Physics General Physics II
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1 Physics General Physics II Electricity, Magne/sm and Op/cs Lecture 28 Chapter Radioac've Decays and Nuclear Reac'ons Spring 2017 Semester Prof. Andreas Jung
2 Announcement Final Exam Monday, May 1 st 8:00-10:00 am Room PHYS 203 Covers material from lectures 16-28: PropagaJon of light, refracjon and reflecjon Lenses and mirrors DiffracJon and interference ElectromagneJc waves, polarizajon Quantum opjcs, the Bohr model of hydrogen de Broglie waves Nuclear structure and decay
3 Nuclear Structure The chemical properjes of the elements are mostly determined by the configurajon of electrons in the outer orbits. A neutral atom contains equal numbers of electrons and protons. Protons are confined to the nucleus which is 10,000 Jmes smaller than the atom and contains most of its mass. Neutrons counteract the electrostajc repulsion of the posijve charge and stabilize the nucleus via the strong nuclear force.
4 Mass/Energy Rela=onship
5 Special Rela=vity Ul=mate velocity is c for any observer, this has enormous consequences: Space & =me become convoluted Time is no longer absolute! Space travel is unfortunately not as simple as SF displays Special Rela=vity only deals with non-accelera=ng systems à Accelera=on requires general rela=vity By SVG version: K. Aainsqatsi at en.wikipediaoriginal PNG version: SJb at en.wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.(Original text: self-made), CC BY-SA 3.0, haps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ index.php?curid=
6 Special Rela=vity not trivial By User:Army1987 created the original PNG file; Acdx converted it to SVG. - DerivaJve work of en:file:relajvity_of_simultaneity_(color).png, CC BY-SA 3.0, haps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/ index.php?curid=
7 Mass/Energy Rela=onship
8
9 Nuclear Binding Energy
10 Nuclear Binding Energy
11
12 Radioac=ve Alpha Decay
13 Radioac=ve Beta Decay
14 Beta decay via the Standard Model Standard model implements force carriers as Bosons (even number spin parjcles) Coulomb force (e/m force): photons Strong force: gluons
15 Beta decay via the Standard Model Neutron Proton
16 Radioac=ve Beta Decay
17 Radioac=ve Gamma Decay
18 Nuclear Fission
19
20 Nuclear Fission
21 Modern Nuclear Reactors Nuclear fusion generates heat, just like burning coal. 1 kg of coal produces 8 kwh of energy 1 kg of U-235 produces 24,000,000 kwh of energy There are some engineering, safety, and waste disposal challenges though
22 Solar Energy The sun converts hydrogen to heavier elements through the process of nuclear fusion. The total energy released is MeV. The first step is very slow which is why stars burn for billions of years Protons usually just bounce off each other and don t fuse to form deuterium.
23 Life cycle of a star A stable star is balanced: Gravity ~ RadiaJon/Photon Today s situajon By Szczureq - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, haps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=
24 Life cycle of a star A stable star is balanced: Gravity ~ RadiaJon/Photon Other cycles unjl Iron No energy producjon les What happens now? By Szczureq - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, haps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=
25 Life cycle of a star & the par=cle physics Remember the Standard Model: Gravity ~ Some internal pressure No fusion cycles les, no photons If a star is < 1.44 solar masses, the pressure is produced by the Fermi principle no two electrons can be in the same state or electron degeneracy If a star is > 1.44 solar masses, gravity is stronger than electromagnejc and weak force Electrons pushed inside of the protons Only neutrons remain and the strong force pushes against gravity If a star is > about 3 solar masses nothing stops gravity a black hole is produced
26
27 Conclusion Hope you had some fun and learned great physics ParJcle Physics is excijng and everywhere
28 Announcement Last lecture this Wednesday Review Quiz, so bring your clicker Q&A Please take the survey for the lecture
29 Announcement Final Exam Monday, May 1 st 8:00-10:00 am Room PHYS 203 Covers material from lectures 16-28: PropagaJon of light, refracjon and reflecjon Lenses and mirrors DiffracJon and interference ElectromagneJc waves, polarizajon Quantum opjcs, the Bohr model of hydrogen de Broglie waves Nuclear structure and decay
Physics General Physics II
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This painting of an alchemist s laboratory was made around 1570. For centuries, these early scientists, known as alchemists, tried to use chemical reactions to make gold. The alchemists failed in their
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ASTR/PHYS 109 Dr. David Toback Lecture 19 1 Was due Today L19 Reading: (Unit 4) Unit 5: Assigned today Pre-Lecture Reading Questions (PLRQ) Unit 3 (Original or Revision) and Unit 4 Let us know if you think