between electron energy levels. Using the spectrum of electron energy (1) and the law of energy-momentum conservation for photon absorption:
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1 ENERGY MEASUREMENT O RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAMS USING RESONANCE ABSORPTION O LASER LIGHT BY ELECTRONS IN A MAGNETIC IELD R.A. Melikian Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan ABSTRACT The possibility o a precise measurement o electron beam energy using a resonant orption o laser light by electrons in а static homogeneous magnetic ield is considered. The method permits to measure the average electron beam energy or wide range up to ew hundred GeV energies. The relative accuracy o the electron beam energy measurement can reach 1-4. The inluence o a laser light diraction and spread in angles o electrons on a measurement accuracy o electron beam energy is considered. The power o the required laser is estimated. 1. THE CONDITION O RESONANT ABSORPTION or a precise measurement o electron beam energy we suppose to use a resonant orption o laser photons by electrons in a static and homogeneous magnetic ield. Let's assume, that the magnetic ield B directed along z axis (ig.1). It is supposed, that the electrons and photons are injected in a magnetic ield under small angles and θ to the z-axis, accordingly. In a magnetic ield the electrons have a discrete spectrum o energy [4]: 1 ε n, ζ = [ m + Pz + eb(n + 1+ ζ )], (1) where n=,1,, labels the electron energy levels, P z is the z-component o the electron momentum, ζ = ± 1 is the projection o electron spin on a direction o B. We use units or which =c=1. rom (1) ollows, that the electrons in a magnetic ield can be on equidistant energy levels (ig.) and photons o requency ω can be resonantly orbed at transitions ε n, ζ ε n, ζ between electron energy levels. Using the spectrum o electron energy (1) and the law o energy-momentum conservation or photon orption: ε n, ζ + ω = ε n, ζ, P z, + ω = Pz, () we can ind the condition or resonant electron transition (see also [5], [6]): ω (sinθ ) ω (1 Vz, cosθ ) + = ω c ( n n), (3) m where ε n, ζ = ε and Pz, are the energy and z-component o electron momentum beore o photon orption, ω c = eb/m is the cyclotron requency o electron, = ε /m is the electron relativistic actor, V z, = V cos is the z-component o electron velocity beore orption. We consider transitions without o change o electrons spin direction, because the probability o spin-lip transitions is negligible. Besides we consider only transitions on the main harmonic n' - n = 1, because the probability o transitions or higher harmonic is negligible. 1
2 or orption o photons o optical and more lower requencies o interest to us in approximation o ω/ε <<1 the resonance condition can be written as (see also [5,6]): ω c cos cosθ 1 =. (4) ω In relation to the relation (4) has a solution: ± cos cosθ 1+ (cos cosθ ) =, (5) 1 (cos cosθ ) where = ω c ω. The dependence o the -actor rom or some ixed angles and θ is represented schematically on ig.3. In case o one electron, i the angles and θ are known, then having measured a resonant requency, due to a unique dependence between and, we can calculate -actor o electron according to the ormula (5). Because in reality the electrons o beam always have some spread on angles in limits i and laser light always diverges in limits o diraction angles, thereore the precise measurement o olute value o immediately according to (5) is diicult. Below we consider the possibility o determination o electron bunch energy using relation (5), taking in account the spread in angles o electrons and inluence o light diraction.. DETERMNATION O ELECTRON BEAM ENERGY TAKING IN ACCOUNT THE SPREAD IN ANGLES O ELECTRONS AND LIGHT DIRACTION It is known, that the light beam o diameter D, because o diraction diverges in limits o angle θ d λ D around o direction o wave vector k o incident wave. Here k = ω c, λ and ω are the length and requency o wave. At diraction o light the wave vector changes only direction, so that k = k, where k is wave vector ater diraction. The distribution o light intensity depending on angle o diraction θ is determined by expression (see or example [7], [8]): J1( α) I ( θ ) = I, (6) α and has the shape schematically represented on ig.4. Here I is the intensity o incident wave under angle θ =, J 1( α) is the cylindrical unction o the irst order and α = Dkθ /. rom (6) ollows, that the main part o radiation intensity is concentrated in interval o angles θ λ D. rom (5) ollows that in a case o >> 1 and i >> 1 (cos cosθ ) the electron energy can be approximately determined by ormula:. (7) + θ
