Fusion activities at Euratom-CEA Association Th. Salmon

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1 Fusion activities at Association Th. Salmon Fusion: what & why? A short fusion history Fusion challenges Fusion research in France Fusion Technology Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 1

2 Fusion activities at Association Fusion: what & why? To very high temperatures (typically several million degrees!), the ingredients of of the atom separate, kernels and electrons move around independently and form a globally neutral mixture: a plasma. what Most effective fusion process involves deuterium (heavy hydrogen) and tritium (super heavy hydrogen) heated to to above 100 million C : Plasma in fusion: specimen A : strong growth B : moderate growth C : ecologic scenario : Averaged summer temperatures Model why Very hot Cool Model averaged over 50 years Very cold Measurements Raw fuels are water and lithium: - one in in every 6,700 H2O molecules is ish-d-o; easy to to extract deuterium from water - tritium will be generated in in the walls of of a fusion reactor: neutron (from fusion) + lithium tritium + helium While a 1 GW coal power station would use 10,000 tonnes of of coal a day, a fusion power station would only use 1 Kg of of D + T Clive Cookson (Financial Times) :: Even if if runs well over budget, its its spending is is unlikely to to exceed $1bn a year. That would be be a small price to to pay even for for a 20% chance of of giving the world another energy option Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 2

3 Association Thomson & Blackman: patent for a fusion reactor (UK 1946) Diagram of the Kurchatov Institute s T1 tokamak (Russia 1968) Einstein finds E=mc2 (1905) Capel B (CEA 1966) Aston measures the "mass defect" in helium (1920) Fusion Fusion activities -CEA Association activities at at Euratom Association A A short short fusion fusion history history TFR Tokamak (1975) From 1973 to 1976 reached temperatures of 2 kev (~20millon K) (CEA) Cadarache, 4th june 2008 Tore Supra One of the largest tokamak in the world. Its main features are its superconducting toroidal magnets and its actively cooled first wall. Tore Supra is specialized to the study of physics and technology dedicated to long plasma discharge. (CEA) A joint international research and development project that aims to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power DEMO (the next step ) (Th. Salmon) Page 3

4 Association Fusion Fusion activities -CEA Association activities at at Euratom Association Fusion Fusion challenges challenges Challenges for physics & technology: 54 modules of 12t Remote handling Ashes (extraction & pumping), plasma facing components Magnets Breeding blanket and structural materials Plasma α heating steady-state fusion power plant CFC NB31monoblock tiles brazed on Ti on Glidcop tube + W flat tiles then EB welded on Glidcop CFC : 20 MW/m2 x 2000 cycles W : 15 MW/m2 x 1000 cycles (1) (1): :Deuterium-tritium Deuterium-tritiumfuel fuelmixture mixtureisisinjected injected (2) (2): :D-T D-Tgoes goesinto intoaaplasma plasmastate stateand andburns burns (3) : in doing so, the reactor produces (3) : in doing so, the reactor producesash ashand andenergy energy (4) (4): :kinetic kineticenergy energyofofneutrons, neutrons,is, is,converted convertedinto intoheat heatininthe thebreeding breedingblanket blanket (5) (5): :the theheat heatisisused usedtotoproduce produceelectricity electricity Cadarache, 4th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 4

5 Fusion activities at Association Fusion research in France Supported by Euratom Support to to Fusion Emerging technology program for DEMO & future power plants JET program Tore Supra facility program: Tore Supra is is today the only facility in in the world that enables long pulses at at high energy Broader Approach W7X Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 5

6 Association Fusion Fusion activities -CEA Association activities at at Euratom Association Fusion Fusion research research in in France France te or pp u S d by m to ra Eu Focus Focus on on CEA s CEA s facility: facility: Tore Tore Supra Supra tokamak tokamak World World record record (2003): (2003): 66 min min at at three times the temperature of the three times the temperature of the center center of of the the sun sun (1GJ (1GJ in in the the plasma ) plasma ) Cadarache, 4th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 6

7 Fusion activities at Association Fusion Technology Supported by Euratom Model coil (toroidal magnet) SupraConducting Magnets Development Nb 3 Sn Strand Plasma Facing Components Divertor CuCrZr/SS thermal fatigue tests Leaks modelling (cryostat) Safety Studies Detritiation techniques Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 7

