The Interactions of Erzions with Natural Isotopes William Collis

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1 The Interactions of Erzions with Natural Isotopes William Collis Abstract In the early 1990s, Hagelstein 1 proposed that neutrons could be transferred between natural isotopes producing energy and explaining transmutation of heavy nuclei. The beauty of this idea was that there is no Coulomb barrier for neutral particles. Alas, the nuclear energy barrier, typically about 8 MeV, is sufficient to suppress the rate of neutron hopping to immeasurably small values, and the idea was duly abandoned by However it may be that Exotic Neutral Particles (ENP) could catalyse neutron transfer without insuperable energy barriers. Independently Fisher 2 proposed a model involving poly-neutrons and Bazhutov 1 proposed another based on Erzions. Both classes of particles are, of course hypothetical, but share numerous common features. In particular, the rates of reaction are expected to be very high permitting a tiny number of ENPs to create substantial heat and transmutation products. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the Erzion model is able to explain CMNS observations. To do so, we use ENSAP 5, a PC based software tool to enumerate exhaustively all possible interactions between hypothetical Erzions with natural isotopes. In some cases, beta radioactive products may be expected, and experiments should be designed to look for them. Reaction Rates An initial objection to all ENP theories is that ENPs have not been directly detected and identified. This may be because there may be very few of them. If so, it is necessary to demonstrate that nuclear reaction rates are exceptionally high to explain measurable excess heat. Further we need to demonstrate that the catalytic ENP is reasonably well confined to prevent sustained power. For example, neutrons have typical capture cross sections measured in mb and their mean free path can be of the order of cm. In contrast, ENPs may have cross sections 6 orders of magnitude larger and mean free paths measured in microns. They may be good candidates to explain hot spots and localized melting in metal electrodes. The origin of this potent nuclear reactivity is primarily due to:- a) No Coulomb barrier to approach a target nucleus (like neutrons). b) Usually no Coulomb barrier for the separation of products (unlike most neutron induced transmutations). c) No slow electro-magnetic interactions (gamma emission). d) Conservation of spin and parity. ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 1 of 7

2 This is illustrated by 2 neutron induced transmutations:- 1 n+ 3 He-> 1 H+ 3 H MeV (1) 1 n+ 6 Li -> 3 H+ 4 He MeV (2) In both cases products are charged, but nevertheless all the criteria above (a..d) are met and in fact the cross sections are 5000 and 1000 barns. Introduction to Erzions Erzions are conjectured to be a class of hadrons containing a a heavy anti-quark {U} 1. Only 3 are of interest to CMNS namely:- Table1. Nuclear Properties of Erzions Erzion Delta MeV Quarks Spin/Parity Э {Ud} 0- Beta Radio-active Э o {Uu} 0- Stable Э N {Uuudd}1/2- Stable Because the heavy anti-quark {U} is never destroyed, Erzion Number is conserved which simplifies analysis of possible reactions. In all reactions, one form of Erzion is converted into another. This means that we only need to know the relative masses not the absolute masses to calculate reaction energies. In the above table I have set the Delta of ЭN to zero. In order to explain tritium production in deuterated metals without the simultaneous production of 14.1 MeV neutrons Bazhotov 1 postulates that tritons must be produced at very low energy insufficient to react further with other deuterons. ЭN + 2 H->Э o + 3 H MeV This fixes the mass of the Э o. Because the Э - is massive and charged it is strongly attracted to positively charged nuclei where it may react or may simply decay. Its precise mass has not been determined. Analyzing Erzion Interactions with natural stable isotopes. Given the nuclear properties outlined above it is possible to exhaustively search for all exothermic interactions of Erzions with naturally occurring stable isotopes. We can then compare those reactions with observations (or lack thereof!) in Cold Fusion experiments. To do this we used an enhanced version of ENSAP software which runs on a PC 5. Throughout this paper we use the masses assigned to the 3 Erzions by Bazhotov 1, but these may require revision as discussed in the conclusion of this paper. ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 2 of 7