3 rom (7) it is clear, that or ixed values o and we have + θ = = const. (8) On the graph with axes (, θ ) the relation (8) represents the equation o a circle with radius (ig.5). rom (8) ollows, that the intensity o a resonant orption I is minimum or electrons with angles = i and θ = at min = i = i, because the number o electrons orbing photons resonantly, is minimum. rom ig.6 it is obvious, that i < i then I =. With growth o the intensity o orption I is increase, because in process o orption will be included more electrons with angles in limits i and θ θ. Intensity reaches up to maximum at = and = =. At the urther growth o the intensity o orption I decreases because the interval o angles θ and thereore the intensity o light interacting with electrons decrease. Thus the intensity o orption I as a unction rom has a shape, which is schematically shown on ig.7. Note, that i the electron beam interacts with light (see ig.5) in limits o angles < θ < θ, then the diraction divergence o this part o light will be smaller by actor o θ θ d << 1. It is clear rom ig.7, that on axis the point = is singled out and can be used or determination o electrons energy. The irst method: Determination o a relative energy o electrons. I the energy o electron bunch 1 is known, then having measured the resonant requency, 1, which corresponds to the maximum o resonance orption intensity I ( ) 1 or this energy (ig.8), we can calculate according to the ormula (7) the, angle: =,1 1. urther we suppose, that or an unknown energy o electrons the angular distribution o electrons o beam does not vary and the maximum o resonant orption intensity I ) is all on the same angle (, =,. Then having measured the requency, calculate the value o unknown :, = 1., (see ig.6), we can (9) It is obvious, that the accuracy o will be determined by accuracy o 1,, 1 and,. The second method: Determination o an olute energy o electrons. Let's assume, that we can turn the electron beam on some small angle δ =, known or us (ig.9). Then having measured resonant requencies and (ig.1), which correspond to a maximum o resonance orptions intensity at angles 3
4 = and =, we can calculate the olute value o actor o electrons: 1 = (1) δ In particular it is possible to use a bending magnet (BM) or turn o electron beam on some small angle δ = (ig.9), which is determined by the ormula: eh l δ =, (11) mc c where H is the value o the magnetic ield, and l is the length o bending magnet. Having measured resonant requencies and, which correspond to a maximum o resonance orptions intensity at angles (ig.1, ig.11, ig1), we have the relation: = and = ( ) eh δ = = = mc rom here we can calculate the olute value o actor o electron: l c. (1) 1 1 eh l =. mc c ( ) (13) In this case the accuracy o will be determined by accuracy o parameters, H and l. At both methods the precise measurement o a resonant value, is diicult because o some width o resonance o orption intensity I () (ig.7). However, prove to be, that by tuning o the laser intensity parameter ξ = ee mωc (or length o a magnet L ) it is possible to increase the accuracy o determination and to increase a spectral resolving power o measuring method. 3. ESTIMATION O INTENSITY O A RESONANT ABSORPTION Let s estimate the parameter o the laser intensity ξ at orption by electron o ν laser photons on length o interaction L and or angle o incidence o electrons (ig.13). It is clear rom ig.13, that under action o a component E = sine E o electric vector o light, the electron will be accelerated in a direction o velocity V e o electron and the growth o electron energy will be eel. I at acceleration the electron orbs ν photons, then we have the relation: ω ν ω = eel = mc ξl, (14) c whence we have 1 mc L[ cm]1 ν = ξl ξ. (15) 38,61 4
5 In order to the electron would orb even 1 photon, it is necessary to satisy the requirement: mc ξl 1. (16) or ixed length o a magnet L, the dependence ξ rom have the shape, schematically shown on ig.14. It is clear rom ig.14, that or example in a case o ξ < ξ 1 the electrons with angles in an interval i < < 1 will not orb photons, while the electrons with angles > 1, will orb. It means, that or < 1 there is not resonant orption o photons (see ig.14, ig.15). Analogously, in cases o ξ < ξ and ξ < ξ (ig.14) the electrons will be orb photons only at realization o requirements > and >, accordingly (ig.17, ig.18 and ig.19, ig.). Thus it is obvious (ig.18 and ig.), that at ξ < ξ and ξ < ξ the intensity o orption have sharp let-hand edge and this property o dependence o I () allows increasing the accuracy o determination o. It is clear, that in case o determination o energy o electrons according