Molecular weights and Sizes

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1 Polymer Physcs 高分子物理 olecular weghts and Szes 高分子的分子量与尺寸

2 1 olecular weghts and molecular weght dstrbuton 分子量与分子量分布

3 Characterstcs of polymer molecular weghts 高分子的分子量的特点 The molecular weghts are very hgh, rangng from about 10,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol or hgher. The molecular weght of ordnary sze molecules s fxed (e.g., benzene has a molecular weght of 78 g/mol regardless of ts source). ost polymer molecular weghts, on the other hand, vary greatly dependng on the method of preparaton. ost polymers are polydsperse; that s, the sample contans more than one speces.

4 分子量分布是聚合物最基本的结构参数之一, 它对于高分子材料加工条件的控制均有重要意义 : 1 高分子材料加工条件的控制 如 : 熔体强度与弹性与样品中高分子量部分有较大关系 高分子材料使用性质 如 : 拉伸强度和冲击强度与样品中低分子量部分有较大关系 3 溶液性质 如 : 溶液粘度与样品中高分子量部分有较大关系 4 聚合反应机理

5 Strength 分子量达到一定值后 ( 临界分子量 ) 高分子材料才具有机械强度 极性聚合物临界聚合度 40 非极性聚合物临界聚合度 80 分子量过高, 强度达到极限, 但熔体粘度过大, 加工困难 Polar Nonpolar 纤维 分子量分布宜窄 olecular Weght 塑料与橡胶分子量分布宜适当放宽, 以提高加工性能 ; 大分子量组分提高强度, 小分子量组分起增塑作用

6 (W) 聚丙烯腈试样的纺丝性能 ( 三种 w 相同的试样 ) a b c 样品 a: 可纺性很差 ; 样品 b: 有所改善 ; 样品 c: 由于分子量 15~0 万的大分子所占的比例较大, 可纺性很好

7 Average molecular weght 平均分子量 olecular weght 1 Number n 1 n n Weght for each chan m 1 m m m n Number average molecular weght n n n N Weght average molecular weght w m m n n W

8 Z-average molecular weght z n w 3 w n Vscosty-average molecular weght W a 1/a

9 n w z Example: n ( 10-4 ) n n n n n n

10 Schematc of a smple molecular weght dstrbuton, showng the varous averages z > w > > n

11 olecular weght dstrbuton 分子量分布 1 n w n n n n 1 w z w w w w Number-average dstrbuton wdth Weght-average dstrbuton wdth

12 Polydspersty 高分子分子量的多分散性 Polydspersty ndex w n z w ethod Polydspersty Stereospecfcty Natural Protens 1.0 Perfect Anonc Polymerzaton None Free Radcal Polymerzaton None Step Polymerzaton.0-4 None Zegler-Natta Polymerzaton -40 Hgh Catonc Polymerzaton Broad None

13 离散型分子量分布只含有限个级分, 可粗略地描述各级分的含量和分子量的关系

14 分子量分布的连续函数表示 微分分布曲线 : W ( ) W( ) 或 N ( ) N( ) 或 重量微分分布曲线 1 1 数量微分分布曲线

15 聚合物分子量的测定方法 化学或波谱方法 Chemcal method 端基分析法 End group analyss, or end group measurement 热力学方法 Thermodynamcs method 沸点升高, 冰点降低, 蒸汽压下降, 渗透压法 Osmotc method 光学方法 Optcal method 动力学方法 Dynamc method 其它方法 Other method 光散射法 Lght scatterng method 粘度法 Vscosmetry, 超速离心沉淀 Ultracentrfugal sedmentaton method 及扩散法 Dffuson 电子显微镜 Electron mcroscope, 凝胶渗透色谱法 Gel permeaton chromatography (GPC)

16 Determnaton of the number-average molecular weght 数均分子量的测定

17 End-group analyses 端基分析 any types of syntheses leave a specal group on one or both ends of the molecule, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl. These can be ttrated or analyzed nstrumentally by such methods as NR. H N(CH ) 5 CO[NH(CH ) 5 CO] n NH(CH ) 5 COOH olecular weght determned by end-group analyses s number- average molecular weght W N W N N For molecular weghts above about 5,000 g/mol, the method becomes nsenstve because the end groups are present n too low a concentraton N n

