핵입자물리특강 고에너지물리실험방법론 김선기 2014 년 2 학기
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1 핵입자물리특강 고에너지물리실험방법론 김선기 2014 년 2 학기
2 References W.R.Leo, Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments G. F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement T. Ferbel, Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics P. Theodorsson, Measurement of Weak Radioactivity
3 Outline of lectures Introduction Particle sources Interaction of particles with matter Statistics and data treatment Detector techniques - Gaseous detectors - Solid state detectors - Scintillation detectors and light sensors - Cryogenic detectors - Electronics and DAQ Measurements - Particle tracking and momentum measurement - Calorimetry and energy measurement - Particle identification - Event reconstruction Experiments
4 성적 PROJECT (50%) + 기말 (20%) + 출석 (30%) PROJECT : GEANT4 simulation à Generate simulation data à ROOT 를이용한데이터분석실험주제는각자정할것 ( 창의적으로!) 복잡하지않은시스템으로... 일정 9/01-9/30 : GEANT4, ROOT 습득 9/30 : 프로젝트제안 ( 시간당 3-4 명씩발표 ) 10 월중 : 1 차중간발표 11 월중 : 2 차중간발표 12 월 : 최종발표및보고서작성
5 High Energy Experiments Physics Particle sources : accelerators, cosmic rays, radioactive sources, etc. Instruments : targets, detectors, electronics, DAQ Data analysis : calibration, statistics, simulation Physics
6 Physics Particle Physics : Elementary particles, fundamental forces Fundamental symmetries Nuclear Physics : Nuclear structure, nuclear forces Nuclear astrophysics : Origin of nuclei, stellar evolution, Particle astrophysics : Cosmic rays, neutrinos, dark matter Cosmology : Structure & evolution of universe, dark energy, dark matter, bigbang & inflation
7 Notation Lorentz 4-vector : g = 1/ 1- b 2 = E / m
8 Rutherford Scattering
9
10 Cross Section F d s ( E, W) = 1 dw F dr dw dw F : number of incident particles per unit area per unit time R : number of scattered particles per unit time (event rate) differential cross section : average number of the particles scattered into dw per unit time per unit flux s ( E) = ò ds dw dw total cross section F dw N : number density of target particles dx : thickness of the target A : area of target or beam (smaller one - typically beam) R( W) = ds FANdx dw R total = FANdxs
11 Cross Section F dw in fixed target experiments, beam is usually smaller than the target n : number of incident particles per unit time ds N A R( W) = nndx Rtotal = nndxs = nr dxs dw A Luminosity R total = Ls L = fkn1n 4p a h a v 2 in collider, beam is defined by number of particles in each bunch N 1,N 2 rms beam size a h, a v revolution frequency f, number of bunches k In experiments we measure cross sections àn or L should be measured by well known interactions (ex. Bhabha sacttering) or given by machine parameters
12 Particle(radiation) sources Radioactive sources - natural/artificial Cosmic rays natural, no cost, low rate uncontrollable Accelerator beams artificial, expensive controllable Experimental tools Detector calibration, test Background sources Particle source 에대한이해는매우중요하다!
13
14 Radioactive decay law N l : : Radioactive Decay dn dt Number of radioactive nuclei Decay constant = -ln Unit of radioactivity 1 Ci = 3.7 x disintegration/sec 1 Bq = 1 disintegration/sec = x Ci N( t) = N(0) exp( -lt) t m =1/ l mean life time T = 1/ l ln 2 = t 1/ 2 m ln 2 half life time
15 Beta decay
16 현재이이미지를표시할수없습니다. Beta decay beta decay: (A,Z) à (A,Z+1) + e - +n beta+ decay: (A,Z) à (A,Z-1) + e + + n electron capture: (A,Z)+e - à (A,Z-1) + n Source Half-life E max [MeV] 3 H yr neutrino mass 14 C 5730 yr carbon dating 90 Sr/ 90 Y 27.7 yr/64h 0.546/2.27 detector test 106 Ru/ 106 Rh 1.02yr 0.039/3.541 detector test 22 Na 2.6 yr β+, MeV γ 55 Fe 2.73 yr / EC, Mn X-rays Mostly decays to the excited states of the daughter nuclei à gamma emitters also
17 현재이이미지를표시할수없습니다. Gamma Decay Source Half-life E[keV] 57 Co yr 14(9%), 122(86%), 136(11%) 60 Co yr Cs yr , 656 (IC) 133 Ba yr 81, , 319 (IC) 40 K 1.3x10 9 yr EC 208 Tl 3.05 min (99%), 583.2(84.5%) Th chain *Internal Conversion à gamma energy transferred to atomic electron à mono-energetic electron source
18
19 Alpha Decay Source Half-life E[MeV] 241 Am 433 yr 5.486(85%), 5.443(12.8%) 210 Po 138 days Cm 163 days 6.113(74%), 6.070(26%) Man-made 252 Cf 2.65 yrs 6.076(15%), 6.128(82%), fission(3.1%) 238 U 4.5x10 9 yr 4.196(77%), 4.149(23%) 235 U 7.1x10 8 yr 4.598(56%), 4.365(12%) 232 Th 1.4x10 10 yr 4.102(77%), 3.953(23%) Natural
20 Spontaneous Fission : 252 Cf Neutron Sources ~ 4 neutrons/fission <E>=2.14 MeV ~ 20 gammas/fission (80% < 1 MeV) (α,n) reaction 241 Am+ 9 Beà 13 C* à 12 C (*) +n à 12 C + n +γ(4.4mev) 8 Be+ α+n 3 α+n ~ 70 neutrons/10 6 α
21 T 1 = / 2 J. M. Meadows Phys. Rev. 15, 157 (1967)
22 Neutron Calibration Facility at SNU Tag γ(4.4mev) to measure TOF and energy of neutrons S.Notarrigo, et al Nucl. Phys.A125, 28 (1969)
23
24
25 High Energy Cosmic rays What is cosmic rays? What s the origin of high energy cosmic rays? How to detect them? 1912
26 1912
27 protons ~ 85%, He ~ 12% Li, Be, B produced by interaction
28 Cosmic ray energy spectrum What are they? How are they accelerated to such high energies? è important subject for particle astrophysics!
29 Cosmic Ray Hadronic shower : characterized by interaction length l
30 Vertical flux measurement of muons
31 Muons at Surface Integrated Muon flux at surface (E>1 GeV) ~ 70/m 2 /s/sr ~ 1/cm 2 /s ~ O(1)/ 머리면적 /s
32
33 Accelerator : Van de Graff 30 ~ 40 MeV for proton
34 Accelerator : Cyclotron qvb = mv 2 / r qb = mv / r w = v / r = qb / p m = qbr cyclotron frequency : (independent of velocity) Cropped from U.S. Patent Ernest O. Lawrence -- Met hod and apparatus for the acceleration of ions energy limited by the radius modern cyclotron ~ 200 MeV
35 Linear Accelerator & Synchrotron p = qbr fix increase DE µ ( E / m) 4 ~ p [ GeV/c] = 0.3q[ e] B[ T ] r[ m] 전자의경우매우불리 à 선형가속기
36 Fixed target vs collider one particle at rest E CMS» 2ME E CMS» 2E E M E E
37 Livingston Chart rev-hep-collider-params.pdf
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