Laser Optics-II. ME 677: Laser Material Processing Instructor: Ramesh Singh 1
|
|
- Jocelyn Knight
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Laser Optics-II 1
2 Outline Absorption Modes Irradiance
3 Reflectivity/Absorption Absorption coefficient will vary with the same effects as the reflectivity For opaque materials: reflectivity = 1 - absorptivity For transparent materials: reflectivity =1- (transmissivity + absorptivity) 3
4 Reflectivity In metals the radiation is predominantly absorbed by free electrons in an electron gas Free electrons are free to oscillate and reradiate without disturbing the solid atomic structure The reflectivity increases from visible to high wavelength As a wavefront arrives at a surface all the free electrons in the surface vibrate in phase generating an electric field 18 out of phase with the incoming beam The sum of this field will be a beam whose angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence 4
5 Effect of Wavelength Reflectivity is a function of the refractive index, n, and the extinction coefficient, k At shorter wavelengths, the more energetic photons can be absorbed by a greater number of bound electrons Reflectivity decreases and absorptivity increases 5
6 Reflectivity of Metals 6
7 Reflectivity of Non-metals 7
8 Effect of Temperature Temperature increase results in increase in phonon population and phonon-electron energy exchanges Reflectivity decreases Absorption increases 8
9 Surface Roughness Surface Roughness has a large effect on absorption due to: The multiple reflections in the undulations Also some "stimulated absorption" due to beam interference with sideways reflected If roughness is less than the beam wavelength, the light will perceive the surface as flat 9
10 Case Study-145 steel 1
11 Angle of Incidence At certain angles the surface electrons may be constrained from vibrating since to do so would involve leaving the surface. This they would be unable to do without absorbing the photon The electric vector is in the plane of incidence, the vibration of the electron is inclined to interfere with the surface and absorption is thus high 11
12 Refraction On transmission the ray undergoes refraction described by Snell s law: 1
13 Refraction Scattered intensity is a function of 1 /l 4 Rayleigh Scattering Law. The normal form of a dispersion curve (refractive index vs wavelength) is known as a Cauchy Equation: 13
14 Beam Mode Two spatial modes describe the beam Longitudinal Transverse Essentially independent of each other Transverse dimension in a resonator is normally considerably smaller than the longitudinal The standing wave condition will be amplified, i.e., there can be only integer number of half wavelengths in the cavity, d= q. λ/ or qλ=d q is a large integer referring to the number of nodes in the longitudinal standing, d is the cavity length (mirror separation), and λ is the wavelength. The longitudinal mode number is large in industrial lasers and is normally ignored on beam characteristics and performance. The transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) is more important. 14
15 Longitudinal Mode Longitudinal Mode (integral multiples of l/) D l=d, l=d 15
16 Transverse Mode TEM describes the variation in beam intensity with position in a plane perpendicular to the direction of beam propagation It characteries the intensity maxima in the beam The TEM is determined by: The geometry of the cavity Alignment and spacing of internal cavity optics Gain distribution and propagation properties of the active medium Presence of apertures in the resonator 16
17 TEM Both r and f can have modes; TEMpl Radial, p Angular, l 17
18 Intensity Plots a.tem; b. TEM 1; c. TEM1* 18
19 Propagation Generic equation for cylindrical symmetry Equations for Hermite Gaussian beam in (x-y coordinates) x y E( x, y) = E H p H l e w w where E = Electric _ field _ amplitude E = No min al _ amplitude x = x _ dis tan ce _ from _ axis y = y _ dis tan ce _ from _ axis w = No min al _ beam _ radius x y w 19
20 Propagation Hn(x) is a Hermite polynomial = = = = = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (, _. ), ( 1 ) ( 1 w r w r w y x x n n x n n e I r I r E r I e E r E coordinates Circular e E y x E x H e dx d e x H
21 Gaussian Beam Gaussian function goes out to infinity Low powered lasers mimic the TEM TEM beams can be focused to smallest spot as compared to any other distribution 1
22 Beam Properties The point where irradiance drops to 1/e of the peak The radius containing 1-1/e power A two dimensional plot, the x value of which 95% of the plot area is contained between x and x.
