy) cos ( β ) k 1 ( 0 + cos α) Grating-plane rotation (θz) Xθ y 0 ( α β0 ) ( β ) 1 1+ cos c cos 0 ( α β0 ) ( α) cos ( β ) 1 1+ cos c cos 2 π Y θ z d 0 The constant phase defaults (Δφ 0 ) related to the far-field irradiance are computed for the three main degrees of freedom (longitudinal piston, tip and tilt). As shown on the top of figure 2, the constant phase defaults are represented by the phase maps from the grating mosaic (G 21 and G 22 ). Phase maps φ(x,y), that correspond to the phase differences introduced by two misaligned adjacent gratings, are numerically defined by N N matrixes composed of a NxN/2 zero matrix (G 21 ) concatenated with a N N/2 Δφ 0 matrix (G 22 ). A 200-mm gaussian beam lights up the grating mosaic and the far-field intensity distribution is performed by fast Fourier transform operation in the case of no phase default (Fig. 2(a)), differential subapertures piston of π (Fig. 2(b)), a grating differential tilt and tip of respectively θy = 2 µrad (Fig. 2(c)) and θx = 4 µrad (Fig. 2(d)). The longitudinal piston phase default has a 2πperiodic effect and causes a beam splitting in the focal plane [12]. For Δφ 0 = 0 and Δφ 0 = 2π, the intensity distributions are exactly the same. When the piston phase errors appear (Δφ 0 0 modulo 2π), the peak intensity location shifts from the center and a second peak appears. The two peaks become equal when the piston phase error is equal to π that corresponds to Δz = λ/(2.[cos(α)+cos(β 0 )]). The tolerance for a 10% peak intensity decrease corresponds to a piston of Δz = 235 nm considering the Pico2000 compressor scheme (α = 60 and β 0 = 75.5 ). The tip and tilt angular phase defaults responsible of spatial chirp and focal spot depointing are evaluated. The tip and tilt phase default tolerances to have a peak intensity reduction less than 10% correspond respectively to θx = 2.3 µrad and θy = 0.6 µrad. 0 Yθ Xθ y x (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2745

5 G 21 G 22 G 21 G 22 G 21 G 22 G 21 G π (a) Without phase default (b) Piston (c) Tilt (d) Tip Fig. 2. Representation of grating mosaic (G 21 -G 22 ) misalignments (top) and far-field intensity distribution (bottom) without phase defaults (a), with a differential piston phase error of π (b), with a differential tilt θy = 2 µrad (c), and with a differential tip θx = 4 µrad (d). The peak intensities (b-d) are normalized to the maximum peak intensity without phase defaults. The linear phase default (Δφ 1 ) contributes to a pulse desynchronization at the output of the mosaic compressor. Indeed, pulses compressed respectively by G 21 and G 22 will be timedelayed by the differential phase defaults. With the (Δφ 1 ) expressions (Table 1), we establish the tolerances of piston, tip and tilt to have a maximum desynchronisation of 10% of the Fourier limited pulse duration (i.e. 40 fs for τ 0 = 400 fs). A piston of Δz = 1.5 µm between the neighboring gratings G 21 and G 22 corresponds to a differential pulse delay of 40 fs. Also, a tip θx = 15.3 µrad or a tilt θy = 3.8 µrad induce a pulse desynchronisation of 10%. The contribution of the quadratic phase defaults (Δφ 2 ) on the recompressed pulse is evaluated in term of pulse duration lengthening. Figure 3 presents the evolution of the pulse duration with the piston (a), tilt (b) and tip (c) phase defaults. In the case of tilt (resp. tip), the pulse duration is calculated for a given X (resp. Y) and Z coordinates. To know the complete evolution of pulse duration with these transverse and longitudinal spatial coordinates, the pulse front tilt of the compressed pulses has to be taken into account. (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3. Evolution of the pulse duration at the output of the grating mosaic compressor versus the piston (a), tilt (b) and tip (c) phase defaults. The Fourier transform limited pulse duration is τ 0 = 400 fs. In the case of a single-pass on the grating mosaic, the tolerances to have a maximum temporal lengthening of 0.1*τ 0 is Δz = 270 µm (piston), θx = 0.46 mrad (tip), θy = 0.22 mrad (tilt). This analysis permits to determine that the most important effect resulting of a misaligned phasearray grating compressor is at first a spatial effect and secondly a temporal effect. (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2746