18 HO O O a b c d e O O m h f O f O f n f g O CH3 DP 3( I I ) / 4I DP DP [ I /( I I )] PEG f g PCL PEG e f 聚氧化乙烯 ~ 聚己内酯 a f, e b,d CDCl 3 h g c TS (ppm)

19 注意点 : 1. 要求聚合物结构明确 ( 每条聚合物链含几个末端基 ). 结合其它方法, 可以测定聚合物支链数目 3. 采用的方法 化学滴定法 : 缩聚产物, 如聚酯, 聚酰胺等 放射化学法 : 末端具有放射性同位素 波谱法 : 末端具有特定吸收的基团

20 Collgatve methods 依数性方法 The collgatve propertes nclude: Bolng pont elevaton eltng pont depresson Vapor pressure lowerng Osmotc pressure.

21 Ebullometry 沸点升高法 Bolng pont elevaton Bolng pont elevaton Gas constant Temperature T c b RT H v 1 A c... Solute concentraton n grams per cubc centmeter Solvent densty Latent heats of vaporzaton per gram of solvent

22 K H RT c T v b c 1 lm 0 0 c T b c K n c b Kc N N Kc c c Kc c K T 0 证明 : 沸点升高法测定的是数均分子量

23 Cryoscopc method 冰点降低法 Freezng pont depresson Freezng pont depresson Gas constant Temperature Solute concentraton n grams per cubc centmeter T f RT 1 lm c0 c H f Solvent densty n Latent heats of fuson per gram of solvent

24 Vapor-phase osmometry (VPO) 气相渗透压法 Vapor pressure lowerng Vapor pressure of the soluton P P X 0 P1 Vapor pressure of the pure solvent ole fracton of the solute

25 Schematc of vapor-phase osmometer T c K 1 A c... soluton solvent K T cc0 solvent T n

26 embrane osmometry 膜渗透压法 Osmotc pressure lm c c 0 RT n Schematc llustraton of an osmometer

27 Schematc llustraton of the dependence of osmotc pressure on concentraton c 1 RT Ac A3c... 若 A 3 0 c 1/ c 1/ c 1 c0 = n A

28 膜的选择 使聚合物分子不能透过 溶剂分子透过速率较大 不与聚合物和溶剂发生化学作用 ( 不适合未分级的含有大量低分子的聚合物 ) 若部分聚合物分子透过半透膜, 所测分子量偏高还是偏低?

29 Comparson of collgatve methods 依数性方法的比较 A comparson of the collgatve soluton propertes of a 1% polymer soluton wth =0,000 g/mol Property Value Vapor pressure lowerng mmhg Bolng pont elevaton Freezng pont depresson Osmotc pressure 15 cm solvent Only osmotc pressure s large enough for frutful studes at ths molecular weght or hgher

30 3 Lght Scatterng 光散射法

31 Lght scatterng phenomena 光散射现象 The phenomenon of lght-scatterng s caused by fluctuatons n the refractve ndex of the medum on the molecular or supermolecular scale Sample cell Incdent beam O Transmtted beam p Scattered beam Schematc of lght scatterng

32 浓度涨落产生渗透压, 而渗透压抑制浓度涨落

33 Lght scatterng of polymer soluton 高分子溶液的光散射 散射光的强度及其与散射角和溶液浓度的依赖性与溶质的分子量 形状 尺寸有关 溶液浓度 大 : 有外干涉 ( 来自于不同粒子间 ) 小 : 无外干涉 粒子大小 大 (>/0) : 有内干涉 ( 来自于粒子内部 ) 小 (</0) : 无内干涉

34 Lght scatterng of small partcle, dlute soluton 小粒子 稀溶液的光散射 根据光的电磁波理论和涨落理论, 若入射光是垂直偏振光, 可导出每单位体积溶液中溶质的散射光强 溶剂的折光率 溶液的折光率增量 溶液浓度 散射角 I 4 4 r n n c ktci 0 c 1 cos sn 入射光在真空中的波长 散射点至检测器的距离 溶液渗透压对浓度的偏导