23 Gaussian Distribution For different gaussian beams: I() r = I e r w P I = w Other beam, I() r = I e I 9P = w 9r w 3
24 Equations 4
25 Examples I(x, y ) = P A I(x, y ) = P A y x [1 b ][1 ] (1) a y [1 ][1 b I(x, y ) = P A (1) I(x, y ) = P x x a 1 y A y x [1 ][1 b ] () b y [1 ][1 b a 1 y b ] () a ] 5
26 Propagation of laser beam For a monochromatic beam propagating in the complex electric field amplitude w r kr E( r, ) = E Exp Exp i k tan 1 w w R R where E is the peak amplitude; w is beam waste radius; k = π/l ; Z R is the Rayleigh length; R is the radius of curvature of the wave front 6
27 The variation of beam radius in propagation w R = w 1 R w = l 7
28 Propagation of Laser Beams A laser beam propagating in space (lower case for TEM and upper case for real beams) Beam waist or minimum diameter, d /D Beam waist diameter, d /D at a location from the waist Beam waist or minimum radius, w /W Beam waist radius, w /W at a location from the waist q/q = Full-angle beam divergence l = Wavelength of light Q BEAM WAIST RADIUS, W Z Q 8
29 Propagation of Ideal Beam For a TEM beam, the diameter d for any distance form the waist is: Hyperboloid _ TEM Divergence d d d d d d = = = = q l q q l
30 Real Beam Real beams can be defined in terms of TEM It can be postulated a fictitious embedded Gaussian beam having a smaller dia d exists in the real beam; D=M.d, where M>1 q l l l l l M D M D D D M D D D M D D D M M D M D d d d = Q = Q = = = = = 3
31 Focused Beam Calculations For ideal beam, 1 = f ( ) 1 ( f ) f 1 f 1 = f D1 ( 1 f) Q Q1 d 4l d1 = 1 d d1 f f 4l 4. l. M For real beam with Q=,. D ( f ) f = 1 D D f f 31
32 Final Calculation Once D is calculated, Q could be found 4. l. M Q=. D Depth of focus where focal spot sie changes by ±5%. Approximate solution for focused beam diameter if lens is placed at from the beam waist If unfocused beam diameter at, is D. D = D Q D 4. f. l. M = D. 3
33 Laser Optics Setup at IITB Indian Patent Application No 44/MUM/11 Filed on 17 February 11 Method and device for generating laser beam of variable intensity distribution and variable spot sie
34 Aberrations Spherical Aberration Thermal Distortion Astigmatism Damage 34
35 Spherical Aberration There are two reasons why a lens will not focus to a theoretical point Diffraction limited problem Spherical lens is not a perfect shape. Most lenses are made with a spherical shape since this can be accurately manufactured economically The alignment of the beam is not so critical as with a perfect aspheric shape 35
36 Thermal Distortion High power laser beams are absorbed by lenses/optics Selection of right optics ZnSe with CO The power distribution in TEM causes more severe gradients than Donut Shape change of lens Varies the refractive index, specially in ZnSe 36
37 Astigmatism and Damage Due to optical misalignment Damage Due to dirt accumulation and burning on lens surface 37
38 Summary Absorption Beam Modes Propagation Focusing Aberrations 38
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL OPTICS
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL OPTICS C. A. Bennett University of North Carolina At Asheville WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION CONTENTS Preface 1 The Physics of Waves 1 1.1 Introduction
More informationLecture 2: Geometrical Optics 1. Spherical Waves. From Waves to Rays. Lenses. Chromatic Aberrations. Mirrors. Outline
Lecture 2: Geometrical Optics 1 Outline 1 Spherical Waves 2 From Waves to Rays 3 Lenses 4 Chromatic Aberrations 5 Mirrors Christoph U. Keller, Utrecht University, C.U.Keller@uu.nl Astronomical Telescopes
More informationLecture 19 Optical MEMS (1)