3 Table 1. Э N interactions with natural stable isotopes (Spin and parity conserved). Э N + 2 H (0.02%) ->Э o + 3 H (beta-) MeV Э N + 3 He(0.00%) ->Э o + 4 He(100.%) MeV ЭN + 19 F (100.%) ->Э Ne(90.5%) MeV Э N + 26 Mg(11.0%) ->Э o + 27 Mg(beta-) MeV Э N + 27 Al(100.%) ->Э o + 28 Al(beta-) MeV ЭN + 28 Si(92.3%) ->Э o + 29 Si(4.68%) MeV ЭN + 29 Si(4.68%) ->Э o + 30 Si(3.09%) MeV Э N + 31 P (100.%) ->Э S (95.0%) MeV ЭN + 31 P (100.%) ->Э o + 32 P (beta-) MeV ЭN + 35 Cl(75.8%) ->Э o + 36 Cl(beta-) MeV Э N + 40 K (0.01%) ->Э Ca(E.C. ) MeV Э N + 75 As(100.%) ->Э o + 76 As(beta-) MeV ЭN + 85 Rb(72.2%) ->Э o + 86 Rb(beta-) MeV Э N Cd(12.5%) ->Э o Cd(12.8%) MeV Э N Cd(12.8%) ->Э o Cd(24.1%) MeV ЭN Cd(24.1%) ->Э o Cd(12.2%) MeV ЭN Cd(12.2%) ->Э o Cd(28.7%) MeV Э N Sn(0.97%) ->Э o Sn(beta+) MeV ЭN Sn(0.66%) ->Э o Sn(0.34%) MeV ЭN Sn(0.34%) ->Э o Sn(14.5%) MeV Э N Sn(14.5%) ->Э o Sn(7.68%) MeV Э N Sn(7.68%) ->Э o Sn(24.2%) MeV ЭN Sn(24.2%) ->Э o Sn(8.59%) MeV Э N Sn(8.59%) ->Э o Sn(32.6%) MeV Э N Te(0.09%) ->Э o Te(beta+) MeV ЭN Te(2.55%) ->Э o Te(0.89%) MeV ЭN Te(0.89%) ->Э o Te(4.74%) MeV Э N Te(4.74%) ->Э o Te(7.07%) MeV ЭN Te(7.07%) ->Э o Te(18.8%) MeV ЭN Xe(0.10%) ->Э o Xe(beta+) MeV Э N Xe(0.09%) ->Э o Xe(E.C. ) MeV Э N Xe(1.91%) ->Э o Xe(26.4%) MeV ЭN Xe(26.4%) ->Э o Xe(4.07%) MeV Э N Cs(100.%) ->Э o Cs(beta-) MeV Э N Ba(0.11%) ->Э o Ba(beta+) MeV ЭN Ba(0.10%) ->Э o Ba(E.C. ) MeV ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 3 of 7