6 3. Monochromatic phasing experiments Gratings position and grooves orientation have to be accurately controlled to provide a phased-array grating compressor. Therefore, we have developed a mechanical system prototype to phase two medium-scale diffraction gratings. Several motion devices permit to have five degrees of freedom between the two 120 mm x 140 mm diffraction gratings. Each grating reposes on two knee-joints and is fixed with nylon screws to avoid wavefront surface distortions. The lateral piston (Δx) is adjusted with manual translation stage and the longitudinal piston (Δz) with a closed-loop PZT translation stage (10 nm minimum displacement). The tip and the grating-plane rotation (θx and θz) are manually controlled by micrometer devices and the tilt (θy) by a precision rotation stage with PZT for high resolution to achieve angular rotation greater than 1 µrad. To control the grating phasing and measure the residual phase errors, some diagnostics have to be elaborated. A lot of phasing methods have been previously investigated by the astronomical community. Some of them utilize the diffraction pattern analysis [13-15], or the interferometric techniques [16, 17], or phase diversity wavefront sensing [18] to achieve the phasing of multiple telescope mirror segments with an adaptive loop algorithm. The experimental demonstration of grating phasing with our opto-mechanical system and motion devices is achieved by using a large aperture, high fringe contrast Fizeau interferometer. The continuous wave, monochromatic laser (λ = 633 nm) with a 150 mm beam diameter lights up the gold-coated gratings mosaic. A visible wavelength can be used to detect the misalignment of gold-coated gratings mosaic because of high-efficiency on a large spectral bandwidth. It is not possible in the case of multilayer dielectric gratings due to the small spectral bandwidth (20 nm) centered at 1µm. The laser beam is centered on the gratings gap. Figure 4 presents the fringe matching technique with five main steps to reach the grating phasing. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Fig. 4. Fringe matching technique with 5 steps (a-e) for grating mosaic alignment with a monochromatic, cw Fizeau interferometer. The interferometer circular aperture is 150mm centred on the grating gap. The gratings gap is reduced as much as possible by a manual translation stage. The grating mosaic is firstly positioned in zero-order configuration (i.e. mirror configuration). The flat tint allows us to have a parallel plane between the grating mosaic and the transmission flat and therefore suppress the differential tip (θx) (Fig. 4(a)). Then, the gratings are placed in -1 order in Littrow configuration (α L =Arcsin(Nλ/2) = 33.4 with N = 1740 mm -1 and λ = 633 nm). The tilt (θy) and grating-plane rotation (θz) are removed by rotating the two fringe patterns horizontally and equalizing the fringe frequency (Fig. 4(b-d)). Finally, the differential piston induced by lateral and longitudinal translations are adjusted to 0 (modulo 2π) by matching the fringes (Fig. 4(e)) and thus the grating mosaic alignment is completed (Fig. 5). This technique permits to resolve a minimum translation (piston effect) of 20 nm and a minimum rotation of (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2747

7 1 µrad which are typically the resolution of the piezo-mechanical system. The alignment stability is during one hour. Possible sources of instabilities are the temperature variations, mechanical vibrations and PZT stability. Fig. 5. Two gold-coated phased gratings in -1 order at Littrow aligned by a Fizeau interferometer and the fringe matching technique. An analysis mask is then defined on the fringe patterns and, to reconstruct correctly the grating surface wavefront, the gap between the gratings is suppressed. With a phase-shift technique, the wavefront surface of the gratings mosaic is reconstructed by recording five interferograms and the point spread function (PSF) is calculated. The PSF is the mathematical representation of the far-field intensity of the wavefront. Figure 6 presents wavefront surface measurements and PSF calculations in the case of aligned gratings (Fig. 6(a,b)) and in the case of a π piston phase error between the gratings (Fig. 6(c,d)). OPD (waves) OPD (waves) (mm) (mm) (mm) (a) (mm) (c) 10µm 10µm Y (a.u.) Y (a.u.) X (a.u.) (b) X (a.u.) (d) Fig. 6. Experimental phased-grating wavefront surface (a) and misaligned grating wavefront surface with a π piston (c) and the 2D logarithmic representation of normalized PSF (b), (d) showing the effect of the experimental piston phase errors on the far-field distribution. (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2748