EEL6935 Advanced MEMS (Spring 5) Instructor: Dr. Huikai Xie Lecture 19 Optical MEMS (1) Agenda: Optics Review EEL6935 Advanced MEMS 5 H. Xie 3/8/5 1 Optics Review Nature of Light Reflection and Refraction
More information21. Propagation of Gaussian beams
1. Propagation of Gaussian beams How to propagate a Gaussian beam Rayleigh range and confocal parameter Transmission through a circular aperture Focusing a Gaussian beam Depth of field Gaussian beams and
More informationEE485 Introduction to Photonics
Pattern formed by fluorescence of quantum dots EE485 Introduction to Photonics Photon and Laser Basics 1. Photon properties 2. Laser basics 3. Characteristics of laser beams Reading: Pedrotti 3, Sec. 1.2,
More informationUNIT-5 EM WAVES UNIT-6 RAY OPTICS
UNIT-5 EM WAVES 2 Marks Question 1. To which regions of electromagnetic spectrum do the following wavelengths belong: (a) 250 nm (b) 1500 nm 2. State any one property which is common to all electromagnetic
More informationIMPRS: Ultrafast Source Technologies
IMPRS: Ultrafast Source Technologies Fran X. Kärtner & Thorsten Uphues, Bldg. 99, O3.097 & Room 6/3 Email & phone: fran.kaertner@cfel.de, 040 8998 6350 Thorsten.Uphues@cfel.de, 040 8998 706 Lectures: Tuesday
More informationHomework 1. Property LASER Incandescent Bulb
Homework 1 Solution: a) LASER light is spectrally pure, single wavelength, and they are coherent, i.e. all the photons are in phase. As a result, the beam of a laser light tends to stay as beam, and not
More information1 Longitudinal modes of a laser cavity
Adrian Down May 01, 2006 1 Longitudinal modes of a laser cavity 1.1 Resonant modes For the moment, imagine a laser cavity as a set of plane mirrors separated by a distance d. We will return to the specific
More informationLC circuit: Energy stored. This lecture reviews some but not all of the material that will be on the final exam that covers in Chapters
Disclaimer: Chapter 29 Alternating-Current Circuits (1) This lecture reviews some but not all of the material that will be on the final exam that covers in Chapters 29-33. LC circuit: Energy stored LC
More information1. Consider the biconvex thick lens shown in the figure below, made from transparent material with index n and thickness L.
Optical Science and Engineering 2013 Advanced Optics Exam Answer all questions. Begin each question on a new blank page. Put your banner ID at the top of each page. Please staple all pages for each individual
More informationCourse Secretary: Christine Berber O3.095, phone x-6351,
IMPRS: Ultrafast Source Technologies Franz X. Kärtner (Umit Demirbas) & Thorsten Uphues, Bldg. 99, O3.097 & Room 6/3 Email & phone: franz.kaertner@cfel.de, 040 8998 6350 thorsten.uphues@cfel.de, 040 8998
More informationPhysics 20 Work Plan
Units/Topics Time Frame Major Learning Outcomes Unit Major Resource(s) Assessment methods Unit 2 Wave Motion A. Properties of waves 1. Wave terminology 2. Universal wave equation 3. Principle of Superposition
More informationWhat Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationgives rise to multitude of four-wave-mixing phenomena which are of great
Module 4 : Third order nonlinear optical processes Lecture 26 : Third-order nonlinearity measurement techniques: Z-Scan Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Theory of Z-scan technique
More informationLight.notebook May 03, 2016
Unit 4 Light LIGHT.1 Describe the ray model of light. 16.1 LIGHT.2 Predict the effect of distance on light s illuminance. 16.1 LIGHT.3 Explain polarization and the Doppler effect. 16.2 LIGHT.4 Describe
More informationUnit 4 Parent Guide: Waves. What is a wave?
