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1 Daresbury Laboratory
2 SuperSTEM - Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope World s highest resolution transmission electron microscope Special aberration correction to produce high resolution Super-stable building preserves it Silicon/Nickel disilicide First images from SuperSTEM
3 HPCx Europe s Fastest Academic Computer Rank Manufacturer Computer/Procs Installation Site Country/Year 1 NEC Earth-Simulator/ 5120 Earth Simulator Center Japan/ Hewlett-Packard ASCI Q - AlphaServer SC ES45/1.25 GHz/ 4096 Hewlett-Packard ASCI Q - AlphaServer SC ES45/1.25 GHz/ 4096 Los Alamos National Laboratory USA/2002 Los Alamos National Laboratory USA/ IBM ASCI White, SP Power3 375 MHz/ 8192 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory USA/ Linux NetworX MCR Linux Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Quadrics/ 2304 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory USA/ Hewlett-Packard AlphaServer SC ES45/1 GHz/ 3016 Hewlett-Packard AlphaServer SC ES45/1 GHz/ 2560 HPTi Aspen Systems, Dual Xeon 2.2 GHz - Myrinet2000/ 1536 Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center USA/2001 Commissariat a l'energie Atomique (CEA) France/2001 Forecast Systems Laboratory - NOAA USA/ IBM IBM pseries 690 Turbo 1.3GHz/ 1280 pseries 690 Turbo 1.3GHz/ 1216 HPCx UK/2002 NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) USA/2002
4 CCLRC is a Public Sector Research Council DTI OST Expertise CCLRC PPARC EPSRC BBSRC Facilities CCLRC Infrastructure MRC NERC CCLRC has 3 sites: RAL Daresbury Chilbolton Employs over 1800 Staff (500 at Daresbury)
5 History of Daresbury Accelerators NINA 5 GeV electron synchrotron ( ) NSF 20 MV tandem van de Graaf ( ) SRS 2 GeV electron synchrotron (1976- ) 4GLS 4th generation light source proposed (2002)
6 Synchrotron Radiation Emission 1E+13 Spectral Photon Flux (photons/s/mrad/0.1% bandwidth/gev/100ma 1E+12 1E+11 1E+10 1E+09 1E+08 1E+07 1E+06 Acceleration Electron Cone angle = 1/γ 1E ω/ωc E m e = 2000 MeV = MeV γ = 3913
7 Real Synchrotron Radiation Beam port
8 Synchrotron Radiation in Space Crab Nebula
9 Insertion Devices Normal Straight 1.0E+14 With Insertion Device Spectral Photon Flux (photons/s/mrad/0.1% bandwidth) 1.0E E E T Magnet 6.0 T Magnet 1.0E Photon Energy (ev) Superconducting Wavelength Shifter 6.0 Tesla
10 Different Kinds of SR Sources
11 Daresbury SRS Concept World s first dedicated x-ray source 80 kev 2 GeV Linac Booster Storage Ring 12 MeV 600 MeV Beamlines
12 SRS Layout UK National Light Source operated since to be replaced by DIAMOND 300 ma Daily fills Pioneering magnetic insertion devices
13 From Source to Detector Light from source can be split for more than one experiment Light focused using mirrors Narrow range of wavelengths selected by monochromator Light illuminates crystal sample and is diffracted Diffraction pattern observed with detector
14 Science on the SRS A Snapshot Engineering 3% Commercial 5% Materials 18% Environment 3% EPSRC Student Training 2% Instrumentation 1% Biology 24% Chemistry 22% Physics 22% Life Science + Materials Science
15 Protein Crystallography FMV Virus Structure (1990) Light Harvesting Complex (photosynthesis)
16 The Nobel Prize: F1 ATPase structure Sir John Walker won a share of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for solving the structure of the F1 ATPase enzyme using the SRS Developed an important new technique; opens the way for new insights into metabolic and degenerative disease
17 Chocolate! Crystallisation = chemical purification process Cocoa butter key to chocolate taste etc On-line analysis during crystallisation demonstrates conditions for best tasting chocolate (form V) - stir quickly and leave to cool at C. If you don t stir, form V isn t seen. Analagous to other chemical processes.