8 When the gratings are accurately aligned, the optical path difference (OPD) maps of each grating exhibit phase continuity and the PSF presents a single-spot far-field intensity distribution. The calculated Strehl ratio in this case is While, when the gratings are misaligned with a differential piston of π, the OPD maps present a phase discontinuity and two beam spots appear in the PSF. The Strehl ratio decreases drastically to Furthermore, the interferometer laser beam reflected by the grating mosaic in 0 order is focused by a 700 mm focal length lens. The far-field intensity distribution is acquired with a CCD camera (LaserCamII Coherent) coupled with an x40 infinity-corrected microscope objective (Fig. 7). The experimental measurements of far-field intensity distribution are in good agreement with the theoretical model. 20µm 20µm (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 7. Experimental far-field intensity for phased gratings (a) and for a differential piston phase error of π (b) and comparison with theoretical simulations (c), (d). Thus, the prototype mechanical system (scale 1/3) has the potential to provide an accurate and reliable grating phasing. For the petawatt pulse compressor, the phased grating system will be installed in a vacuum chamber with an embedded phasing diagnostic. We have developed a more compact diagnostic than the Fizeau interferometer. This system is a Michelson interferometer with a continuous wave, monochromatic, monomode, Nd:YAG laser (λ=1064nm). As shown in figure 8, the cw incident laser beam of 30 mm diameter is separated by a beam splitter in two arms. The first arm is the reference and the second one lights the grating mosaic. The interference fringe pattern is recorded on a 8 bits CCD camera (Fig. 8). The grating alignment is realized by matching the fringe patterns issued from the two gratings (G1 and G2). The unengraved grating borders are clearly seen on the fringe pattern. The measurement precision of this diagnostic is a little bit less than with the Fizeau interferometer because of a smaller aperture that reduces the analyzed area. M G1 G2 CCD 0 order x20 Nd:YAG cw,1064nm Fig. 8. Michelson interferometer setup for grating phasing embedded in the pulse compressor. M, reference mirror ; G1-G2 diffraction gratings (left). Interference fringe patterns of each grating (right). (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2749

9 4. Pulse compression with a phased-array grating system The two-grating mosaic is installed in a double pass compressor to recompress mj amplified chirped pulses. The laser system is composed of a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire oscillator (Tsunami Spectra Physics) which can provide nj energy, 100 fs pulses at a central wavelength of 1057 nm (Fig. 9). Seed pulses are then frequency chirped, temporally expanded in a single-pass Öffner stretcher with a diffraction grating groove density of 1740mm -1. The stretch factor is 89 ps/nm. The resulting pulses having duration of 1.5 ns are amplified in a Ti:Sapphire regenerative amplifier and recompress in the phased-array grating pulse compressor. Ti:Sa oscillator 1057nm;Δλ=14nm nj;80mhz Pulse Öffner stretcher Regenerative amplifier PC Ti:Sa P PC P λ/2 Elev. f=200mm f=700mm Michelson Interferometer Elev. G1 RM Spectrometer G2 G3 CCD f=700mm 2ω autocorrelator Fig. 9. Optical schematic of Ti:Sa CPA laser with the phased grating compressor and pulse diagnostics. PC s, Pockels cells ; P, polarizers ; Elev., periscope; G1-G21-G22, diffraction gratings ; RM, roof mirror. Initially, the monolithic compressor acting in a double-pass configuration was composed of two gold-coated holographic diffraction gratings and a roof mirror retroreflector. Compressed pulses were previously fully characterized in the spatial and temporal domains. Then, the second grating has been replaced by the phased-array (G 21 and G 22 ) grating mosaic (280x120 mm²). The incidence angle on the first grating is 72.5, the grating groove density is 1740 mm -1, and the grating distance is 800 mm. At the output of the mosaic compressor the spatial and temporal beam profiles are probed and compared with the similar CPA system using the monolithic compressor. The grating phasing is realized by using the 1-µm Michelson interferometer embedded into the compressor. The interferometer beam path is not the same as the CPA laser beam path that is compatible with our pulse compressor setup. We have only one mosaic of two gratings so the interferometer diagnostic is fixed and cannot disturb or clip the main beam path. Spatially, the laser beam at the output of the mosaic compressor is focused with a 700 mm focal length lens and analyzed in far-field with a CCD camera (LaserCamII Coherent) coupled with an x6.3 infinity-corrected microscope objective (Fig. 10). The gaussian beam shape and the diameter are correctly retrieved by grating alignment. (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2750