Unit 4 Parent Guide: Waves What is a wave? A wave is a disturbance or vibration that carries energy from one location to another. Some waves require a medium to transmit the energy whereas others can travel
More informationMODERN OPTICS. P47 Optics: Unit 9
MODERN OPTICS P47 Optics: Unit 9 Course Outline Unit 1: Electromagnetic Waves Unit 2: Interaction with Matter Unit 3: Geometric Optics Unit 4: Superposition of Waves Unit 5: Polarization Unit 6: Interference
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationLecture 11: Introduction to diffraction of light
Lecture 11: Introduction to diffraction of light Diffraction of waves in everyday life and applications Diffraction in everyday life Diffraction in applications Spectroscopy: physics, chemistry, medicine,
More informationModel Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy
Model Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy Section I Q1. Answer (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (a) (vi) (b) (vii) (b) (viii) (a) (ix)
More informationVågrörelselära och optik
Vågrörelselära och optik Harmonic oscillation: Experiment Experiment to find a mathematical description of harmonic oscillation Kapitel 14 Harmonisk oscillator 1 2 Harmonic oscillation: Experiment Harmonic
More information3.5 Cavities Cavity modes and ABCD-matrix analysis 206 CHAPTER 3. ULTRASHORT SOURCES I - FUNDAMENTALS
206 CHAPTER 3. ULTRASHORT SOURCES I - FUNDAMENTALS which is a special case of Eq. (3.30. Note that this treatment of dispersion is equivalent to solving the differential equation (1.94 for an incremental
More informationVector diffraction theory of refraction of light by a spherical surface
S. Guha and G. D. Gillen Vol. 4, No. 1/January 007/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1 Vector diffraction theory of refraction of light by a spherical surface Shekhar Guha and Glen D. Gillen* Materials and Manufacturing
More informationWeek 7: Interference
Week 7: Interference Superposition: Till now we have mostly discusssed single waves. While discussing group velocity we did talk briefly about superposing more than one wave. We will now focus on superposition
More informationS. Blair September 27,
S. Blair September 7, 010 54 4.3. Optical Resonators With Spherical Mirrors Laser resonators have the same characteristics as Fabry-Perot etalons. A laser resonator supports longitudinal modes of a discrete
More informationComputational Physics Approaches to Model Solid-State Laser Resonators
LASer Cavity Analysis & Design Computational Physics Approaches to Model Solid-State Laser Resonators Konrad Altmann LAS-CAD GmbH, Germany www.las-cad.com I will talk about four Approaches: Gaussian Mode
More informationLIST OF TOPICS BASIC LASER PHYSICS. Preface xiii Units and Notation xv List of Symbols xvii
ate LIST OF TOPICS Preface xiii Units and Notation xv List of Symbols xvii BASIC LASER PHYSICS Chapter 1 An Introduction to Lasers 1.1 What Is a Laser? 2 1.2 Atomic Energy Levels and Spontaneous Emission
More informationComputer Modelling and Numerical Simulation of the Solid State Diode Pumped Nd 3+ :YAG Laser with Intracavity Saturable Absorber
Copyright 2009 by YASHKIR CONSULTING LTD Computer Modelling and Numerical Simulation of the Solid State Diode Pumped Nd 3+ :YAG Laser with Intracavity Saturable Absorber Yuri Yashkir 1 Introduction The
More informationOPTI 511R, Spring 2018 Problem Set 10 Prof. R.J. Jones Due Thursday, April 19
OPTI 511R, Spring 2018 Problem Set 10 Prof. R.J. Jones Due Thursday, April 19 1. (a) Suppose you want to use a lens focus a Gaussian laser beam of wavelength λ in order to obtain a beam waist radius w
More informationElectromagnetic spectra
Properties of Light Waves, particles and EM spectrum Interaction with matter Absorption Reflection, refraction and scattering Polarization and diffraction Reading foci: pp 175-185, 191-199 not responsible
More informationB.Tech. First Semester Examination Physics-1 (PHY-101F)
B.Tech. First Semester Examination Physics-1 (PHY-101F) Note : Attempt FIVE questions in all taking least two questions from each Part. All questions carry equal marks Part-A Q. 1. (a) What are Newton's
More informationPhysics Common Assessment Unit 5-8 3rd Nine Weeks
1) What is the direction of the force(s) that maintain(s) circular motion? A) one force pulls the object inward toward the radial center while another force pushes the object at a right angle to the first
More informationA system of two lenses is achromatic when the separation between them is
L e c t u r e 1 5 1 Eyepieces Single eye lens in a telescope / microscope produces spherical and chromatic aberrations. The field of view is also narrow. The eye lens is replaced by a system of lenses
More informationLecture 9: Introduction to Diffraction of Light
Lecture 9: Introduction to Diffraction of Light Lecture aims to explain: 1. Diffraction of waves in everyday life and applications 2. Interference of two one dimensional electromagnetic waves 3. Typical
More informationCHEM6416 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2013Jan Spectroscopy frequency dependence of the interaction of light with matter
CHEM6416 Theory of Molecular Spectroscopy 2013Jan22 1 1. Spectroscopy frequency dependence of the interaction of light with matter 1.1. Absorption (excitation), emission, diffraction, scattering, refraction
More informationElectromagnetic fields and waves
Electromagnetic fields and waves Maxwell s rainbow Outline Maxwell s equations Plane waves Pulses and group velocity Polarization of light Transmission and reflection at an interface Macroscopic Maxwell
More informationA Single-Beam, Ponderomotive-Optical Trap for Energetic Free Electrons
A Single-Beam, Ponderomotive-Optical Trap for Energetic Free Electrons Traditionally, there have been many advantages to using laser beams with Gaussian spatial profiles in the study of high-field atomic
More information3/9/2011. Outline Chapter 7 Waves Water Waves Water Waves. Water waves are really circular. They are an example of Mechanical waves.