35 1 RT... A c c c RT 1 A c... I n ci0 n cos N 1 A r c Ac sn Raylegh 因子 光学常数与溶液浓度 散射角 溶质分子量无关 I 4 n c 1cos 4 I 1 0 N A c Ac sn R r n

36 K 4 n n 4 NA c 光学常数与溶液浓度 散射角 溶质分子量无关 Raylegh 因子 R 1 Kc A c 1 cos sn R 90 1 Kc A c 1 Kc R 90 1 A c Kc ~ R 90 c 作图, 可求得, A

37 光散射法测定的是 W w c Kc w w Kc c c Kc Kc R

38 Lght scatterng of large partcle, dlute soluton 大粒子 稀溶液的光散射

39 有内干涉时 1 cos sn Kc R 1 P 1 A c 1/(1 x) 1 x x... P 1 16 n 3 R g sn 散射因子 均方旋转半径

40 对高斯链 ( 无规线团 ) Rg 1 h 6 1/(1 x) 1 x x... 1 cos sn Kc R n 9... Ac 测定不同浓度稀溶液在不同散射角的 Raylegh 因子, 将实验点外推至 0 c0, 即可求得 w A R g h sn h Illustraton of a lght-scatterng calculaton

41 Zmm plot 1 cos sn Kc R n 9 h sn... Ac

42 R 的测定 : 同标准物质对比 r R R90( benzene) I I I ( benzene) 0 90 I n 90( ) I90( benzene) n( benzene) R R benzene n/ C 的测定 : 示差折光仪

43 注意事项 : 1. 聚合物和溶剂的折光指数不能太相近 ;. 分子量测试范围为 分子量太小, 灰尘和杂质的影响较大

44 PS, 5C, 溶剂 : 苯 c(g/ml) R 90 ( 苯 )= cm -1, n=1.4979, n/ C=0.106 ml/g, =546 nm

45 I n 90( ) I90( ben) n( ben) R R ben I 90 (ben)=139 n n n( ben) * C n( ben) C c n

46 K 4 n n( ben) 4 NA C 4(3.14) (0.106 cm / g) (54610 cm) ( cm / g ) 3 Y 1 cos sn KC R

47 Y 值 (10 6 ) c(g/ml)

48 o 10 o 9 8 Y= x x10-6 sn (/) o 90 o (Y) c=0 x Yx o 60 o 45 o C (g/ml) sn (/) 1/ w = x10-6 w =3.13x nh h =3096 nm R g =71 nm

49 c=10.88x Y=3.1835x x10 - C Yx c=9.5x10-4 c=7.94x10-4 c=6.64x sn (/) 10 6 x(y) = C 1/ w =3.1835x10-6 w =3.14x10 5 A =0.6484x10 - A =3.14x10-3

50 Yx =0 o =45 o =60 o =75 o o =10 =105 o =90 o =135 o C=10.88x10-4 C=9.5x10-4 C=7.94x10-4 C=6.6x10-4 C= sn (/)+100C

51 Other methods to measure w 测量重均分子量的其它方法 激光散射 以激光为光源, 单色性 准直性好, 可在小角度测量, 此时散射光的角度依赖性小, 数据处理无须对角度外推, 只需在固定角度下测定不同浓度溶液的 Raylegh 因子, 就可求得 w 和 A 另外, 还可以通过测定光子相关光谱, 得到高分子在溶液中扩散 结构与形态的信息 ( 动态光散射 ) 中子散射 超速离心沉降

52 4 Vscometry 粘度法

53 Defnton of Terms 术语定义 Vscosty 粘度 粘度的单位 : 帕斯卡秒 Relatve vscosty 粘度比 ( 相对粘度 ) r 0 对数粘数 ln r ( 比浓对数粘度 ) c Specfc vscosty 粘度相对增量 ( 增比粘度 ) sp 0 0 r 1 粘数 ( 比浓粘度 ) sp c Intrnsc vscosty 极限粘数 ( 特性粘度 ) c sp c0 lnr c c0 Unt: cm 3 /g