4 Table 2. Э o interactions with natural stable isotopes Key: PV=Parity Violation. [n] = failure to conserve spin Э o + 2 H (0.02%) -> ЭN + 1 H (100.%) MeV [0] Э o + 6 Li(7.59%) -> Э N + 5 Li(p ) MeV [0] PV Э o + 9 Be(100.%) -> ЭN + 8 Be(alpha) MeV [1] PV Э o + 13 C (1.11%) -> ЭN + 12 C (98.9%) MeV [0] PV Э o + 17 O (0.04%) -> Э N + 16 O (99.8%) MeV [2] Э o Nd(12.2%) -> Э N Nd(27.2%) MeV [3] PV Э o Nd(8.30%) -> ЭN Nd(23.8%) MeV [3] PV Э o Sm(13.8%)-> Э N Sm(11.2%) MeV [3] PV Э o Hf(13.6%) -> Э N Hf(27.3%) MeV [4] Э o W (14.3%) -> ЭN W (26.5%) MeV [0] PV Э o Os(16.2%) -> ЭN Os(13.3%) MeV [1] PV Э o Pt(33.8%) -> Э N Pt(33.0%) MeV [0] PV Э o Hg(13.2%) -> ЭN Hg(23.1%) MeV [1] PV Table 3. Э - interactions with light natural isotopes (A < 35) Э H (100.%) -> Э o + 1 n (beta-) MeV [0] Э H (0.02%) -> ЭN+ 1 n (beta-) MeV [0] Э He(0.00%) -> Э o + 3 H (beta-) MeV [0] Э He(0.00%) -> Э N + 2 H (0.02%) MeV [0] Э Li(7.59%) -> ЭN+ 5 He(n ) MeV [0] PV Э B (19.8%) -> Э o + 10 Be(beta-) MeV [3] Э B (19.8%) -> Э N + 9 Be(100.%) MeV [1] PV Э N (99.7%)-> Э o + 14 C (beta-) MeV [1] Э N (99.7%)-> ЭN+ 13 C (1.11%) MeV [0] PV Э F (100.%) -> Э N + 18 O (0.20%) MeV [0] Э P (100.%) -> Э o + 31 Si(beta-) MeV [1] Э P (100.%) -> ЭN+ 30 Si(3.09%) MeV [0] Э S (95.0%) -> Э o + 32 P (beta-) MeV [1] Э S (0.75%) -> Э o + 33 P (beta-) MeV [1] Э Cl(75.8%) -> Э o + 35 S (beta-) MeV [0] Discussion: Erzions and Cold Fusion Table 2 shows all interactions of Э o with natural isotopes. Fast protons are predicted to be a product of deuterium and 4 He from 6 Li. Other reactions are possible but because no gammas and no beta radio-active products are formed, these may be difficult to detect. These predictions concur remarkably well with observation. In all cases in Table 2, Э o is simply accepts a neutron from a donor nucleus to become ЭN. Table 1 shows how ЭN may further react (to save space only reactions which ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 4 of 7

5 perfectly conserve spin and parity are shown). Some of the products are beta radioactive (see Table 4), but such radio-activity could escape detection because:- a) The precursor isotope is absent. b) Failure to monitor gamma emission. c) The beta decay does not produce gammas or only gammas of low intensity. d) The half life may be long. e) Gamma emission may be masked by natural radio-activity (e.g. 87 Rb) Table 4. Properties of some predicted radio-active products. 27 Mg min MeV (71.8%) Al 2.24 min No gammas P days No gammas Cl 301,000 years MeV (<0.03%) 86 Rb days 540 MeV (1.55%) 134 Cs 2.06 years many It is not very clear from Table 1, what acceptor isotope is converting ЭN back into Э o. Ideally we might like to see titanium or palladium performing this in order to explain why these deuterated metals can generate excess heat. Unfortunately, such reactions may be inhibited by spin and parity considerations. Table 5. Regeneration of Эo in metal deuterium systems. 46 Ti(8.25%) + ЭN ->Э o + 47 Ti(7.44%) MeV [2] PV 47 Ti(7.44%) + Э N ->Э o + 48 Ti(73.7%) MeV [2] PV 48 Ti(73.7%) + Э N ->Э o + 49 Ti(5.41%) MeV [3] PV 49 Ti(5.41%) + ЭN ->Э o + 50 Ti(5.18%) MeV [3] PV 50 Ti(5.18%) + ЭN ->Э o + 51 Ti(beta-) MeV [1] PV 102 Pd(1.02%)+ Э N ->Э o Pd(E.C. ) MeV [2] 104 Pd(11.1%)+ ЭN ->Э o Pd(22.3%) MeV [2] 105 Pd(22.3%)+ ЭN ->Э o Pd(27.3%) MeV [2] 106 Pd(27.3%)+ Э N ->Э o Pd(beta-) MeV [2] Neutron Generation in Hydrogen and Deuterium systems As already mentioned, the Э - unlike the neutral Erzions, interacts quite strongly with condensed matter, particularly heavy nuclei, forming exotic atoms. In such an immobilized state it will usually remain inert until it beta decays. We can regard systems that generate Э - to be poisoned negligible heat is produced because most Erzions are immobilized although nuclear decay continues. In isotopic hydrogen gas, there are few competing heavy nuclei and such exotic atoms could result in nuclear reactions generating neutrons:- Э H ->Э o + 1 n MeV Э H ->ЭN+ 1 n MeV ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 5 of 7