Outline Chapter 7 Waves 7-1. Water Waves 7-2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 7-3. Describing Waves 7-4. Standing Waves 7-5. Sound 7-6. Doppler Effect 7-7. Musical Sounds 7-8. Electromagnetic Waves 7-9.
More information3.1 The Plane Mirror Resonator 3.2 The Spherical Mirror Resonator 3.3 Gaussian modes and resonance frequencies 3.4 The Unstable Resonator
Quantum Electronics Laser Physics Chapter 3 The Optical Resonator 3.1 The Plane Mirror Resonator 3. The Spherical Mirror Resonator 3.3 Gaussian modes and resonance frequencies 3.4 The Unstable Resonator
More informationOptics for Engineers Chapter 9
Optics for Engineers Chapter 9 Charles A. DiMarzio Northeastern University Nov. 202 Gaussian Beams Applications Many Laser Beams Minimum Uncertainty Simple Equations Good Approximation Extensible (e.g.
More informationGeneral Physics II Summer Session 2013 Review Ch - 16, 17, 18
95.104 General Physics II Summer Session 2013 Review Ch - 16, 17, 18 A metal ball hangs from the ceiling by an insulating thread. The ball is attracted to a positivecharged rod held near the ball. The
More information24. Advanced Topic: Laser resonators
4. Advanced Topic: Laser resonators Stability of laser resonators Ray matrix approach Gaussian beam approach g parameters Some typical resonators Criteria for steady-state laser operation 1. The amplitude
More informationLaserphysik. Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu. Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik
Laserphysik Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de Office: Heisenbergbau V 202, Unterpörlitzer Straße
More informationPhysics 3312 Lecture 7 February 6, 2019
Physics 3312 Lecture 7 February 6, 2019 LAST TIME: Reviewed thick lenses and lens systems, examples, chromatic aberration and its reduction, aberration function, spherical aberration How do we reduce spherical
More informationModule Labworks Optics Abbe School of Photonics Contact person Supervisors
Module Labworks Optics Abbe School of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Physikalisch-Astronomische-Fakultät, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany Phone: +49 3641 947 960 Fax: +49 3641 947 962
More information- 1 - θ 1. n 1. θ 2. mirror. object. image
TEST 5 (PHY 50) 1. a) How will the ray indicated in the figure on the following page be reflected by the mirror? (Be accurate!) b) Explain the symbols in the thin lens equation. c) Recall the laws governing
More informationEinstein Classes, Unit No. 102, 103, Vardhman Ring Road Plaza, Vikas Puri Extn., Outer Ring Road New Delhi , Ph. : ,
1 O P T I C S 1. Define resolving power of a telescope & microscope and give the expression for its resolving power. 2. Explain briefly the formation of mirage in deserts. 3. The radii of curvature of
More informationDesigning a Computer Generated Hologram for Testing an Aspheric Surface
Nasrin Ghanbari OPTI 521 Graduate Report 2 Designing a Computer Generated Hologram for Testing an Aspheric Surface 1. Introduction Aspheric surfaces offer numerous advantages in designing optical systems.
More informationJRE Group of Institutions ASSIGNMENT # 1 Special Theory of Relativity
ASSIGNMENT # 1 Special Theory of Relativity 1. What was the objective of conducting the Michelson-Morley experiment? Describe the experiment. How is the negative result of the experiment interpreted? 2.
More informationPhysical substantiation of Huygens principle and the reciprocity theorem
Physical substantiation of Huygens principle and the reciprocity theorem F. F. Mende http://fmnauka.narod.ru/works.html mende_fedor@mail.ru Abstract Huygens principle is the basic postulate of geometric
More informationOptics for Engineers Chapter 9
Optics for Engineers Chapter 9 Charles A. DiMarzio Northeastern University Mar. 204 Gaussian Beams Applications Many Laser Beams Minimum Uncertainty Simple Equations Good Approximation Extensible (e.g.