54 The stress s dentcally zero at any constant stran. In lquds, the stress s determned by deformaton rate. The rate of change of shear stran wth tme s called the shear rate. lqud d dt unt: Pa s= kg m -1 s -1 For smple lquds, the shear stress s lnearly proportonal to shear rate, wth the constant of proportonalty defnng the shear vscosty. Newton s law of vscosty

55 Concentraton dependence of the vscosty of polymer solutons 高分子溶液粘度的浓度依赖性 Schulz-Blaschke equaton 1 (1 k[ ] c) 1 k[ ] c... Huggns equaton c sp c [ ] 1 k[ ] c sp [ ] k[ ] c 3 lnr ln(1 sp) sp 1/ sp 1/ 3 sp... Kraemer equaton ln c [ ] [ ] r k 是与高分子的形状 高分子与溶剂的相互作用等因素有关的参数对于线型柔性链 - 良溶剂体系,k=0.3~0.4,k+=0.5 c Schematc of a plot of sp /c and ln rel /c versus c, and extrapolaton to zero concentraton to determne []

56 K>1/3, k+>1/ K<1/3, k+<1/

57 一点法 联立 Huggns 和 Kraemer 方程 (k=1/3, k+=0.5) [ ] [( ln )] sp c r 1/ 或令 =k/, 且与分子量无关 [ ] sp lnr (1 ) c

58 特性粘度与分子量的关联 ark-houwnk 方程 [] a K v K, a 值通过已知分子量的聚合物标定得到, 所以粘度法是一种相对的方法! 1. K, a 值与溶剂和温度有关 ;. K, a 值和试样是否分级有关 ; 3. K, a 值与标样的分子量测试方法有关

59 Flory 特性粘数理论 一个高分子线团被想像成一个体积为 V h 的流体力学等效球, 由于线团的高度不规则的几何形状及其同溶剂的相互作用, 其流体力学体积必然要大于分子的实际体积 hydrodynamcally equvalent sphere V h and R h 等效 : 1. 宏观测量量 ( 如粘度 ) 相同. 数目相同 R h 的测定方法 : 动态光散射 (DLS) 或粘度法

60 hollow sphere sold sphere R g =R h R Rh 4 r r dr / 5 Rh g 3/ 5R Rh 3 h 4 / 3 R h 0 4 r dr R g =0.774R h For random col of lnear polymer: R g /R h =1.5 ~ 1.8

61 Ensten 粘度公式 : η sp η = lm =.5N A c0 c Vh 流体力学体积 3 Vh 4 Rh 4 R h 3 3 3/ 1/ R R h h0 4 R h0.5 NA 3 3/ 1/ 3

62 令 4 R h0.5 N A 3 r 0 1/ 3 K 3/ K r 0 3/ A : Flory 常数, 与高分子 溶剂和温度无关 (how about K?) = (mol -1 ) [] a K v 3 under condton: =1 a=0.5 [ ] K 1/ [ ]/[ ] 3

63 For good solvent: 0.1 (Flory-Krngbaum theory: ) a=0.8 : from 0.5 ( solvent) to 0.8 (good solvent) For rgd rod-lke polymer: r r 3/ 3 3 Rh a=

64 Polymer Solvent T( 0 C) K 10 3 a Cs-polybutadene Benzene t-polypropylene 1-Chloronaphthalene Poly(ethyl acrylate) Acetone Poly(methyl methacrylate) Acetone Poly(vnyl acetate) Benzene Polystyrene Butanone Polystyrene Cyclohexane (-solvent) Polytetrahydrofuran Toluene Polytetrahydrofuran Ethyl acetate hexane (-solvent) Cellulose trntrate Acetone

65 Intrnsc Vscosty Experments 粘度法实验 4 ghr V 1 t m 8lV 8l t a B C A b At B t r At B t t At 0 B t0 0 0 t D Ubbelohde vscometer

66 实验注意事项 : 1. 溶剂的选择 ( 良溶剂 );. 粘度计毛细管直径的选择 ; 3. 浓度太大 : 密度校正, 且线性不好太小 : r 太小, 精度差 4. 动能校正用两种纯溶剂求得 A, B 两参数 5. 剪切力的影响