18 Nanotechnology (LIGA)
19 Alternative Compact Light Source Sold by Oxford Instruments to IBM in 1990 Designed at Daresbury
20 CCLRC Accelerator R&D Status Major skill bases maintained in RAL and DL Departments but particle physics accelerator expertise (almost) lost Accelerator Science and Technology Centre (ASTeC) created in initially 20 staff Daresbury based - now 40 staff - accelerator specialists only - 3M pa programme in 2003 Major expansion underway - to 6M pa programme - mainly from CCLRC + PPARC
21 Principal ASTeC Sponsored Programmes Novel light sources - 4GLS, FELs,... Linear colliders - generic (pending technology decision) Neutron sources - MW scale Neutrino factories - MICE, design concepts, proton driver DIAMOND design/procurement role (will reduce but still vital) SRS support/development (hands-on role and training) RC Basic Technology (laser-plasma project) Underpinning technology (eg undulators, NEG pumps, RF systems etc)
22 Cockcroft Institute Centre funded by PPARC: 7M over next 8 years Oxford/Holloway Centre also gets 2M from Lancaster/Liverpool/ Manchester: posts Strong ASTeC integration Proposed shared premises CCLRC will work with both Centres
23 Future Electron Linear Collider
24 Linear Collider Schemes TeV centre of mass
25 LC-ABD National Collaboration Linear Collider studies now organised in UK largely through LC-ABD Collaboration with HEIs Strategic decision to concentrate on Beam Delivery System Major funding initiatives (ca 10M next 3 years) ASTeC takes lead in Beam Dynamics and in Magnet and RF Technology Further major ASTeC role in Beam Diagnostics
26 TESLA Beam Delivery System Dog-leg bend Energy collimation Betatron collimation Chromatic correction Final focus
27 System of spoilers and absorbers used to remove particles in the beam halo Collimation Example Typical gaps of the order 1mm Technical challenges:» wakefield reduction» collimator protection» secondary production NLC collimator designs based on rotating wheels and renewable surfaces
28 LC Technology Work at ASTeC Polarised positron source Crab cavities Diagnostics
29 Undulator Based Polarised Positron Source ~250 GeV electron beam passes through 100 m undulator ~20 MeV photons produced Electron-positron pairs produced in target Positrons captured
30 Prototype Magnet Solutions Dipole Field Created by Rings of Permanent Magnet Blocks Many Rings are rotated to create Helical Field Two halves to allow access to vacuum vessel Superconducting bifilar helix
31 New Generation Light Source Strong UK communities exploiting existing advanced storage ring and table top laser facilities (SRS, ESRF, CLF) DIAMOND will serve the x-ray community from 2007 Low energy (< 100 ev) requires a separately optimised source Users have identified the need to supplement transverse brightness by compression longitudinally - fs pulses Many scientific applications need multiple sources eg pump-probe
32 DIAMOND - A 3rd Generation Light Source (3GLS) BOOSTER 3 GeV Transfer line Transfer line LINAC 100 MeV STORAGE RING 3 GeV 24 cells 300 ma Instrument Circumference = 560 m 5 m and 8 m straights
33 DIAMOND Lattice Cell High degree of symmetry imposed
34 Storage Ring Problems Equilibrium beam dimensions set by radiation emission Beam lifetime limits bunch density (10 11 turns) Demanding UHV environment Undulator sources restricted Most issues worse at low energies (eg < 1 GeV) FUNDAMENTAL 3GLS LIMITATIONS
35 Linac Based Light Source Linacs can deliver very high quality electron beams Transient (< 1µs) electrons pass through all components Temporal pulse pattern flexibility High average flux requires Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Superconducting RF technology can be exploited High average brightness gun is essential development
36 ERL Principle Courtesy G Neil
37 The 4GLS Proposal A combined light source and FEL suite A superconducting 600 MeV linac Two photo-cathode guns: average and peak current Emittance Bunch length Bunch separation Target current <1 nm-rad 50 fs - 5 ps ns 100 ma
38 Schematic 4GLS Layout FEL Amplifier FEL Oscillator photon beam Undulator beam dump log( radiation power ) distance
39 4GLS Spectral Output Peak Brightness Peak Brightness ph/(s.0.1%bp.mm 2.mrad 2 ) 1.E+30 XUV-FEL IR-FEL VUV-FEL 1.E+26 1.E+22 coherent enhancement Undulators 1.E+18 Bending Magnet 1.E+14 1.E Photon energy, ev Brightness (photons/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1%) 1.0E E E E E+17 Average Brightness Comparison DIAMOND U48 ERL 4GLS U28 ESRF U42 U48 Diffraction Limit ERL 4GLS U48 1.0E Photon Energy (ev)
40 Daresbury Laboratory
41 New 4GLS Building - Phase 1
42 Project Status Outline feasibility studies completed Science Case accepted (May 2002) Business Case accepted (Nov 2002) R&D phase approved (Apr 2003) April 2003: Prototype ERL funded
43 ERL Prototype (ERLP) Project Partnership: DL (ASTeC + SRS) Principal challenges: RAL (CLF) HEIs (Manchester/Liverpool/Strathclde) Jefferson Lab Rossendorf High brightness guns High current superconducting linac Beam transport optics (bunch compression, CSR, wakes) Diagnostics
44 ERL Prototype Scheme
45 ERLP Planned Layout
46 Possible 4GLS Programme Preliminaries 2002/3 ERL Prototype 2003/7 (Gun - Jan 2005 Booster - Oct 2005 Linac - Jan 2006 ERL - Apr 2006) Design studies 2003/7 (CDR - early 2006) Funding decision 2006 ERL operational 2009 FELs commissioned 2009 Full specification 2010
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