More informationDoppler echocardiography & Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Doppler echocardiography. History: - Langevin developed sonar.
1 Doppler echocardiography & Magnetic Resonance Imaging History: - Langevin developed sonar. - 1940s development of pulse-echo. - 1950s development of mode A and B. - 1957 development of continuous wave
More informationLight matter interaction. Ground state spherical electron cloud. Excited state : 4 quantum numbers n principal (energy)
Light matter interaction Hydrogen atom Ground state spherical electron cloud Excited state : 4 quantum numbers n principal (energy) L angular momentum, 2,3... L L z projection of angular momentum S z projection
More informationSchool. Team Number. Optics
School Team Number Optics Physical Optics (30%) Proceed to the laser shoot (40%) when your team number is called. 1. What are the four colors used in the CMYK color model? (2 points) 2. Muscae Volitantes
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
Main Requirements of the Laser Optical Resonator Cavity Laser Gain Medium of 2, 3 or 4 level types in the Cavity Sufficient means of Excitation (called pumping) eg. light, current, chemical reaction Population
More informationEfficient sorting of orbital angular momentum states of light
CHAPTER 6 Efficient sorting of orbital angular momentum states of light We present a method to efficiently sort orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of light using two static optical elements. The optical
More informationCore Concept. PowerPoint Lectures to accompany Physical Science, 8e. Chapter 7 Light. New Symbols for this Chapter 3/29/2011
PowerPoint Lectures to accompany Physical Science, 8e Chapter 7 Light Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Core Concept Light is electromagnetic radiation
More informationUnstable optical resonators. Laser Physics course SK3410 Aleksandrs Marinins KTH ICT OFO
Unstable optical resonators Laser Physics course SK3410 Aleksandrs Marinins KTH ICT OFO Outline Types of resonators Geometrical description Mode analysis Experimental results Other designs of unstable
More informationLasers and Electro-optics
Lasers and Electro-optics Second Edition CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS University of Maryland III ^0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface to the Second Edition page xv 1 Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 1
More informationSummary of Beam Optics
Summary of Beam Optics Gaussian beams, waves with limited spatial extension perpendicular to propagation direction, Gaussian beam is solution of paraxial Helmholtz equation, Gaussian beam has parabolic
More informationWaves & Oscillations
Physics 42200 Waves & Oscillations Lecture 32 Electromagnetic Waves Spring 2016 Semester Matthew Jones Electromagnetism Geometric optics overlooks the wave nature of light. Light inconsistent with longitudinal
More informationEngineering Physics 1 Prof. G.D. Vermaa Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee
Engineering Physics 1 Prof. G.D. Vermaa Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee Module-04 Lecture-02 Diffraction Part - 02 In the previous lecture I discussed single slit and double
More informationGroup Velocity and Phase Velocity
Group Velocity and Phase Velocity Tuesday, 10/31/2006 Physics 158 Peter Beyersdorf Document info 14. 1 Class Outline Meanings of wave velocity Group Velocity Phase Velocity Fourier Analysis Spectral density
More informationAstronomy 203 practice final examination
Astronomy 203 practice final examination Fall 1999 If this were a real, in-class examination, you would be reminded here of the exam rules, which are as follows: You may consult only one page of formulas
More informationOptical/IR Observational Astronomy Telescopes I: Optical Principles. David Buckley, SAAO. 24 Feb 2012 NASSP OT1: Telescopes I-1
David Buckley, SAAO 24 Feb 2012 NASSP OT1: Telescopes I-1 1 What Do Telescopes Do? They collect light They form images of distant objects The images are analyzed by instruments The human eye Photographic
More informationSaint Lucie County Science Scope and Sequence
Course: Physics 1 Course Code: 2003380 SEMESTER 2 QUARTER 3 UNIT 7 TOPIC of STUDY: Thermal Energy STANDARDS: 8:Matter, 10: Energy, 12: Motion KEY LEARNING: ~Mathematically relate heat, phase change, energy,
More informationName Final Exam May 1, 2017
Name Final Exam May 1, 217 This test consists of five parts. Please note that in parts II through V, you can skip one question of those offered. Some possibly useful formulas appear below. Constants, etc.
