Light Electromagnetic Radiation
|
|
- Silvester Clark
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Biomedicinsk Optik Ljusutbredning i vävnad STEFAN ANDERSSON-ENGELS 1 Light Electromagnetic Radiation Soto Thompson, PhD Thesis,
2 Ionizing versus optical radiation Ionizing Radiation Optical Radiation Electron shell model Electron shell model h 1 h 2 Energy h 1 Molecular energy level diagram h 2 Energy Molecular energy level diagram 3 Light transport in tissue Tissue Light source s >> a Diffusion Absorption, a [m -1 ] Scattering, s [m -1 ] Scattering phase function 2
3 Absorption i vävnad Absorptionskoefficient (cm -1 ) Absorption Blod Vatten 5 Absorption i vävnad Absorptionskoefficient (cm -1 ) Spridning Absorption Blod Vatten 6 3
4 Mie Scattering Size of particles comparable or larger than the wavelength, Mie scattering predominates Because of the relative particle size, Mie scattering is not strongly wavelength dependent Forward directional scattering 7 Reduced Scattering Coefficient Useful for description of photon propagation in diffuse regime Example: g cos o ' (1 g) s mfp 1 1 mfp' s s ' s 0.10 s Each step involves isotropic scattering. Such a description is equivalent to description of photon movement using many small steps 1/µ s that each involve only a partial deflection angle 1 iso-scattering step = 1/(1-g) aniso-scattering steps 8 4
5 Light propagation in turbid media Incident Light Absorption Tissue Chromophores (absorbing molecules) Scattering elements (cells, organelles fibers, etc.) Scattering Light interaction volume UV Visible Red - NIR IR 5
6 Diffuse and specular reflectance Parallel polarisation Perpendicular polarisation Biomedicinsk Optik STEFAN ANDERSSON-ENGELS 12 6
7 Biomedicinsk Optik INNEHÅLL Introduktion och definitioner Ljusutredning i vävnad Diagnostiska Tillämpningar Behandlingstillämpningar 13 Nina Reistad Biomedicinsk Optik LJUSUTBREDNING I VÄVNAD BIOPHOTONICS@LUNDUNIVERSITY 14 7
8 Biomedical Optics 15 From clear liquid to diffuse media Cuvette filled with water. HeNe laser beam coming in from left Increase scattering by adding droplets of milk-like material. 16 8
9 Wavelength matters! 17 Hand exposed with red and green laser light 18 9
10 Ljuspropagering genom vävnad Röntgen Ljus (NIR) Markerad skugga Diffus skugga 19 Prediction and measurement of the light dose Aim: Understand the importance of optical measurements and dosimetry Provide a brief outline of light modelling Diffusion Monte Carlo simulations 20 10
11 Tissue Optics success Pulse oximetri Examples from internet 21 Interstitial illumination with a cylindrical light distributor ' 22 11
12 "Backscattering-balloon-based" Light distributor for PDT in the bronchi (Ranges; Length: mm. Diameter: 2-15 mm) Photo courtesy of Medlight SA 23 "Backscattering-balloon-based" Light distributor for PDT in the bronchi Photo courtesy of Medlight SA 24 12
13 Light modelling - simplifications necessary 25 Medical Laser Treatments Laser surgery Eye (Ar-ion, Nd:YAG, Excimer lasers) Dermatological (CO2, Dye, Ruby, Ar-ion lasers) General surgery (Nd:YAG, diode, CO2 lasers) Thermotherapy Photodynamic therapy Dosimetry is essential!! 26 13
14 Dosimetry Diagnostics 27 The transport equation a, s Radiance in Radiance absorbed Radiance out L e ( r, sˆ, t) t csˆ L c ( r) L s c ( r) s e 4 ( r, sˆ, t) e ( r, sˆ, t) c ( r) L p( sˆ' sˆ) L e a dv Radiance scattered from another direction to direction of interest e ( r, sˆ, t) Scattered to another direction ( r, sˆ', t) dsˆ' q( r, sˆ, t) 28 14
15 The Diffusion Equation! One can derive the Diffusion Eq. for 1. Many scattering event occur so the light becomes diffuse 2. A homogenous medium, that means that the diffusion coefficient D is constant 1 2 ( r, t) D c t ( r, t) ( r, t) a S ( r, t) Analytical or numerical (FEM) solutions Steady State Diffusion ( r ) 2 eff 2 ( r ) S ( r ) With the solution in a homogenous medium with a point source at S(r) =P δ(r=0) ( r) P 2 eff 4 a 1 r exp( eff r ) where eff 3 a ( a s (1 s s (1 g ) 1 D 3( a s (1 g )) g )) a 2 eff 30 15
16 Interstitial PDT geometry Question: How long is the treatment time to accomplish the treatment threshold of an absorbed dose of 20 Jcm -1 at a distance r = 0.8 cm? Tissue a = 0.1 cm -1 s = 10 cm -1 Optical fibre 160 mw r 1 Treated volume Guidelines for solution First, consider the solution to the steadystate diffusion equation as valid for this problem. P eff ( r) 4 a 2 1 exp( r eff r) with eff 3 a a s ( ') 16
