Physics 736. Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics
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1 Physics 736 Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics - Basic nuclear processes and radiation sources - Karsten Heeger heeger@wisc.edu
2 Particles & Radiation How do we observe physics interactions?
3 Particles & Radiation What are we interested in measuring?
4 Particles & Radiation What are we interested in measuring? Charged particle radiation fast electrons heavy charged particles Uncharged particles and radiation electromagnetic radiation neutrons neutrinos WIMPS?
5 Radioactivity
6 Radioactivity
7 Alpha Decay proton number (Z) neutron number (N)
8 Alpha Decay Text Gamow 1928 alpha energy spectrum Trbh 1.2. Characteristics of some alpha cmitters lsotope Half-life Encrgies lmcvl Branching alpha source ala- 2lho z2cm 433 yrs. I 38 days 163 days 5.4E6 5.ut t t t5% r2.e% td)7c 74h 26q.
9 Beta-decay Ul f J. List of pure p- crnitters h,cc Half-lifc E* [McVl t rc + i ts t ccr q6 TA trc EPD Dfl 12.26yr 5730 yr l4.2td u.4d t7.9 d!.$ x ld yr l5j d Dyt tl.7 yt/6h 2.l2xrd y 2.62yt 3.tt yr t t o.16l s2 0.() / o.xu o.76
10 Electron Capture or Auger electron
11 Annihilation Radiation intensity height thick Na-22 source
12 Internal Conversion nuclear excitation transferred to atomic electron ejection of electron looks like 2-step process classically -> single quantum process, amplitude can be calculated with pertubation theory
13 Beta-Spectrum and Internal Conversion Lines Internal Conversion Process: - information from the internal conversion electrons about the binding energies of the electrons in the daughter atom - relative intensities of these internal conversion electron peaks can give information about the electric multipole character of the nucleus. internal conversion can be useful source of monoenergetic e -
14 Beta-Spectrum and Internal Conversion Hg, which decays to 203 Tl by beta emission, leaving the 203 Tl in an electromagnetically excited state. - can proceed to the ground state by emitting a kev gamma ray, or by internal conversion. In this case the internal conversion is more probable. - internal conversion process can interact with any of the orbital electrons, the result is a spectrum of internal conversion electrons which will be seen as superimposed upon the electron energy spectrum of the beta emission. - Energy yield of this electromagnetic transition: kev => ejected electrons will have that energy minus their binding energy in the 203 Tl daughter atom. Electron emissions from the Hg-203 to Tl-203 decay, measured by A. H. Wapstra, et al., Physica 20, 169 (1954)
15 Auger Electrons
16 Neutron Sources spontaneous fission nuclear reactions
17 Nuclear Processes and Radiation Sources basic nuclear processes alpha decay beta decay electron capture annihilation radiation internal conversion γ emission of nucleus, X-rays Auger electrons neutron sources fission nuclear reactions radiation sources source encapsulation (thick vs thin) energy of source radiation (continuous, monoenergetic, degradation) backgrounds from radiation sources (e.g. gamma)
18 Radioactivity natural fossil cosmogenic artificial/man-made nuclear laboratories/accelerators in reactors (fusion, fission)
19 Nuclei with 10 8 yr < T1/2 < yr isotopic abundance is terrestrial mix
20 40 K
21 Natural Radioactivity Chains 3 chains of natural radioactivity τ1>> τi 1
22 Chains of Natural Radioactivity
23 Flux of Cosmic Radiation peaked at ~ 300 MeV falling like E -3 outside Earth s atmosphere
24 Cosmic-Ray Induced Showers Fluxes as a function of depth
25 Production of Artificial Radioactivity nuclei emerging from target can be mass selected
26 Poisson Distribution
27 Poisson Distribution
28 Radioactive Decay Chains
29 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin NUSS, July 13, 2009
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