10 Relative intensity (a.u.) 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 X profile w/o grating mosaic X profile w grating mosaic Y profile w/o grating mosaic Y profile w grating mosaic 0, Position (µm) Fig. 10. Spatial beam profiles with a standard monolithic compressor (X cut : black curve, Y cut : green curve) and with a grating mosaic compressor (X cut : red curve, Y cut : blue curve). Temporally, the laser pulse is compressed to the sub-picosecond regime by the phased grating mosaic compressor. The pulse duration is evaluated by a single-shot second-order autocorrelator. A temporal lengthening by a factor of 1.4 at the output of the mosaic compressor is observed by comparison with the autocorrelation obtained with the standard compressor (Fig. 11(a)). The initial pulse duration of 300 fs deconvolved from the autocorrelation measurement without gratings mosaic (Δλ = 5.5 nm FWHM) is enlarged to 420 fs. The calculated temporal profile by pulse spectrum Fourier transform without spectral phase leads to a pulse duration of 310 fs (Δλ = 5 nm FWHM) (Fig. 11(b)). The pulse broadening is not induced by gratings mosaic misalignments otherwise the far-field spatial profile will be affected. The pulse broadening can have several origins. Firstly, the spectral phase mismatch between the stretcher and the compressor can affect the recompressed pulse duration. A possible solution to check this effect is to measure the spectral phase (FROG, SPIDER) at the output of the compressor. Secondly, a residual piston phase default can cause a pulse lengthening. Indeed, the relative piston between the adjacent gratings is measured modulo 2π and corrected with the monochromatic interferometer but the absolute piston cannot be measured with this system. To do that, we could use a white-light interferometer [16]. Finally, a spectral clipping induced by the gratings gap appears in the mosaic compressor. The pulse spectrum is spread on the two-phased grating mosaic and clipped for the central wavelength by the gratings gap. This effect is related to the small beam size (~5mm) in the compressor. The spectral clipping modifies the temporal pulse shape with sidebands creation and affects the pulse duration by a small lengthening (< 10 fs) (Fig. 11(b)). To reduce this effect, some solutions are actually under study : the magnification of the beam size in the compressor and the use of diffraction gratings etched until the edges. (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2751

11 1.0 Standard compressor Mosaic compressor Relative intensity (a.u.) (a) T 0 =300 fs (FWHM) Delay (fs) T 0 =420 fs (FWHM) Relative intensity (a.u.) (b) 2ω autocorrelation Temporal profile Delay (fs) Fig. 11. (a) Measured 2ω autocorrelation with a monolithic compressor (black curve) and a grating mosaic compressor (red curve). The deconvolved pulse is broadened from 300 fs to 420 fs by a central spectral clipping. (b) Calculated temporal profile by pulse spectrum (Δλ = 5 nm FWHM) FFT without phase (T 0 = 310 fs FWHM) and 2ω autocorrelation in the case of the mosaic compressor. 5. Conclusion and perspectives In conclusion, we report on a complete theoretical and experimental analysis of the grating phasing for high energy petawatt-class lasers. A theoretical model taking into account compressor design and broadband pulses has been developed to predict the spatial and temporal effects. Phase defaults induced by the mosaic grating misalignments are responsible of far-field interference, spatial chirp and focusing errors in the spatial domain and pulse desynchronization and pulse duration lengthening in the temporal domain. The grating phasing has been firstly demonstrated with a cw, monochromatic laser coupled to a large aperture Fizeau interferometer. The fringe matching technique permitted a simple and reliable grating alignment diagnostic. A chirped pulse amplification system with a phased-array grating compressor has been performed to compress mj pulses and study the temporal effects. As a perspective, some grating phasing improvements are necessary to provide a clean and sharp temporal profile. The current experiments were performed with large unengraved edges gold-coated stock gratings. The use of large dimension, high-efficiency multilayer dielectric gratings engraved until edges can overcome the gratings gap effect and allow the compression of energetic pulses [19]. Acknowledgments This work was performed under the auspices of the European contract LASERLAB Europe RII3-CT , Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Polytechnique, Commissariat à l Energie Atomique, Université Paris VI and the contract Plan Etat Region E with the collaboration of Horiba Jobin Yvon Group. We would like to thank N. Blanchot, G. Marre, S. Montant and C. Rouyer from CEA-CESTA for fruitful discussions on this subject and the Optics and Imaging Sciences Group of LLE and especially T. J. Kessler. Thanks to S. Dorrard, H. Timsit, C. Sauteret and C. Le Bris for scientific and technical supports at LULI. (C) 2007 OSA 5 March 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 5 / OPTICS EXPRESS 2752