17 Guidelines cont d (II) Secondly, consider the absorbed power density a(r) (mw/mm 3 ) to be: a( r) a ( r) Thirdly, the absorbed energy density A(r) depends on the treatment time T as A( r) T a( r) Insert all values in the equation: Computer Lab in MatLab 34 17
18 Absorption spectra Absorption of light in tissue is due to chromophores (= molecules absorbing light). The absorption probability is a material property that varies with the wavelength of light. tissue_abs.m (5% blood, 75% water and 15% fat) Absorption Coefficient (m -1 ) Tissue absorption vs oxygen saturation Sat=65% Sat=75% Sat=85% Absorption Coefficient (m -1 ) Tissue absorption vs water concentration Sat=65% Sat=75% Sat=85% Scattering spectra Scattering of light in tissue is due to changes in the refractive index on the microscopic scale. The scattering probability is a material property that varies with the wavelength of light. tissue_sca.m (a_rayleigh = 400, a_mie = 1900) 3000 Tissue scattering for Rayleigh and Mie scattering 2500 Tissue scattering for different sizes of scatterers Reduced Scattering Coefficient (m -1 ) Total scattering Rayleigh scattering Mie scattering Reduced Scattering Coefficient (m -1 ) b_mie=1 b_mie=1.5 b_mie=
19 Effective attenuation spectra The effective attenuation of light in tissue is due to both absorption and scattering properties, and thus is a material property that varies with the wavelength of light. tissue_mueff.m 2500 Tissue absorption Blood Conc=5% 2500 Tissue scattering Rayleigh strength = Tissue scattering Blood Sat=65% Mie strength = Water Conc=70% 2000 b-parameter = Absorption Coefficient (m -1 ) Lipid Conc=15% Reduced Scattering Coefficient (m -1 ) Effective Attenuation Coefficient (m -1 ) Fluence rate in an infinite medium The fluence rate at a distance from a source depends on the optical properties (= wavelength-dependent) and the distance from the source. CWinfinite.m (5% blood, 60% oxygen saturation, 65% water and 15% fat, a_rayleigh = 500, a_mie = 1000, b_mie = 1) Fluence rate as a function of wavelength and radial distance from point source 25 Fluence rate at various distances Radial distance (cm) Fluence Rate (Wm -2 ) mm 15 mm 20 mm
20 Source term in Diffusion 1. Where to place an isotropic source? 2. How to manage the boundary condition? 1. If we consider a pencil beam incident perpendicular on a semi-infinite volume of tissue, a useful source term in the diffusion equation would be en exponential decay from the surface. Incident light Intensity 1. Source term for narrow beam incident light To simplify the problem, we first assume that all the incident photons are initially scattered at a single depth of z (1 g 1 0 1/ s ' ) The reduced scattering coefficient s can be regarded as an effective isotropic scattering coefficient that represents the cumulative effect of several forward-scattering events. Thus, z o corresponds to an isotropic source at the depth of one reduced scattering coefficient s 20
21 Point source geometry 2. How to manage the boundary condition? Incident light z = -z o - z = 0 z = z o + (,z) z Fluence rate in a semi-infinite medium The fluence rate at a distance from a source depends on the optical properties (= wavelength-dependent), the distance from the source and the tissue boundary. CWsemi.m (5% blood, 65% oxygen saturation and 15% fat, a_rayleigh = 500, a_mie = 1000, b_mie = 1) Fluence rate spectrum as a function of wavelength at position (rho,z) 12 60% H2O Fluence Rate (Wm -2 ) % H2O 80% H2O Incident light - + (,z) z 42 21
22 Diffuse Reflectance from a semi-infinite medium Fluence Rate (Wm -2 ) The diffuse reflectance at a distance from a source depends on the optical properties (= wavelength-dependent), the distance from the source and the tissue boundary. CWsemi.m (5% blood, 65% oxygen saturation and 15% fat, a_rayleigh = 500, a_mie = 1000, b_mie = 1) Fluence rate spectrum as a function of wavelength at position (rho,z) 12 60% H2O 10 70% H2O % H2O Monte Carlo Simulations It is as the name implies a method that relies on random sampling of propagation variables from well defined probability distributions - throwing the dice The path length before a scattering or an absorption event occur The scattering angle length angle 44 22
23 Light transport in tissue Light source Path length Scattering direction Absorption Tissue Start MatLab Simulation 45 How each step is randomised W=W a s a y x W=W-W z s= -ln(1-r[0-1]) s =2R[0-1] 1-g p(cos)= 2(1+g -2gcos) a 2 2 3/
24 Thanks for the attention, Questions? 24
1931-3b. Preparatory School to the Winter College on Micro and Nano Photonics for Life Sciences. 4-8 February 2008
