强子谱和强子结构研究前沿简介 邹冰松 中国科学院高能物理研究所 中国科学院大科学装置理论物理研究中心

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1 强子谱和强子结构研究前沿简介 邹冰松 中国科学院高能物理研究所 中国科学院大科学装置理论物理研究中心

2 内容提要 一. 背景知识简介 二. 强子谱和强子结构研究前沿热点 三. 北京正负电子对撞机 BEPC 强子谱研究

3 一. 背景知识简介 1) 物质的基本相互作用和结构 2) 强子物理研究的基本问题 3) 探索强子内部结构的基本途径

4 1) 物质的基本相互作用和结构 引力相互作用宇宙 天体结构 > 10-2 m 电磁相互作用分子 原子结构 > m 强相互作用原子核 强子结构 ~10-14 m 弱相互作用夸克 轻子跃迁 < m 强子是目前人类能够分割出来 观测到具有内部结构的最小单元 强子结构 --- 物质微观结构研究的最前沿! 其中重子占宇宙中的可见物质的 99% 以上

5 强子结构的经典夸克模型 (q q) 介子 : 2S+1 L J J pc P=(-1) L+1 1 S S K 0 (d s) K + (u s) K* 0 K* + - ( u d) 0 + (u d) I I 3 K - (s u) K 0 (s d) K* - K* 0 0 = u u - d d 2

6

7 重子的 SU(3) 3q- 夸克模型 1/2 + 自旋 - 宇称 3/2+ - (dds) n(udd) 0 s 0 (uds) p(uud) + (uus) I (ddd) (udd) (uud) ++ (uuu) *- 0 (dds) (uds) *+ (uus) * - *0 (uss) (dss) - (dss) 0 (uss) - (sss) 空间轨道基态相当成功! 质量公式预言 m MeV 实验 m MeV

8 2) 强子物理的两个最基本的问题 : 夸克禁闭的根源及性质, 胶子自相互作用 夸克和胶子是如何构成强子的? QCD 色力线 能量密度 线性势 QED 电力线 格点 QCD

9 强子衰变对夸克禁闭的作用? 夸克模型 : 重子 = 3 夸克介子 = 夸克 - 反夸克 QCD : 新的自由度 --- 具有自相互作用的胶子 胶球 夸克 - 胶子混杂态 多夸克态? - - d u d u

10 重子是如何构成的? A. 3 夸克态 B. 夸克 - 胶子混杂态 C. 偶夸克 - 夸克态 D-E. 多夸克态 预言的核子激发态 N* 数目 :D-E > B > A > C 实验已观测到的 N* 数目 <A, 失踪? 人类对重子谱的了解还非常贫乏缺乏行之有效的理论计算

11 3) 探索强子内部结构的基本途径 A. 轻子 - 核子散射 B. 能谱 = 探索物质微观结构极其有效的工具 原子谱 玻尔原子的量子理论 核谱 壳模型 & 集体运动模型 强子谱?

12 高能电磁探针探测核子内部结构遇到的问题 : 光子 胶子与海夸克的相互转化, 原有的 再生的? e p 无穷大动量坐标系强子结构函数与静止系强子结构的关系? 强子谱和强子衰变的研究是必须的!

13 研究强子谱的主要实验手段 : 粒子 - 粒子碰撞 美国 CEBAF ep, 欧洲 PANDA pp 日本 JPARC Kp, 中国 BEPC e + e -

14 二. 强子谱和强子结构研究前沿热点 (1) 核子的夸克 胶子结构 (2) 奇特的 q + 五夸克态 (3) 重子激发态夸克模型的两个突出困难 (4) 多夸克新强子态的寻找

15 (1) 核子的夸克 胶子结构 Classical picture of the proton u(x) = d(x), s(x) = s(x)

16 探测核子结构的一个主要的途径 : 轻子 - 核子深度非弹散射 MAMI ~ 1 GeV CEBAF ~ 6 GeV ELSA ~ 3 GeV HERA ~ 27 GeV

17 Flavor asymmetry of light quarks in the nucleon sea Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) + Drell-Yan (DY) process d u ~ 0.12 Garvey&Peng, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.47, 203 (2001)