More informationSECTION A Waves and Sound
AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice Waves and Optics SECTION A Waves and Sound 1. Which of the following statements about the speed of waves on a string are true? I. The speed depends on the tension in
More informationFree-Electron Lasers
Introduction to Free-Electron Lasers Neil Thompson ASTeC Outline Introduction: What is a Free-Electron Laser? How does an FEL work? Choosing the required parameters Laser Resonators for FELs FEL Output
More informationNature of diffraction. Diffraction
Nature of diffraction Diffraction From Grimaldi to Maxwell Definition of diffraction diffractio, Francesco Grimaldi (1665) The effect is a general characteristics of wave phenomena occurring whenever a
More informationTelescopes. Astronomy 320 Wednesday, February 14, 2018
Telescopes Astronomy 320 Wednesday, February 14, 2018 Telescopes gather light and resolve detail A telescope is sometimes called a light bucket. Number of photons collected per second is proportional to
More informationLECTURE 23: LIGHT. Propagation of Light Huygen s Principle
LECTURE 23: LIGHT Propagation of Light Reflection & Refraction Internal Reflection Propagation of Light Huygen s Principle Each point on a primary wavefront serves as the source of spherical secondary
More informationWaves Review Checklist Pulses 5.1.1A Explain the relationship between the period of a pendulum and the factors involved in building one
5.1.1 Oscillating Systems Waves Review Checklist 5.1.2 Pulses 5.1.1A Explain the relationship between the period of a pendulum and the factors involved in building one Four pendulums are built as shown
More informationCrash Course on Optics I & II. COST Action IC1101 OPTICWISE 4 th Training School
Crash Course on Optics I & II COST Action IC1101 OPTICWISE 4 th Training School Introductory Concepts Fermat s principle Snell s law Total internal refraction Dispersion Aberrations Interference and Diffraction
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Radiation Can be described by means of a classical sinusoidal wave model. Oscillating electric and magnetic field. (Wave model) wavelength,
More informationROINN NA FISICE Department of Physics
ROINN NA FISICE Department of 1.1 Astrophysics Telescopes Profs Gabuzda & Callanan 1.2 Astrophysics Faraday Rotation Prof. Gabuzda 1.3 Laser Spectroscopy Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Prof. Ruth
More informationOptical Systems Program of Studies Version 1.0 April 2012
Optical Systems Program of Studies Version 1.0 April 2012 Standard1 Essential Understand Optical experimental methodology, data analysis, interpretation, and presentation strategies Essential Understandings:
More informationDesign and Correction of optical Systems
Design and Correction of optical Systems Part 10: Performance criteria 1 Summer term 01 Herbert Gross Overview 1. Basics 01-04-18. Materials 01-04-5 3. Components 01-05-0 4. Paraxial optics 01-05-09 5.
More informationLab #13: Polarization
Lab #13: Polarization Introduction In this experiment we will investigate various properties associated with polarized light. We will study both its generation and application. Real world applications
More informationDept. of Physics, MIT Manipal 1
Chapter 1: Optics 1. In the phenomenon of interference, there is A Annihilation of light energy B Addition of energy C Redistribution energy D Creation of energy 2. Interference fringes are obtained using
More informationNotes on Huygens Principle 2000 Lawrence Rees
Notes on Huygens Principle 2000 Lawrence Rees In the 17 th Century, Christiaan Huygens (1629 1695) proposed what we now know as Huygens Principle. We often invoke Huygens Principle as one of the fundamental
More informationChapter9. Amplification of light. Lasers Part 2
Chapter9. Amplification of light. Lasers Part 06... Changhee Lee School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National Univ. chlee7@snu.ac.kr /9 9. Stimulated emission and thermal radiation The
More informationOffset Spheroidal Mirrors for Gaussian Beam Optics in ZEMAX
Offset Spheroidal Mirrors for Gaussian Beam Optics in ZEMAX Antony A. Stark and Urs Graf Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, University of Cologne aas@cfa.harvard.edu 1 October 2013 This memorandum
More informationLight as Wave Motion p. 1 Huygens' Ideas p. 2 Newton's Ideas p. 8 Complex Numbers p. 10 Simple Harmonic Motion p. 11 Polarized Waves in a Stretched
Introduction p. xvii Light as Wave Motion p. 1 Huygens' Ideas p. 2 Newton's Ideas p. 8 Complex Numbers p. 10 Simple Harmonic Motion p. 11 Polarized Waves in a Stretched String p. 16 Velocities of Mechanical