1931-3b Preparatory School to the Winter College on Micro and Nano Photonics for 4-8 February 2008 Fundamentals of laser-tissue interaction Imrana ASHRAF ZAHID Quaid-I-Azam University Pakistan Fundamentals
More informationThe mathematics of scattering and absorption and emission
The mathematics of scattering and absorption and emission The transmittance of an layer depends on its optical depth, which in turn depends on how much of the substance the radiation has to pass through,
More informationLaser Beam Interactions with Solids In absorbing materials photons deposit energy hc λ. h λ. p =
Laser Beam Interactions with Solids In absorbing materials photons deposit energy E = hv = hc λ where h = Plank's constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J s c = speed of light Also photons also transfer momentum p p
More informationApplication of IR Raman Spectroscopy
Application of IR Raman Spectroscopy 3 IR regions Structure and Functional Group Absorption IR Reflection IR Photoacoustic IR IR Emission Micro 10-1 Mid-IR Mid-IR absorption Samples Placed in cell (salt)
More informationQuantitative Biomedical Optics
Quantitative Biomedical Optics Theory, Methods, and Applications Irving J. Bigio Boston University Sergio Fantini Tufts University -^ CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Preface pag 1 Nomenclature l. I
More informationCHAPTER 7 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
161 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 7.1 SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT WORK Nonlinear optical materials are required in a wide range of important applications, such as optical
More informationDetermining how uncertainties in optical properties affect light dose calculations
Determining how uncertainties in optical properties affect light dose calculations Julia Sandell 1, Jarod Finlay, Timothy Zhu 1 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania Radiation Oncology, Hospital
More informationMCRT L10: Scattering and clarification of astronomy/medical terminology
MCRT L10: Scattering and clarification of astronomy/medical terminology What does the scattering? Shape of scattering Sampling from scattering phase functions Co-ordinate frames Refractive index changes
More informationFresnel Equations cont.
Lecture 11 Chapter 4 Fresnel quations cont. Total internal reflection and evanescent waves Optical properties of metals Familiar aspects of the interaction of light and matter Fresnel quations: phases
More informationLichtausbreitung in streuenden Medien: Prinzip und Anwendungsbeispiele
Lichtausbreitung in streuenden Medien: Prinzip und Anwendungsbeispiele Alwin Kienle 06.12.2013 Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik an der Universität Ulm Overview 1) Theory of
More informationSTOCHASTIC & DETERMINISTIC SOLVERS
STOCHASTIC & DETERMINISTIC SOLVERS Outline Spatial Scales of Optical Technologies & Mathematical Models Prototype RTE Problems 1-D Transport in Slab Geometry: Exact Solution Stochastic Models: Monte Carlo
More informationAnswers to questions on exam in laser-based combustion diagnostics on March 10, 2006
Answers to questions on exam in laser-based combustion diagnostics on March 10, 2006 1. Examples of advantages and disadvantages with laser-based combustion diagnostic techniques: + Nonintrusive + High
More informationMultiple-source optical diffusion approximation for a multilayer scattering medium
Multiple-source optical diffusion approximation for a multilayer scattering medium Joseph. Hollmann 1 and ihong V. Wang 1,2, * 1 Optical Imaging aboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
More informationIntroduction to Biomedical Engineering
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Biomedical optics II Kung-Bin Sung 1 Outline Chapter 17: Biomedical optics and lasers Fundamentals of light Light-matter interaction Optical imaging Optical sensing:
More informationElectromagnetic spectra
Properties of Light Waves, particles and EM spectrum Interaction with matter Absorption Reflection, refraction and scattering Polarization and diffraction Reading foci: pp 175-185, 191-199 not responsible
More informationLecture 06. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (4) Physical Processes in Lidar
Lecture 06. Fundamentals of Lidar Remote Sensing (4) Physical Processes in Lidar Physical processes in lidar (continued) Doppler effect (Doppler shift and broadening) Boltzmann distribution Reflection
More informationδf / δx = σ F (N 2 -N 1 ) ΔF~N 2 -N 1
LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation BASIC PROPERTIES O LASER RADIATION Spontaneous emission Incoherence in time Incoherence in space Polychromatic light Small energy density Non-polarized
More informationUniversity of Cyprus. Reflectance and Diffuse Spectroscopy
University of Cyprus Biomedical Imaging and Applied Optics Reflectance and Diffuse Spectroscopy Spectroscopy What is it? from the Greek: spectro = color + scope = look at or observe = measuring/recording
More informationLecture # 04 January 27, 2010, Wednesday Energy & Radiation
Lecture # 04 January 27, 2010, Wednesday Energy & Radiation Kinds of energy Energy transfer mechanisms Radiation: electromagnetic spectrum, properties & principles Solar constant Atmospheric influence
More informationA small object is placed a distance 2.0 cm from a thin convex lens. The focal length of the lens is 5.0 cm.
TC [66 marks] This question is about a converging (convex) lens. A small object is placed a distance 2.0 cm from a thin convex lens. The focal length of the lens is 5.0 cm. (i) Deduce the magnification
More informationSimulation of diffuse reflectance for characterisation of particle suspensions
Thomson, Kelly and Stoliarskaia, Daria and Tiernan-Vandermotten, Sarra and Lue, Leo and Chen, Yi-Chieh (2017) Simulation of diffuse reflectance for characterisation of particle suspensions. In: Optical
More informationLight propagation in structural anisotropic media in the steady-state and time domains
Light propagation in structural anisotropic media in the steady-state and time domains Alwin Kienle, Florian Foschum, Ansgar Hohmann Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Helmholtzstraße
More informationFrequency domain photon migration in the -P 1 approximation: Analysis of ballistic, transport, and diffuse regimes
Frequency domain photon migration in the -P 1 approximation: Analysis of ballistic, transport, and diffuse regimes J. S. You, 1,2 C. K. Hayakawa, 2 and V. Venugopalan 1,2,3, * 1 Department of Biomedical
More informationAn Introduction to: Light
An Introduction to: Light Created by Anna Opitz July 2007 Why is light important? Light allows us to see. Light carries information from our surroundings to our eyes and brain. Light enables us to communicate
More informationDepartment of Chemistry Physical Chemistry Göteborg University
Department of Chemistry Physical Chemistry Göteborg University &RQVWUXFWLRQRIDSXOVHGG\HODVHU 3OHDVHREVHUYHWKDWWKHVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQVRQSDJHPXVW EHIROORZHGRWKHUZLVHWKHUHLVDULVNRIH\HGDPDJH Renée Andersson -97,
More informationPhysics of Radiotherapy. Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter
Physics of Radiotherapy Lecture II: Interaction of Ionizing Radiation With Matter Charge Particle Interaction Energetic charged particles interact with matter by electrical forces and lose kinetic energy
More informationAtomic and Molecular Spectroscopy
Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy Molecular Applied Laser Spectroscopy GASMAS LIDAR Reading instructions: Section 10.2: Laser Remote Sensing and Applications (page 406 425) Section 10.5.4: Scattering Spectroscopy
More information-I (PH 6151) UNIT-V PHOTONICS AND FIBRE OPTICS
Engineering Physics -I (PH 6151) UNIT-V PHOTONICS AND FIBRE OPTICS Syllabus: Lasers Spontaneous and stimulated emission Population Inversion -Einstein s co-efficient (Derivation)- types of lasers-nd-yag,co
More informationLASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)
L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,
More informationRadiation in the atmosphere
Radiation in the atmosphere Flux and intensity Blackbody radiation in a nutshell Solar constant Interaction of radiation with matter Absorption of solar radiation Scattering Radiative transfer Irradiance
More informationDescription of radiation field
Description of radiation field Qualitatively, we know that characterization should involve energy/time frequency all functions of x,t. direction We also now that radiation is not altered by passing through
More informationVibrational Spectroscopies. C-874 University of Delaware
Vibrational Spectroscopies C-874 University of Delaware Vibrational Spectroscopies..everything that living things do can be understood in terms of the jigglings and wigglings of atoms.. R. P. Feymann Vibrational
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Information Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination Brandon Redding 1*, Michael A. Choma 2,3*, Hui Cao 1,4* 1 Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven,
More informationWhat do we study and do?