to the irst and second method described above, we suppose that ξ > ξ i. Let's remark, that the orption o photons does not increase noticeably the spread o electron beam energy ε b because o relation: ω << ε b. Let's estimate number o photons N orbed by electron beam o length l b, i l b >> L and taking into account, that each electron transits the region o interaction L only once.. To observe the resonant orption we suppose, that in (15) the parameters ξ, and L are chosen so that ν 1. I the number o electrons in the beam is N e, then N = N e. I the parameters o the laser ξ and ω are known, then we have ee = ξmωc and the minimum power o the laser can be ound by a relation: [ ] [ ] E V cm W cm W. (17) 19,4 Actually, because only the part o laser light interacts with electron beam, the necessary minimum o a laser power (intensity) should be more (see ig.5). Now, using the known value o W we can ind the number N l, ph o laser photons, incident on a surace S during time Tb = lb c : W N l, ph = STb. (18) ω Resonance orption can be observed by measuring the ratio o the orbed photons N to total number o photons, incident on area o interaction N l, ph or ( I I tot ). 5 Let's consider a numerical example or = 1, λ = 1, 6 micrometer ( CO laser) 4 and = 1, θ =. Then according to (7) the ield strength is B =. kgs. or 9 L = 5 cm and T b =. 64 msec (TESLA) using (15) and (17) we have: ξ and W.36W cm. I N e = 4 1 e/pulse and S =.5cm, then using (18) we 15 ind N l, ph 3 1 photon/pulse and N N l, ph
6 Thus, the numerical estimations show, that near to a resonance, the ratio has a reasonable value or measuring. N N l, ph REERENCES [1] Brinkmam R. EPAC98, Stockholm, [] Boge et al. EPAC98, Stockholm, [3] Bravin et al. EPAC98, Stockholm, [4] Berestetski V.B., Lishitz E.M., Pitaevski L.P. Quantum Electrodinamics, Pergamon (198), (Nauka, Moscow, 198). [5] Barber D.P. and Melikian R.M. EPAC, Vienna,. [6] Milantev V.P. Uspekhi iz. Nauk, 167, 1997, 3. [7] Landau L.D. and Lishits E.M. Classical Theory o ields. Nauka, Moscow, [8] Demtoder W. Laser Spectroscopy. Basic Concepts and Instumentations. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York,
7 igure Captions ig. 1. Conceptual sketch o the set-up. e - - electron beam, L laser beam, D detector, M magnet. ig.. Equidistant energy levels o electrons in magnetic ield. ig. 3. Depedence o electron -actor rom or ixed angles and θ. ig. 4. Distribution o laser light intensity I (θ) rom angle o diraction θ. ig. 5. The dependence o angle rom angle θ. ig. 6. Dependence o -actor o electrons rom or dierent angles I, 1/,. The intensity is minimum or = i and = i. I reaches to maximum at = and =. At > the intensity I decreases. ig. 7. Intensity I o photon orption by electrons as a unction rom. ig. 8. Determination o the unknown -actor o electrons relative to the known 1 -actor. ig. 9. Sketch o the arrangement or determination o the olute energy o electrons. BM bending magnet, L the length o the main magnet. ig. 1, ig. 11, ig.1. Measuring o requencies and relevant to the maximum o resonant orption at angles and. ig. 13. Laser beam intersects the electron beam under angle. Electrons can accelerated in direction o electron velocity V e under action o a component E = E sin. ig. 14. The dependence laser intensity parameter o ξ rom or ixed length o magnet L. ig. 15. In case o ξ< ξ 1/ electrons with angles in interval << 1/ orb photons, while electrons with angles > 1/ will orb. ig. 16. In case o ξ< ξ 1/ or values o < 1/ there is not resonant orption o photons. ig. 17, ig. 18. In case o ξ< ξ electrons will be orbs photons only at. Intensity o orption have sharp let-hand edge at =. ig. 19, ig. In case o ξ ξ electrons can orb photons only at. Intensity o orption have sharp let-hand edge at =. 7
8 B e - beam D Laser beam θ ig. 1 z ħω ħω ig. ħω n+ n+1 n n-1 (;θ) ig. 3 I(θ) I θ d θ ig. 4 7
9 1/ i θ 1/ θ θ θ d ig. 5 θ i 1/ I I 1 I 1/ i 1/ i d ig.6 ig.7 i 1,1, ig. 8 8
10 e - beam BM B δ Z Laser beam e - L ig. 9 e - i θ θ θ d θ ig. 1 ig. 11 I I 1 ig. 1 9
11 e - beam Laser Beam E E V e Z ig. 13 ξ ξ i ξ 1/ 1/ ξ ξ i i 1/ θ 1/ θ θ d θ ig. 14 ig.15. ξ < ξ 1 I I 1 I 1/ 1/ i i 1/ θ θ d ξ ξ 1 ig.17. ξ ξ ig.16. θ 1
12 I I 1 i θ θ θ d θ ig.18. ξ ξ. ig.19. ξ ξ I I 1 ig.. ξ ξ 11
THE POSSIBILITY OF PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON BEAM BY MEANS OF RESONANCE ABSORPTION METHOD R.A.
THE POSSIBILITY OF PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE ENERGY OF THE ELECTRON BEAM BY MEANS OF RESONANCE ABSORPTION METHOD R.A. Melikian Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia Abstract In this report
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