Power System Simple Model. Stabilizer. Hydro Turbines. Impoundment Hydropower. Basic Components of Power Plant. Penstock Governor. Dam.

Transcription

1 Baic Compoet of Power Plat Power Sytem Simple odel Water or Steam urbie Exciter e _ ref rid ohamed A. El-Sharkawi Departmet of Electrical Egieerig Uiverity of Wahigto Seattle, WA elharkawi@ee.wahigto.edu ov AC P e _ ref _ P e P ref Stabilizer ov Stabilizer Exciter _ ref Hydro urbie Water or Steam urbie e rid 3 4 Impoudmet Hydropower eervoir Dam Petock overor eerator Head urbie Dicharge 5 6

2 World' Larget Hydroelectric Plat eervoir eervoir Petock overor Name of dam Locatio capacity (W) Year of Operatio hreeorge Chia.5 Itaipu Brazil/Paraguay uri eezuela 986 ucurui Brazil rad Coulee Wahigto SayaoShuhek uia Kraoyark uia Churchill Fall Caada La rade Caada Bratk uia PE r * g * H ol * eerator urbie : the water ma behid the dam i kg g: the acceleratio of gravity i m/ H: the water head i m. PE r : Potetial Eergy of reervoir i Joule (Watt ) ol: the volume of water i m 3 : the water deity i kg/m3. (At o C, = kg/m 3 ) Head Dicharge 8 Petock PE m* g * Head H e P w KE m* v KE t m * v t f * v P w : Power of water exitig the petock. m: ma of water eterig the petock. v: velocity of water H e :Effective head (actual head ad additioal compoet to accout for the preure eergy) f: flow of water d d A Petock P w m t vol AU t Power of water exitig petock 3 P w f U A* * U A: cro ectio of the petock water flow f vol t urbie blade urbie Curret Flow Kapla urbie for Low head Normal axi r

3 Fraci urbie urbie 3 weep area of turbie A A r weep area of turbie with icidet agle A echaical power of water exitig petock P w Pw Coefficiet of performace Cp C p Pm P A r co w A * * U 3 echaical power eterig turbie P m Pm C p A * * U r 4 3 Secod Law of hermodyamic eleaed heat hermal urbie Heat Source ( ) Q urbie Q Heat Sik ( ) 5 W Q Q W W ideal W Q 6 Stack Boiler hermal urbie eerator Coolig ower Codeer Pump Coal feede r Burer Body of water 7 8 3

4 odel Compoet Simplified odel urbie eerator AC 9 Automatic eeratio Cotrol (AC) AC Cotrol Actio Itroduced i the 5ie It i a major cotrol fuctio i cotrol ceter It ha everal fuctio ad work o differet time cale AC i decetralized Whe properly deiged ad tued, AC ca alway tabilize ad regulate the ytem beig cotrolled AC i maily power cotrol, ot voltage cotrol Primary cotrol actio: (Fat ad Automatic) Compeate for cotigecie (udde chage i load, lo of tramiio lie, etc.) Secodary cotrol actio (Slower) o atify operatioal coditio (lie flow, etc.) o help meet the ytem cotrait (thermal limit, etc.) Ecoomic dipatch (Slowet) o operate the geeratio uit to meet cheduled demad Load frequecy cotrol Dipatch eerve moitorig, Iterchage chedulig ACE cotrol.... AC Fuctio Objective of Load Frequecy Cotrol (LFC) o maitai the frequecy of the ytem (Stability) o maitai the et power iterchage with eighborig cotrol area (ACE) AC implemet LFC igal 3 4 4

5 Ecoomic Dipatch (ED) eeratig uit have differet cot of geeratio ED decide the geeratio level of each of thee uit that would meet the load at the miimum cot AC implemet the dipatch igal eerve oitorig () aitai eough reerve capacity to compeate for lo of geeratio or udde icreae i load Spiig reerve Already ychroized, eady to provide maximum power i miute No piig reerve eady i te of miutehour ED may limit the dipatched value he extra i a piig reerve AC implemet the igal 5 6 Iterchage chedulig (IS) he cotractual exchage of power betwee utilitie Calculatig the et iterchage (um of all the buy ad ale agreemet) Addig thi to the geeratio eeded i both the LFC ad ED AC implemet the IS igal Power Balace ad Spiig eerve 7 8 Eergy Balace Eergy Deficit i Power Pool Power Pool P g P l ie P export liep import ie lie P P g import P P l exp ort P P g import P P Aume P import = g l export Optio: educe P export. Icreae P g. Dicoectig ome load. hi i called rollig blackout. Fid aother utility that ca tramit the eeded power through other tramiio rout. l P export P P 9 3 5