What do we study and do? Light comes from electrons transitioning from higher energy to lower energy levels. Wave-particle nature of light Wave nature: refraction, diffraction, interference (labs) Particle
More informationSPECTROSCOPY Basic concepts part 1
SPECTROSCOPY Basic concepts part 1 Spectroscopy is the science of spectra, i.e. it involves a measurement of a property that is a function of the frequency of the light Umeå 2006-04-10 Bo Karlberg Light
More informationLecture 14. Principles of active remote sensing: Lidars. Lidar sensing of gases, aerosols, and clouds.
Lecture 14. Principles of active remote sensing: Lidars. Lidar sensing of gases, aerosols, and clouds. 1. Optical interactions of relevance to lasers. 2. General principles of lidars. 3. Lidar equation.
More informationWhat Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationElectromagnetic fields and waves
Electromagnetic fields and waves Maxwell s rainbow Outline Maxwell s equations Plane waves Pulses and group velocity Polarization of light Transmission and reflection at an interface Macroscopic Maxwell
More informationFinal exam questions ED
Final exam questions ED 2015-2016 1. Radiation a) Properties and types of radiation b) Physical parameters of radiation 2. Law of attenuation of radiation a) Experimental interpretation of the law b) Forms
More informationSatellite remote sensing of aerosols & clouds: An introduction
Satellite remote sensing of aerosols & clouds: An introduction Jun Wang & Kelly Chance April 27, 2006 junwang@fas.harvard.edu Outline Principals in retrieval of aerosols Principals in retrieval of water
More informationChapter 7: Optical Properties of Solids. Interaction of light with atoms. Insert Fig Allowed and forbidden electronic transitions
Chapter 7: Optical Properties of Solids Interaction of light with atoms Insert Fig. 8.1 Allowed and forbidden electronic transitions 1 Insert Fig. 8.3 or equivalent Ti 3+ absorption: e g t 2g 2 Ruby Laser
More informationULTRAFAST LASER PULSE TRAIN RADIATION TRANSFER IN A SCATTERING-ABSORBING 3D MEDIUM WITH AN INHOMOGENEITY
Heat Transfer Research 46(9), 861 879 (2015) ULTRAFAST LASER PULSE TRAIN RADIATION TRANSFER IN A SCATTERING-ABSORBING 3D MEDIUM WITH AN INHOMOGENEITY Masato Akamatsu 1,* & Zhixiong Guo 2 1 Graduate School
More informationOptics in a Fish Tank Demonstrations for the Classroom
Optics in a Fish Tank Demonstrations for the Classroom Introduction: This series of demonstrations will illustrate a number of optical phenomena. Using different light sources and a tank of water, you
More informationImproved solutions of the steady-state and the time-resolved diffusion equations for reflectance from a semi-infinite turbid medium
246 J. Opt. Soc. Am. A/Vol. 14, No. 1/January 1997 A. Kienle and M. S. Patterson Improved solutions of the steady-state and the time-resolved diffusion equations for reflectance from a semi-infinite turbid
More informationOPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626
OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Announcements Homework #4 is assigned, due March 25 th Start discussion
More informationLecture 10. Lidar Effective Cross-Section vs. Convolution
Lecture 10. Lidar Effective Cross-Section vs. Convolution q Introduction q Convolution in Lineshape Determination -- Voigt Lineshape (Lorentzian Gaussian) q Effective Cross Section for Single Isotope --
More informationReview Article Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Optics
ISRN Biomedical Engineering Volume 2013, Article ID 464293, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/464293 Review Article Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Optics Macaveiu Gabriela Academic Center of Optical
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationInstructor: Welcome to. Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy. Fall How can we produce EM waves? Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation and Light
Welcome to Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy Fall 2007 Instructor: Andrei Sirenko Associate Professor at the Dept. of Physics, NJIT http://web.njit.edu/~sirenko 476 Tiernan Office hours: After the classes
More informationWhat are Lasers? Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASER Light emitted at very narrow wavelength bands (monochromatic) Light
What are Lasers? What are Lasers? Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LASER Light emitted at very narrow wavelength bands (monochromatic) Light emitted in a directed beam Light is coherenent
More informationLaser Physics OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS SIMON HOOKER COLIN WEBB. and. Department of Physics, University of Oxford
Laser Physics SIMON HOOKER and COLIN WEBB Department of Physics, University of Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The laser 1.2 Electromagnetic radiation in a closed cavity 1.2.1