18 d u ~ 0.12 两种不同的理论解释 : 介子云图像 : Thomas, Speth, Weise, Oset, Brodsky, Ma, p > ~ uud > + e 1 n ( udd ) + ( du ) > + e 2 D ++ ( uuu ) - ( ud ) > + e (uds) K + ( su ) > 夸克对图像 : Riska, Zou, Zhu, p > ~ uud > + e 1 [ud][ud] d > + e [ud][us] s > + d u d d u d u d u d

19 两种图像对质子中奇异夸克成分的预言 : 介子云图像 夸克对图像 奇异自旋 Ds : < 0 < 0 奇异磁矩 m s : < 0 > 0 奇异半径 r s : < 0 > 0 S u S d u S u u d S 实验 : Ds = ~ -0.1 D. de Florian et al., PRD71 (2005)

20 The strange magnetic moment m s and radii r s from parity violating electron scattering G0,HAPPEX/CEBAF, SAMPLE/MIT-Bates, A4/MAMI HAPPEX/CEBAF, Phys.Rev.Lett. 96 (2006) G0/CEBAF, Phys.Rev.Lett. 95 (2005) A4/MAMI, Phys.Rev.Lett. 94 (2005) SAMPLE/MIT-Bates: Phys.Lett.B583 (2004) 79

21 Theory vs experiment for m s and r s Our results B.S.Zou, D.O.Riska, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (2005) D.O.Riska, B.S.Zou, Phys. Lett. B (2006) C.S.An,D.O.Riska,B.S.Zou, Phys. Rev. C (2006)

22 实验分析有问题? R.Young et al., A.Thomas, PRL97 (2006) m s ~ 0 质子自旋 危机 单自旋不对称均排出了简单的 3q 图像 介子云图像 PK 夸克对图像仍将继续!

23 (2) 奇特的 q + 五夸克态 Strange pentaquark q + predicted by D.Diakonov et al., Z.Phys.A359 (1997) uuddd 2 3 uudss 2 3 uusdd 1 3 uusss

24 First evidence from LEPS g n K + K - n M = MeV G < 25 MeV Gaussian significance 4.6s q + No (1520) peak in events without a proton. T. Nakano et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 91 (2003)

25

26 q + : PDG2004 established particle

27

28 M. Karliner and H. Lipkin, Phys. Lett. B 597 (2004) 309 Why the q + is seen in some experiments and not in others - a possible explanation 另一种可能的解释 : 某些实验结果不可靠 需要高统计量重复性实验检验!

29 No q resonance in high statistics data from g11@clas Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006)

30 e - Be electroproduction at Babar Preliminary 233 fb -1 e e - data HERMES (e + d K S0 p + X) ZEUS (e - p e - K S0 p + X) M= MeV ~5s * (1480) M= MeV ~5s Possible acceptance loss in low mass region: (PID requires p(p) >4.1 GeV/c; p(k S0 )>3 GeV/c) Fit uses * (1480) [PDG 1star] Tetiana Berger-Hryn ova

31 Time dependent experimental status of Q + γ + d (n ) reactions γ + p p K 0 s γ + p n K + K - p + K + (N) p K 0 s lepton + D, A p K 0 s p + A pk 0 s + X p + p pk 0 s + + Other Q + Upper Limits LEPS-C CLAS-d1 LEPS-d LEPS-d2 CLAS-d2 SAPHIR CLAS g11 CLAS-p BELLE DIANA BaBar Hermes ZEUS nbc DIANA SVD2 JINR SPHINX HyperCP SVD2 ALEPH, Z COSY-TOF HERA-B BES J,Y CDF FOCUS WA BES penta-quark paper: The first negative result The most cited BES paper since 2003 : Positive result : Negative result

32 The story of the pentaquark shows how poorly we understand QCD. - F. Wilczek the pentaquark story will probably have come to an end for physicists but will live on as a casehistory for historian and philosophers of science. F. Close

33 Words of wisdom T.Barnes (HADRON05) Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana ( ) AB, PhD Harvard (1886,1889). Prof. of Philosophy, Harvard (to 1912). "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." Life of Reason, Reason in Common Sense (1905) "Scepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and it is shameful to surrender it too soon or to the first comer." Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923)

34 (3) 重子激发态夸克模型的两个突出困难 模型预言的最低的几个激发态的质量与实验严重不符 uud (L=1) ½ - ~ N*(1535) uud (n=1) ½ + ~ N*(1440) uds (L=1) ½ - ~ *(1405) N > N 谐振子势能谱 ( 2n + L + 3/2 ) h 模型预言的激发态数目远多于实验已观测到的数目 失踪 的重子激发态问题 : 不存在 / 暂未观测到?