6 Э - may also be able to catalyse fusion in the same way that negative muons can do so. However its mass / half-life would need to be much lower than a muon s in order to account for the low fusion rates observed. Conclusion There are many similarities between Erzion and poly-neutron theory 3. Both theories explain excess heat and transmutation by shuttling neutrons between nuclei. However whereas a poly-neutrons can grow indefinitely on a fuel such as deuterium, Erzions are obliged to find an acceptor nucleus. This may be an impurity in the system and consequently, may not be very reproducible. The question arises how to test and distinguish the theories. We have already seen that Erzion theory predicts radio-active activation of magnesium with a short half life and hard gamma emission from 27 Mg. Poly-neutron theory in contrast predicts 28 Mg production (half-life 21 hours). Erzion theory predicts copious 4 He production in pure beryllium as well as generation of 10 Be. Although 10 Be is beta radio-active, its decay produces no gammas. Э o + 9 Be(100.%)-> ЭN+ 8 Be(alpha) MeV [1] PV Э N + 9 Be(100.%)-> Э o + 10 Be(beta-) MeV [1] PV Although gammas may possibly be suppressed as Table 4 shows, energetic beta decay will produce bremstrahlung radiation due to the passage of energetic electrons through condensed matter. As these are not observed, some correction is required. One of the most remarkable features of Erzion theory is the elegance with which radio-activity is suppressed without invoking any new physics. Firstly, little radioactivity is produced by Э o interactions, simply because they are not very energetic. In contrast ЭN interactions are energetic and one would expect that neutron transfer to induce beta- radioactivity in many products as Table 1 shows. However any betaradioactivity will involve the transformation of a neutron into a proton. So if it is more energetically favourable, the Э N may transfer a proton instead generating a product which is much more likely to be stable (plus Э -). In order for this to work systematically of course it will be necessary to adjust the masses (and perhaps other parameters) of the Erzions and this will be the work of a future paper. In this way we have suppressed radio-activity in one product, only to generate radioactive Э -! Consequently a reduction in Э - mass is probably required to make any resulting bremstrahlung undetectable. Outstanding concerns regarding the Erzion Model include:- How is it possible that the conjectured heavy quark does not decay? As conceived by Bazhotov, Erzions can only transmute isotopes by 1 amu at a time. Consequently, Iwamura s results cannot be explained. It may be necessary to extend the family of Erzions, following John Fisher s model, by allowing multiple neutrons, e.g. {Uuuudddd} ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 6 of 7

7 References 1. Hagelstein P L, Kaushik S.; "Neutron Transfer Reactions", Proc. ICCF4, Vol 1, Fisher J C, "Poly-neutrons as agents for Cold Fusion reactions", Fusion Technology Vol 22, p 511, Dec Bazhutov Yuri N.; "Influence of Spin and Parity Preservation Laws on Erzion Model Predictions in Cold Fusion Experiments", in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion. 1998, pp Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. 4. Collis W; Nuclear Reactions of Cold Fusion - A systematic Study, Proc ICCF5, Monte Carlo. 5. Collis W; ENSAP Software Tool To Analyse Nuclear Reactions in The Seventh International Conference on Cold Fusion Vancouver, Canada: ENECO, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT. (Demo version at ) 6. E. Campari, S. Focardi, V. Gabbani, V. Montalbano, F. Piantelli, S. Veronesi, Overview On H-Ni Systems: Old Experiments And New Setup, presented at 5th Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals, 2004, ICCF13 Unpublished pre-print Page 7 of 7

Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?

Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?