More informationLASERS. Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam
LASERS Dr D. Arun Kumar Assistant Professor Department of Physical Sciences Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam General Objective To understand the principle, characteristics and types
More informationChanges in spectral shape of tissue optical properties in conjunction with laser-induced thermotherapy
Changes in spectral shape of tissue optical properties in conjunction with laser-induced thermotherapy Annika M. K. Nilsson, Christian Sturesson, David L. Liu, and Stefan Andersson-Engels We measured the
More informationChapter V: Cavity theories
Chapter V: Cavity theories 1 Introduction Goal of radiation dosimetry: measure of the dose absorbed inside a medium (often assimilated to water in calculations) A detector (dosimeter) never measures directly
More informationPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition
Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition iii v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Relevance for Climate and Weather........... 1 1.1.1 Solar Radiation.................. 2 1.1.2 Thermal Infrared
More informationThe Generation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses
The Generation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses The importance of bandwidth More than just a light bulb Two, three, and four levels rate equations Gain and saturation But first: the progress has been amazing!
More informationChapter 24 Photonics Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5
Chapter 24 Photonics Data throughout this chapter: e = 1.6 10 19 C; h = 6.63 10 34 Js (or 4.14 10 15 ev s); m e = 9.1 10 31 kg; c = 3.0 10 8 m s 1 Question 1 Visible light has a range of photons with wavelengths
More informationInteraction of charged particles and photons with matter
Interaction of charged particles and photons with matter Robert Miyaoka, Ph.D. Old Fisheries Center, Room 200 rmiyaoka@u.washington.edu Passage of radiation through matter depends on Type of radiation
More informationLecture 0. NC State University
Chemistry 736 Lecture 0 Overview NC State University Overview of Spectroscopy Electronic states and energies Transitions between states Absorption and emission Electronic spectroscopy Instrumentation Concepts
More information9/12/2011. Training Course Remote Sensing - Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods September 2011
Training Course Remote Sensing - Basic Theory & Image Processing Methods 19 23 September 2011 Introduction to Remote Sensing Michiel Damen (September 2011) damen@itc.nl 1 Overview Electro Magnetic (EM)
More information1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS
1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS 1. Introduction Types of electron emission, Dunnington s method, different types of spectra, Fraunhoffer
More informationFundamentals of Particle Counting
Fundamentals of Particle Counting 1 Particle Counting: Remains the most significant technique for determining the cleanliness level of a fluid Useful as a tool for qualification and monitoring cleanroom
More informationAn Introduction to Diffraction and Scattering. School of Chemistry The University of Sydney
An Introduction to Diffraction and Scattering Brendan J. Kennedy School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 1) Strong forces 2) Weak forces Types of Forces 3) Electromagnetic forces 4) Gravity Types
More informationOrder of Magnitude Astrophysics - a.k.a. Astronomy 111. Photon Opacities in Matter
1 Order of Magnitude Astrophysics - a.k.a. Astronomy 111 Photon Opacities in Matter If the cross section for the relevant process that scatters or absorbs radiation given by σ and the number density of
More informationMs. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior
By Ms. Monika Srivastava Doctoral Scholar, AMR Group of Dr. Anurag Srivastava ABV-IIITM, Gwalior Unit 2 Laser acronym Laser Vs ordinary light Characteristics of lasers Different processes involved in lasers
More informationUltrafast X-Ray-Matter Interaction and Damage of Inorganic Solids October 10, 2008
Ultrafast X-Ray-Matter Interaction and Damage of Inorganic Solids October 10, 2008 Richard London rlondon@llnl.gov Workshop on Interaction of Free Electron Laser Radiation with Matter Hamburg This work
More informationLecture 15: Optoelectronic devices: Introduction
Lecture 15: Optoelectronic devices: Introduction Contents 1 Optical absorption 1 1.1 Absorption coefficient....................... 2 2 Optical recombination 5 3 Recombination and carrier lifetime 6 3.1
More informationPhys 2310 Fri. Dec. 12, 2014 Today s Topics. Begin Chapter 13: Lasers Reading for Next Time
Phys 2310 Fri. Dec. 12, 2014 Today s Topics Begin Chapter 13: Lasers Reading for Next Time 1 Reading this Week By Fri.: Ch. 13 (13.1, 13.3) Lasers, Holography 2 Homework this Week No Homework this chapter.