67 5 Gel Permeaton Chromatography (GPC) 凝胶渗透色谱 另一名词 : sze excluson chromatography (SEC) 体积排斥色谱

68 soluton solvent 浓度检测器 体积大的分子先被淋洗出来 体积小的分子后被淋洗出来

69 Gel permeaton chromatography (GPC) makes use of the sze excluson prncple. The sze of the molecule, defned by ts hydrodynamc radus, can or cannot enter small pores n a bed of cross-lnked polymer. The smaller molecules can dffuse nto the pores and are delayed. The larger molecules pass by and contnue n the solvent phase.

70 Instrumentaton 仪器

71 淋出体积 : 自试样进入色谱柱到淋洗出来, 所接收到的淋出液的体积, 称为该试样的淋出体积 Ve 当仪器与实验条件确定后, 溶质的淋出体积与其分子量有关, 分子量越大, 其淋出体积越小

72 浓度响应 W() GPC 曲线 淋出体积或淋出时间 大 小 淋出体积代表了分子量的大小 --; 浓度响应代表了含量 --W() GPC 曲线就是聚合物的分子量分布曲线

73 V t =V 0 +V +V g V t : 色谱柱的总体积 V g : 载体的骨架体积 V : 载体内部的孔体积 V 0 : 载体的粒间体积 V 0 <V e <V +V 0

74 log Calbraton 标定 log A BV e log a log b V 0 V +V 0 V e

75 V e 与分子体积 ( 流体力学体积 ) 相关 不同高分子 V e ~ 关系不同 校正曲线不同 GPC 实验确定分子量及其分布时, 必须采用结构相同的 已知分子量的 单分散的试样作为标样, 从而得到其校正曲线 能否用一种标样得到的校正曲线来确定所有聚合物试样的分子量?

76 Unversal calbraton 普适标定 η sp η = lm =.5N A c0 c V h V h V e [ ] Ve [] K a a1 K V e

77 log([] ) ~ V e 作图, 对所有聚合物都适用 The unversal calbraton curve

78 在相同的测试条件下, 淋出体积相等的高分子, 其流体力学体积相等 log [ η ] = log [ η ] 1 1 ark-houwnk 方程 a [ η ] = K, [ η ] = K a log K + a log log = log K + a log log a 1 K log log1 log 1+ a 1+ a K 1 1 如果 K 1, K, 1, 已知, 即可由标样 ( 1 ) 的分子量 - 淋出体积曲线求出待测试样的分子量 - 淋出体积标定曲线

79 Calculaton of molecular weght average 平均分子量的计算 H w H H n H H V e

80 Calculaton of molecular weght averages from GPC chromatograms 1 Retenton (Counts) n w Heght (mm) 3 Chan Length or ol Wt 4 Col /Col 3 5 Co Col K , K ,754, K ,314, K ,790, K ,40, K ,080, K , K , K , K , K , , Col/ Col4 Col5/ Col ,88, ,000 4,88,705/66 36,600 d

81 GPC 实验注意事项 : 1. 色谱柱的分离范围与样品适应 ;. 溶剂和聚合物的折光指数 ; 3. 换溶剂时, 一定要将原溶剂排出干净, 并使新溶剂与柱子之间达到溶胀平衡 ; 4. 过滤可能对分子量的测定结果产生影响

82 GPC 与小角激光光散射联用 1. 测定聚合物的绝对分子量 ;. 用未知样标定 GPC 曲线 ; 3. 测定 GPC 的扩展效应 ; 4. 测定支化聚合物的支化度 支化参数 : / l g S S b

83 6 聚合物按分子量分级 从结构观点看, 非晶态聚合物是一种过冷的液体 因此高分子溶液象低分子液体的两组分体系一样, 在通常压力下, 当温度较高时, 完全互溶成为均匀的溶液 ; 当温度降至临界共溶温度 T C 以下时, 即分离成两相 一相为凝液相, 高分子的含量较高, 简称浓相 ; 另一相为很稀的溶液相, 简称稀相 当温度高于 Tc 时, 高分子的热运动动能足以克服分子本身的内聚能而使之分散在溶剂中, 与溶剂以任何比例互溶 ; 而高分子的内聚能又随分子量的增大而增大, 因此, 对于同一种高分子 - 溶剂体系, 分子量愈大, 溶解时所需要的热运动能量愈高 换句话说, 分子量愈大,Tc 愈高