8 Fusion activities at Association Fusion Technology Supported by Euratom Articuled Inspection Arm Remote Handling Divertor s modules RH Breeding Blankets Manufacturing techniques Design Irradiation tests (Eurofer) Materials SiC/SiC modelling Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 8

9 Fusion activities at Association why Issue Today's expts. IFM IF DEM O* Phase 1 DEM O* Phase 2 Power Plant Power (MWth) Burn duration (s) disruption avoidance 2 3 C R R steady-state operation r r divertor perform ance 2 3 R R R burning plasm a Q>10 3 R R R power plant plasm a perform ance 1 3 C R R T self-sufficiency 1 3 R R m aterials characterisation 3 R R R plasm a-facing surface lifetim e R FW /blanket/divertor m aterials lifetim e R FW /blanket components lifetim e R NB/RF heating system s perform ance 1 3 R R R electricity generation at high availability 1 3 R superconducting m achine 2 3 R R R tritium issues 1 3 R R R rem ote handling 2 3 R R R Key: 1 W ill help to resolve the issue 2 May resolve the issue 3 Should resolve the issue C Confirm ation of resolution needed r Solution is desirable R Solution is a requirem ent * Risks would be reduced and options expanded by operating several alternative DEMO plants in parallel Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 9

10 Fusion activities at Association what Main parameters Height 24 m Width 30 m Plasma Major Radius 6.2 m Plasma Minor Radius 2.0 m Plasma Current 15.0 MA Toroidal Field on Axis 5.3 T Burn Flat Top >400 s Power Amplification >10 Tore Supra 25 m 3 ~ 0 MW 0% JET 80 m 3 ~16 MW th 10% 830 m 3 ~ 500 MW th 70% Reactor ~ m 3 ~ MW th 80-90% Diagnostics Self heating Plasma Magnets «CS coil weighs about 840 t, and is about 12 m high and 4 m in diameter» Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 10

11 Fusion activities at Association Current participants to to : European Union (represented by EURATOM), Japan, Republic of China, India, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, USA. Construction costs of of are estimated at at five billion Euro over 10 years, and another five billion Euros are foreseen for the 20-year operation period. The contributions of of the Parties will for the largest part consist of of components for the machine, so-called in in kind contributions. Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 11

12 Fusion activities at Association international IO In Kind: 90% Procurement package In cash: 10% Furniture agreement Furnitures agreements Contract: Study contract Grant Contract: Supply contract Procurement DomesticDA Agency 1 Domestic Agencies DA 2,,n Research institute Industry Consortium Industry Research institute Consortium Industry Research institute CEA & project Expertise in long pulse on a supraconducting facility (Tore Supra tokamak) Diagnostics (IR, ) Plasma facing components Vacuum vessel Remote Handling Safety Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 12

13 Fusion activities at Association Organisation Projet : Au niveau Français Représentant auprès du Gouvernement Coordination au niveau gouvernemental et suivi des actions Représentation de la France dans l Organisation, et dans les Comités Européens concernés CEA /Agence France Agence technique et financière Rassembler la contribution française Préparation du site Missions par délégation de l ILE Débat Public Démarches réglementaires Interface technique avec L organisation L ELE Démantèlement Coordination des Services de l Etat en région PACA Equipe auprès du Préfet École internationale Maîtrise du foncier Adaptation de routes Adaptation des ports Action économique PACA Préparer l industrie française Faciliter les relations entre l industrie locale et les industriels internationaux Mission scientifique Coordination de la Recherche française et de l enseignement supérieur : Création d une Fédération CEA, CNRS, Universités Coordination avec Euratom et les programmes internationaux Mission industrielle Faciliter l accès à l information pour les industriels et promotion de partenariats Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 13

14 Fusion activities at Association Equatorial port 01 Batch 11 Upper port 01 Queusot supérieur 14 Batch 1 Batch 11 Equatorial port 01 : Radial Neutron Camera Infra-Red Bolometry Divertor impurety monitor Diag. MSE Visible infra-red on tree other ports : Port 03, 09 (resp. ) Port 12 (resp. ) Batch 1 Upper port 01 : Reflectometry Divertor impurety monitor Activation system Upper port 14 : Reflectometry Endoscope Vis-IR X-ray Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 14

15 Fusion activities at Association Excavate ~2 million m3 Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 15

16 The first deployments in TORE SUPRA Double Clic on the picture to start First complete deployment of the robot inside the plasma vessel of Tore Supra in atmospheric conditions Cadarache, 4 th june 2008 (Th. Salmon) Page 16