More informationPHYSICS OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICS OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT PHYS/EATS 380 Winter 006 Notes Set 6 Ionospheric Electron Densities The D, E, F1 and F Layers With the advent of radio communication in the early part of the last century
More informationChapter 13. Phys 322 Lecture 34. Modern optics
Chapter 13 Phys 3 Lecture 34 Modern optics Blackbodies and Lasers* Blackbodies Stimulated Emission Gain and Inversion The Laser Four-level System Threshold Some lasers Pump Fast decay Laser Fast decay
More informationIn a metal, how does the probability distribution of an electron look like at absolute zero?
1 Lecture 6 Laser 2 In a metal, how does the probability distribution of an electron look like at absolute zero? 3 (Atom) Energy Levels For atoms, I draw a lower horizontal to indicate its lowest energy
More informationModel Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy
Model Answer (Paper code: AR-7112) M. Sc. (Physics) IV Semester Paper I: Laser Physics and Spectroscopy Section I Q1. Answer (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (c) (v) (a) (vi) (b) (vii) (b) (viii) (a) (ix)
More informationBackscattering enhancement of light by nanoparticles positioned in localized optical intensity peaks
Backscattering enhancement of light by nanoparticles positioned in localized optical intensity peaks Zhigang Chen, Xu Li, Allen Taflove, and Vadim Backman We report what we believe to be a novel backscattering
More informationOutline. December 14, Applications Scattering. Chemical components. Forward model Radiometry Data retrieval. Applications in remote sensing
in in December 4, 27 Outline in 2 : RTE Consider plane parallel Propagation of a signal with intensity (radiance) I ν from the top of the to a receiver on Earth Take a layer of thickness dz Layer will
More informationRichard Miles and Arthur Dogariu. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Richard Miles and Arthur Dogariu Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA Workshop on Oxygen Plasma Kinetics Sept 20, 2016 Financial support: ONR and MetroLaser
More informationPulse Oximetry. Signal du jour: pulse oximetry
1/18/017 Pulse Oximetry BIOEN 468/568 a.k.a. BIOEN 498F/599G January 017 Signal du jour: pulse oximetry Pulse oximeter Purpose: monitor blood oxygenation Variable type: chemical Sensor type: optical Tissue
More informationSupplementary Information
1 Supplementary Information 3 Supplementary Figures 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Supplementary Figure 1. Absorbing material placed between two dielectric media The incident electromagnetic wave propagates in stratified
More informationStructure of Biological Materials
ELEC ENG 3BA3: Structure of Biological Materials Notes for Lecture #19 Monday, November 22, 2010 6.5 Nuclear medicine imaging Nuclear imaging produces images of the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals
More informationModern optics Lasers
Chapter 13 Phys 322 Lecture 36 Modern optics Lasers Reminder: Please complete the online course evaluation Last lecture: Review discussion (no quiz) LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
More informationEstimation of Optical Properties of Normal and Diseased Tissue based on Diffuse Reflectance Spectral Model
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 21 Vol I WCE 21, June 3 - July 2, 21, London, U.K. Estimation of Optical Properties of Normal and Diseased Tissue based on Diffuse Reflectance Spectral
More informationDEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS
DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS OPTION I-2 MEDICAL IMAGING Reading Activity Answers IB Assessment Statements Option I-2, Medical Imaging: X-Rays I.2.1. I.2.2. I.2.3. Define
More informationX-ray induced singlet oxygen generation by. nanoparticle-photosensitizer conjugates for. photodynamic therapy: determination of singlet
X-ray induced singlet oxygen generation by nanoparticle-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy: determination of singlet oxygen quantum yield Sandhya Clement 1, Wei Deng 1, Elizabeth Camilleri
More informationME 476 Solar Energy UNIT TWO THERMAL RADIATION
ME 476 Solar Energy UNIT TWO THERMAL RADIATION Unit Outline 2 Electromagnetic radiation Thermal radiation Blackbody radiation Radiation emitted from a real surface Irradiance Kirchhoff s Law Diffuse and
More informationAbsorption spectrometry summary