6 Spiig eerve Pool argi () P g Power Pool P P l P P P P P g import l export ie lie P import P export ie lie P P P P P g import l exp ort P P P P P g import l exp ort 3 3 Chage i power commad C urbie odel Δ ΔP C urbie odel Δ ΔP Where: : overor time cotat : urbie time cotat Δ: overor gate opeig P C P Speed-Power elatiohip: Utable Coditio Speed-Power elatiohip: Stable Coditio Δ ΔP P Where i the peed droop or the egulatio cotat ΔP P P Utable Sytem ΔP ime ime P P Stable Sytem

7 Speed-Power elatiohip: Stable Coditio ΔP AC C Where: : urbie (geerator) peed : egulatio cotat P AC : Cotrol igal (from AC) P Steady State or Slow egulatio (Load Followig) P PAC At teady tate, ( ) Hece P P AC Steady State or Slow egulatio (Speed Sigal) Slope i P P AC i rad/w f Steady State or Slow egulatio (Frequecy igal) Slope i P P AC i Hz/W f Operatig poit 6Hz Operatig poit P P 39 4 Primary Cotrol (egulatio) P P Example =.5 Hz/W If frequecy chage from 6Hz59Hz, compute the chage i mechaical power without a chage i the AC igal Solutio P PAC f P f P.5 P W 4 4 7

8 egulatio Cotat () egulatio: Load icreae, peed decreae, the mechaical power icreae Load decreae, peed icreae, mechaical power decreae he regulatio factor i a importat parameter ad may require proper tuig. ood cotrol without exceive movemet of uit he larger the better P P P Secodary Cotrol (Dipatch, etc.) ultiachie P AC P AC he machie i oe pool may ot hare the regulated value equally. Some machie ca produce more power tha other Some machie are heavily loaded ad caot cotribute more P P P ultiachie ultiachie achie P P achie P P P P P AC AC f f If all machie are i the ame pool, Δf i the ame P P P AC P i ACi i i i f f i

9 Example hree geerator: =.5 Hz/W =.4 Hz/W 3 =. Hz/W. If total power P i to icreae by W, compute the cotributio of each geerator without ay chage i the AC igal i P f.5 f.69 Hz Solutio Pi f i i.4. f 49 5 Solutio P i P P P 3 f i.69 f 3.8 W.5.69 f 7. W.4.69 f 69 W. 3 eerator odel 5 5 otatig a otatig a - D - D Where: : Equivalet iertia of rotatig ma D: Dampig (frictio, widig reitace, tabilizer, etc.) D P P e

10 urbie-eerator odel Power Agle ΔP AC P D Speed of geerator E otor f d dt d dt Ifiite bu Power Equatio X Power Agle E f I E f E f Pe i X E f P e co K X ΔP AC C ( D) K P e ΔP AC Diturbace C C d P P P P e ( D) D K P e C PAC d urbie-eerator odel PAC d P P P K D 59 6

11 State Space odel E d B U A X X State variable Sytem parameter Cotrol igal Cotrol parameter Diturbace Diturbace parameter 6 State Space odel d P P K D P AC E d B U A X X 6 HW A ychroou geerator deliver. pu real power to a ifiite bu at a power factor of.9 laggig. he data of the ytem i give below: Sychroou reactace of the geerator i.8 pu Iductive reactace of the tramiio lie i. pu Equivalet iertia cotat i 9.6 Sytem dampig i. overor time cotat i. urbie time cotat i Speed droop i.8 pu Check the tability of the ytem Aume a AC igal of % i applied, imulate the output electrical power of the geerator 63