35 Nature of N*(1535) and its 1/2 - nonet partners d u u d q q ½+ [ud] [ud] }L=1 S u u d q q ½ - [ud] [us] }L=0 N*(1535) ~ uud (L=1) + e [ud][us] s + N*(1440) ~ uud (n=1) + x [ud][ud] d + *(1405) ~ uds (L=1) + e [ud][su] u + Zhang et al, hep-ph/ N*(1535): [ud][us] s larger coupling to N, N, N &K, weaker to N & K, and heavier! B.C. Liu, B.S. Zou, PRL96 (2006) ; PRL98 (2007)

36

37 Experimental status for 1/2 - hyperons from PDG All from old experiments of !! No established 1/2 - *, *, *! only *(1620) **

38 Analysis of Kp data from CB PRC 80(2009) Puze Gao, B. S. Zou, A. Sibirtsev, NPA867 (2011) 41 with basic ingredients adding (1635) 1/2 No (1620) 1/2 - NPA referee: This is an excellent, clear, concise and convincing piece of work. I wish we saw more analyses like this.

39

40

41 Important implication : qqqqq in S-state seems more favorable than qqq with L=1! 1/2 - baryon nonet ~ qq 2 q 2 state + 1/2 - baryon decuplet ~ V 8 B 8 molecules + Similar pattern for the lowest excited mesons q q q q in S-state seems more favorable than qq with L=1!

42 (4) 多夸克新强子态的寻找 qq 3 S 1 nonet qq 3 P 0 or q 2 q 2 nonet? (1020) ss K(892) sd a 0 (980) uu - dd, [ u s ][us]-[ d s] [ds] f 0 (980) ss, [ u s ][us] + [ d s ] [ds] k(800) sd, [ s u ] [ud ] (782) uu + dd (770) uu - dd f 0 (600) uu + dd, [ u d ] [ud] D* s0 (2317) ~ sc (L=1) + [ q s ] [q c] + DK + D* s1 (2460) ~ sc (L=1) + D*K + X(3872) ~ cc (L=1) + [ q c ] [q c] + D*D +

43 Prediction of superheavy N* & * states with hidden charm and beauty Many N* & * are proposed dynamically generated states and multi-quark states Problem: None of them can be clearly distinguished from qqq or qq due to tunable ingredients and possible large mixing of various configurations Solution: Extension to hidden charm and beauty for baryons N*(1535) ssuud N*(4260) ccuud N*(11050) bbuud J.J.Wu, R.Molina, E.Oset, B.S.Zou. Phys.Rev.Lett. 105 (2010) J.J.Wu, L.Zhao, B.S.Zou. PLB709(2012)70

44 Superheavy narrow N* and * are predicted to exist D c, D s c B b, B s b bound states ~ 4.2 GeV ~11 GeV isovector meson partners Z b (10610), Z b (10650) du bb observed by Belle Coll. arxiv: They are definitely not qqq baryons They can be looked for at 12GeV@Jlab and PANDA maybe also at JPARC, RHIC, EIC?

45 三. 北京正负电子对撞机 (BEPC) 强子谱研究

46 BEPC 工作的能区 :2 ~ 5.6 GeV

47 The Charmonium cc System

48 World J/ and (2S) Samples

49 BEPC 强子谱研究概况 重子谱 ( 核子激发态和超子激发态 ) 的研究 J/ Y 辐射衰变 寻找胶球 J/ Y 到轻介子的强衰变 介子的夸克成分 其它璨偶素及璨介子的衰变

50 3.1 重子谱 ( 核子激发态和超子激发态 ) 的研究 重子谱的特殊性 : 重子 = QCD 三种颜色合成无色体的最简单系统 人类对重子谱的了解还非常贫乏

51 Information from p, Kp experiments of 20 years ago ( 7-10) D * * ( 10-13) N

52 K - p *, * K - p ( 7-12) * & (4-8) *

53

54 (ssq) - Baryon Spectroscopy * Capstick&Isgur PRD34(1986)2809 Theory is totally not challenged due to lack of data! KAON@TRIUMF BESIII@BEPC2

55 New Facilities for N*: USA Germany France Japan N*(1440) first radial excitation Key issues: M = , G = MeV N*(1535) first L=1 excitation M = , G = MeV Missing N* resonances Hybrid (qqqg), 3-quark, diquark-q

56 in USA

57 J / Y BBM N*, *, *, * Advantages: Pure isospin 1/2 N and N : Y - 0 n p, pp, pn, - pp Missing N* with small couplings to N & gn, but large coupling to gggn : Not only N*, but also *, *, * : Y pp, pp, pp ', pp, p K, p K,... Y K, K,...