Absorption spectrometry summary Rehearsal: Properties of light (electromagnetic radiation), dual nature light matter interactions (reflection, transmission, absorption, scattering) Absorption phenomena,
More informationTutorial on Biomedical Optics
007, LV WANG Tutorial on Biomedical Optics Lihong V. Wang, PhD Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis Presented at IMI Workshop Montreal,
More informationLecture 2: principles of electromagnetic radiation
Remote sensing for agricultural applications: principles and methods Lecture 2: principles of electromagnetic radiation Instructed by Prof. Tao Cheng Nanjing Agricultural University March Crop 11, Circles
More informationOrganic Electronic Devices
Organic Electronic Devices Week 4: Organic Photovoltaic Devices Lecture 4.2: Characterizing Device Parameters in OPVs Bryan W. Boudouris Chemical Engineering Purdue University 1 Lecture Overview and Learning
More information1. Transition dipole moment
1. Transition dipole moment You have measured absorption spectra of aqueous (n=1.33) solutions of two different chromophores (A and B). The concentrations of the solutions were the same. The absorption
More informationNeutron Interactions Part I. Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics Y2.5321
Neutron Interactions Part I Rebecca M. Howell, Ph.D. Radiation Physics rhowell@mdanderson.org Y2.5321 Why do we as Medical Physicists care about neutrons? Neutrons in Radiation Therapy Neutron Therapy
More informationTechnical University of Denmark
Technical University of Denmark Page 1 of 10 pages Written test, 12 December 2012 Course name: Introduction to medical imaging Course no. 31540 Aids allowed: None. Pocket calculator not allowed "Weighting":
More informationEngineering Medical Optics BME136/251 Winter 2017
Engineering Medical Optics BME136/251 Winter 2017 Monday/Wednesday 2:00-3:20 p.m. Beckman Laser Institute Library, MSTB 214 (lab) Teaching Assistants (Office hours: Every Tuesday at 2pm outside of the
More informationWIDE-BANDWIDTH TIME OF FLIGHT SPECTROSCOPY OF TURBID MEDIA
WIDE-BANDWIDTH TIME OF FLIGHT SPECTROSCOPY OF TURBID MEDIA Master s Thesis By Arman Ahamed Subash Lund University ABSTRACT Wide bandwidth time-of-flight spectrometer (TOFS) developed in the Group of Biophotonics,
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Radiation Can be described by means of a classical sinusoidal wave model. Oscillating electric and magnetic field. (Wave model) wavelength,
More information1. The most important aspects of the quantum theory.
Lecture 5. Radiation and energy. Objectives: 1. The most important aspects of the quantum theory: atom, subatomic particles, atomic number, mass number, atomic mass, isotopes, simplified atomic diagrams,
More informationMonte Carlo Sampling
Monte Carlo Sampling Sampling from PDFs: given F(x) in analytic or tabulated form, generate a random number ξ in the range (0,1) and solve the equation to get the randomly sampled value X X ξ = F(x)dx
More informationInteraction theory Photons. Eirik Malinen
Interaction theory Photons Eirik Malinen Introduction Interaction theory Dosimetry Radiation source Ionizing radiation Atoms Ionizing radiation Matter - Photons - Charged particles - Neutrons Ionizing
More informationQuantitative in vivo measurements of blood oxygen saturation using multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging
Quantitative in vivo measurements of blood oxygen saturation using multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging J. Laufer, E. Zhang, P. Beard Department of Medical Physics & Bioengineering, University College
More informationTechnical University of Denmark
Technical University of Denmark Page 1 of 11 pages Written test, 9 December 2010 Course name: Introduction to medical imaging Course no. 31540 Aids allowed: none. "Weighting": All problems weight equally.
More informationA faster, more accurate way of characterizing cube beamsplitters using the Agilent Cary 7000 Universal Measurement Spectrophotometer (UMS)
A faster, more accurate way of characterizing cube beamsplitters using the Agilent Cary 7000 Universal Measurement Spectrophotometer (UMS) Application note Materials Authors Travis Burt, Chris Colley,
More informationMonte Carlo Methods:
Short Course on Computational Monte Carlo Methods: Fundamentals Shuang Zhao Assistant Professor Computer Science Department University of California, Irvine Shuang Zhao 1 Teaching Objective Introducing
More information