SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

Transcription

1 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Lenny Rivkin Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland ICTP SCHOOL ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND APPLICATIONS Trieste, Italy, May 2006

2 Useful books and references A. Hofmann, The Physics of Synchrotron Radiation Cambridge University Press 2004 H. Wiedemann, Synchrotron Radiation Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 H. Wiedemann, Particle Accelerator Physics I and II Springer Study Edition, 2003 A. W. Chao, M. Tigner, Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering, World Scientific 1999

3 CERN Accelerator School Proceedings Synchrotron Radiation and Free Electron Lasers Grenoble, France, April 1996 (A. Hofmann s lectures on synchrotron radiation) CERN Yellow Report Brunnen, Switzerland, 2 9 July 2003 CERN Yellow Report

4 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

5 Curved orbit of electrons in magnet field Accelerated charge Electromagnetic radiation

6 Crab Nebula 6000 light years away GE Synchrotron New York State First light observed 1054 AD First light observed 1947

7 users world-wide

8 THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING 1873 Maxwell s equations made evident that changing charge densities would result in electric fields that would radiate outward 1887 Heinrich Hertz demonstrated such waves:.. this is of no use whatsoever!

9 Maxwell equations (poetry) War es ein Gott, der diese Zeichen schrieb Die mit geheimnisvoll verborg nem Trieb Die Kräfte der Natur um mich enthüllen Und mir das Herz mit stiller Freude füllen. Ludwig Boltzman Was it a God whose inspiration Led him to write these fine equations Nature s fields to me he shows And so my heart with pleasure glows. translated by John P. Blewett

10 Why do they radiate? Charge at rest: Coulomb field, no radiation Uniformly moving charge does not radiate (but! Cerenkov!) v = const. Accelerated charge

11 Bremsstrahlung or breaking radiation

12 1898 Liénard: ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS PRODUCED BY A POINT CHARGE MOVING ON AN ARBITRARY PATH (by means of retarded potentials)

13 Liénard-Wiechert potentials ϕ t = 1 4πε 0 q r 1 n β ret A t = q 4πε 0 c 2 v r 1 n β ret and the electromagnetic fields: A + 1 c 2 ϕ t =0 (Lorentz gauge) B = A E = ϕ A t

14 Fields of a moving charge E t = q 4πε 0 n β 1 n β 3 γ 2 1 r 2 ret + q 4πε 0 c n n β β 1 n β 3 γ 2 1 r ret B t = 1 c n E

15 Transverse acceleration a v Radiation field quickly separates itself from the Coulomb field

16 Longitudinal acceleration a Radiation field cannot separate itself from the Coulomb field v

17 Moving Source of Waves

18 Time compression Electron with velocity β emits a wave with period T emit while the observer sees a different period T obs because the electron was moving towards the observer n θ β The wavelength is shortened by the same factor λ obs = ( 1 β cosθ ) λ emit in ultra-relativistic case, looking along a tangent to the trajectory since λ obs = 1 2γ 2λ emit T = ( 1 n β) obs T emit 1 β = 1 β2 1+β 1 2γ 2

19 Radiation is emitted into a narrow cone θ e v ~ c θ = 1 γ θ e θ v << c v c

20 Synchrotron radiation power Power emitted is proportional to: P E 2 B 2 P γ = cc γ E 2π ρ 4 2 C γ = 4π 3 r e 5 = m 2 3 m e c GeV 3

21 The power is all too real! P γ = cc γ E 2π ρ 4 2

22 Synchrotron radiation power Power emitted is proportional to: P E 2 B 2 P γ = 4 ccγ E 2 2π ρ P γ 2 = αhc γ 2 ρ C γ = 4π 3 r e 5 = m 2 3 m e c GeV 3 α = Energy loss per turn: hc = 197 Mev fm U 0 =C γ E4 ρ U 0 = 4π 3 αhcγ 4 ρ

23 Typical frequency of synchrotron light Due to extreme collimation of light observer sees only a small portion of electron trajectory (a few mm) l ~ 2ρ γ 1/γ Pulse length: difference in times it takes an electron and a photon to cover this distance Δt ~ l βc l c = l βc 1 β ω ~ 1 Δt ~ γ 3 ω 0 Δt ~ 2ρ γ c 1 2γ 2

24 Spectrum of synchrotron radiation Synchrotron light comes in a series of flashes every T 0 (revolution period) T 0 the spectrum consists of harmonics of ω 0 = 1 T 0 time flashes are extremely short: harmonics reach up to very high frequencies At high frequencies the individual harmonics overlap ω 3 typ γ ω0 ω ~ 1 γ ~ 4000 ω typ continuous spectrum! ~ 10 MHz 16 Hz! 0

25 dp dω = P tot ω c S ω ω c Sx = 9 3 8π x K5 5 3 x dx x 0 Sx dx =1 P tot = 2 3 hc2 α γ4 ω c = 3 2 cγ 3 ρ ρ ~ 2.1x 1 3 G 1 x =x K 5 3 x dx x ε c ev = 665 E 2 GeV BT 50% ~ 1.3 xe x x = ω/ω c

26 Synchrotron radiation flux for different LEP energies LEP Dipole Flux I = 1 ma 100 GeV Flux [photons/s/mrad/0.1%bw] GeV 50 GeV Photon energy [ev] Flux photons s mrad 0.1%BW = E[GeV] I[A]G 1 x

27 Polarisation Synchrotron radiation observed in the plane of the particle orbit is horizontally polarized, i.e. the electric field vector is horizontal Observed out of the horizontal plane, the radiation is elliptically polarized E E

28 x Polarisation: spectral distribution dp = dω Ptot ω c S x = Ptot ω S ( ) [ ( ) ( )] c σ x + S π x 7 S σ = 8 S 3:1 1 S π = 8 S

29 Angular divergence of radiation at the critical frequency γθ well below γθ ω = 0. 2ω c well above ω = 2ω c γθ

30 Angular divergence of radiation The rms opening angle R at the critical frequency: ω = ω c R 0.54 γ well below ω «ω c R 1 γ ω c ω λ ρ independent of γ! 1 3 well above ω» ω c R 0.6 γ ω c ω 1 2

31 END