58 N*(1440) N*(2065) BESII Collaboration PRL 审稿专家 : 我喜欢这些结果 它们打开了研究低自旋核子共振态的一个新窗口,, 很值得发表 I like these results. They open a new window on low spin nucleon resonances, which show up clearly in J/ decays. The data look excellent and the data processing looks correct and straightforward. They are well worth publication.

59 相当令人惊讶, 利用 J/ 强子衰变 BEPC 的 BES 被用于研究 N* 谱 nucl-th/

60 J/ψ for * and * (BESII very preliminary) * * - - M M

61 hep-ph/ BEPC 已被列入寻找 失踪 重子态的五大装置之一

62 衰变提供了类时区域研究重子激发态的新颖的视角,..., 与杰弗逊实验室数据互补 hep-ph/ Summary talk at HADRON2003

63 BEPC 与 CEBAF ELSA GRRAL Spring-8 在重子谱方面并驾齐驱, 互相竞争 互相学习 互相补充 BES 有其独特之处 : 完善 N*, *, *, * 重子谱, 导 出 YBB* 耦合, 为研究重子结构提供了一个新的途径

64 3.2 J/ radiative decay: glueballs Three main physics objectives: (1) Search for glueballs and Hybrids G(gG) G(gH) G(gM) (2) Study GeV light quark meson spectroscopy and their decays (3) Extract gg qq couplings 3.6 GeV 0.3 GeV pqcd strong QCD

65 Based on BESI( )7.8M J/ data, PWA has been performed for some channels of large branching ratios : J/ gk + K - 0 Phys. Lett. B440 (1998) 217 J/ g + - Phys. Lett. B446 (1999) 356 J/ gk + K Phys. Lett. B472 (2000) 200 J/ g Phys. Lett. B472 (2000) 207 J/ gk + K S - Phys. Lett. B476 (2000) 25 Based on BESII ( ) 58M J/y data: J/ gk + K -, gk S K S Phys. Rev. D68 (2003) J/ g + -, g 0 0 Phys. Lett. B642 (2006) 441 J/ g Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) J/ g Phys.Rev.D73 (2006) J/ g arxiv:

66 J/Y radiative decay branching ratios (1500~2200): (958) : (1440) : puzzle f 2 (1950) : f 2 (1270) : f 2 (1525) : f 0 (1500) : f 0 (1750) : f 0 (2100) : (1870) : >

67 Experimental Glueball Candidates 2230 (2 ++ ) 2100 (0 ++ ) 1950 (2 ++ ) 1870 (2 -+ ) 1800 (0 -+ ) 1750 (0 ++ ) 1500 (0 ++ ) (TE1) 2 (TE1)(TM1) (TM1) 2

68 3.3 J/Y 到轻介子的强衰变 介子的夸克成分 Main physics objectives: (1) Search for Hybrids φ(1 -+ ) K 1 *K KKππ ω(1 -+ ) a 1 π 4π (2) Extract strange-nonstrange quark components of φππ, φkk, φ4π, φkkππ, ωππ, ωkk, ω4π, ωkkππ,

69 Phys.Lett. B598 (2004) 149 BES II J / - f 0 (1790) J / - J / K K -? J / K K - f 0 (1710) PLB 607 (2005) 243 Phys. Lett. B603 (2004) 138

70 Main results from J / Y X, X : ss uu + dd components f0(980) s/f0(600) f2 (1525) f2(1270) f0(1710) f0(1790) f0(1370) f2(2240) No significant evidence for f0(1500) glueball?

71 3.4 其它璨偶素及璨介子的衰变 Main topics: Y(2S) decay branching ratios, 15% rule χ c decays --- the simplest process for studying gluon hadronization D, Ds decays --- heavy-light quark system

72 结束语 我们对强子谱和强子结构的了解还很贫乏 国际上多个大型实验装置在开展这方面的研究 我国的大科学工程 BEPC 为我国强子谱物理发展提供了良好的机遇 我们期待着从量变积累到质变的时刻 谢谢大家!

多夸克态前沿简介 邹冰松 中国科学院理论物理研究所

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