More informationLECTURE 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & POLARIZATION. Instructor: Kazumi Tolich
LECTURE 11 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & POLARIZATION Instructor: Kazumi Tolich Lecture 11 2 25.5 Electromagnetic waves Induced fields Properties of electromagnetic waves Polarization Energy of electromagnetic
More informationPhys 100 Astronomy (Dr. Ilias Fernini) Review Questions for Chapter 5
Phys 100 Astronomy (Dr. Ilias Fernini) Review Questions for Chapter 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the wavelength of the longest wavelength light visible to the human eye? a. 400 nm b. 4000 nm c. 7000 nm
More informationTutorial: Ray matrices, gaussian beams, and ABCD.app
Tutorial: Ray matrices, gaussian beams, and ABCD.app Prof. Daniel Côté Daniel.Cote@crulrg.ulaval.ca April 30, 2013 1 Introduc on This document is a companion guide to ABCD.app and serves as a refresher
More informationChapter 6 SCALAR DIFFRACTION THEORY
Chapter 6 SCALAR DIFFRACTION THEORY [Reading assignment: Hect 0..4-0..6,0..8,.3.3] Scalar Electromagnetic theory: monochromatic wave P : position t : time : optical frequency u(p, t) represents the E or
More informationPrac%ce Quiz 8. These are Q s from old quizzes. I do not guarantee that the Q s on this year s quiz will be the same, or even similar.
Prac%ce Quiz 8 These are Q s from old quizzes. I do not guarantee that the Q s on this year s quiz will be the same, or even similar. A laser beam shines vertically upwards. What laser power is needed
More informationPOLARIZATION FUNDAMENTAL OPTICS POLARIZATION STATES 1. CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION 2. CIRCULAR REPRESENTATION. Polarization. marketplace.idexop.
POLARIZATION POLARIZATION STATS Four numbers are required to describe a single plane wave Fourier component traveling in the + z direction. These can be thought of as the amplitude and phase shift of the
More informationProbing the orbital angular momentum of light with a multipoint interferometer
CHAPTER 2 Probing the orbital angular momentum of light with a multipoint interferometer We present an efficient method for probing the orbital angular momentum of optical vortices of arbitrary sizes.
More informationSome Topics in Optics
Some Topics in Optics The HeNe LASER The index of refraction and dispersion Interference The Michelson Interferometer Diffraction Wavemeter Fabry-Pérot Etalon and Interferometer The Helium Neon LASER A
More informationLecture 8 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory II Dr. Christopher S. Baird, faculty.uml.edu/cbaird University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lecture 8 Notes, Electromagnetic Theory II Dr. Christopher S. Baird, faculty.uml.edu/cbaird University of Massachusetts Lowell 1. Scattering Introduction - Consider a localized object that contains charges
More informationEfficient mode transformations of degenerate Laguerre Gaussian beams
Efficient mode transformations of degenerate Laguerre Gaussian beams Galina Machavariani, Amiel A. Ishaaya, Liran Shimshi, Nir Davidson, Asher A. Friesem, and Erez Hasman We present an approach for efficient
More informationRevision checklist SP4 5. SP4 Waves. SP4a Describing waves. SP4b Wave speeds. SP4c Refraction
SP4 Waves SP4a Describing waves Recall that waves transfer energy and information but do not transfer matter. Describe waves using the terms frequency, wavelength, amplitude, period and velocity. Describe
More informationHigh-Resolution. Transmission. Electron Microscopy
Part 4 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy 186 Significance high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM): resolve object details smaller than 1nm (10 9 m) image the interior of
More informationThe science of light. P. Ewart
The science of light P. Ewart Oxford Physics: Second Year, Optics Parallel reflecting surfaces t images source Extended source path difference xcos 2t=x Fringes localized at infinity Circular fringe constant
More informationDouble-distance propagation of Gaussian beams passing through a tilted cat-eye optical lens in a turbulent atmosphere
Double-distance propagation of Gaussian beams passing through a tilted cat-eye optical lens in a turbulent atmosphere Zhao Yan-Zhong( ), Sun Hua-Yan( ), and Song Feng-Hua( ) Department of Photoelectric
More informationNonlinear Optics (NLO)
Nonlinear Optics (NLO) (Manual in Progress) Most of the experiments performed during this course are perfectly described by the principles of linear optics. This assumes that interacting optical beams
More information