84 相分离的分子量依赖性 溶质的分子量愈大, 溶液的临界共溶温度愈高 当温度降至 Tc 以下某一定值时, 分子量大的组分在浓相中所占的比例较大 根据这一性质 ; 可以用逐步降温法把聚合物按分子量大小分离开来

85 Phase dagrams for polystyrene fractons n cyclohexane. PSA, 43,600; PSB, 89,000; PSC, 50,000; PSD, 1,70,000

86 分离方法 1 逐步降温分级法 : 将聚合物溶解在某种合适的溶剂中, 逐渐降温, 使溶液分相, 把凝液相逐一取出, 得到若干个级分, 先得到的级分平均分子量最大, 以后依次降低

87 逐步沉淀分级法 : 是在恒温的溶液中逐步加入能与溶剂互溶的沉淀剂, 则溶剂分子对高分子的溶解能力减小, 不足以克服高分子间的内聚能, 使临界共溶温度 Tc 升高而导致溶液分相 这样, 在给定温度下, 把沉淀剂逐渐加到高分子良溶剂体系中, 也会产生相分离, 从而达到分级的目的

88 高分子在两相中的分配 当高分子溶液处于两相平衡时 溶剂在稀相中的化学位变化 Δμ 1 等于溶剂在浓相中的化学位变化 Δμ 1 Δμ 1 =Δμ 1 高分子在稀相中的化学位变化 Δμ 等于高分子在浓相中的化学位变化 Δμ Δ μ =Δμ

89 根据 Flory-Huggns 溶液理论, 有 : 1 RT[ln(1 v) (1 1/ x) v 1v ] 1 ' 1 ' 分别表示稀相中溶剂和高分子的体积分数 分别表示浓相中溶剂和高分子的体积分数

90 解如上两式, 得到 假定 1 近似地与分子量和浓度无关, 则方括号内几乎是一常数, 定义 σ 为两相分配系数 可得到

91 假定 : 浓相和稀相的体积分别为 V 和 V, R=V/V 高分子在稀相和浓相中的重量分别为 w 和 w, 密度为 ρ 高分子在稀相和浓相中所分配的重量分数为 f 和 f

92 f 与 f 表达式

93 f /f 比值

94 结论 样品中某种分子量的组分在两相中的分配决定于 R 值和 1 值 ( 因为 σ 中包含有 1 ), 因 1 又与温度和溶剂的性质有关, 故在分级时降低温度或在溶液中加入不良溶剂, 都是为了改变 1 值, 使得一定分子量的高分子在浓相中的重量分数 f 大大超过稀相中的重量分数 f, 以达到分级的目的 也可以使分级体系的浓度降低, 使分相时 R 值减小,R 值越小则浓相中分子量小的含量越少, 但是在每个级分中分子量还是有一定的分布

95 Summary of molecular weght methods 分子量测定方法总结

96 类型 方法 适用范围 分子量意义 类型 化学法 端基分析法 以下 数均 n 绝对 冰点降低法 以下 数均 n 绝对 热力学法 沸点升高法 以下 数均 n 绝对 气相渗透法 以下 数均 n 绝对 膜渗透法 10 4 ~ 数均 n 绝对 光学法光散射法 ~ 重均绝对 w 动力学法 超速离心沉降平衡法 ~1 10 6, z 绝对 粘度法 ~ 粘均相对 w v 色谱法 凝胶渗透色谱法 (GPC) ~ 各种平均相对

97 本章重点 : 1. 各种平均分子量及分子量分布的意义 ;. 各种测试聚合物分子量的方法的原理, 测试范围及得到分子量的种类 ; 3. 光散射方法的数据处理 ; 4. GPC 方法的数据处理

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