THE HIGGS BOSON WINDOW ON THE BIG BANG.
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1 THE HIGGS BOSON WINDOW ON THE BIG BANG
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3 Science 21 Dec 2012 BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR
4 Science 21 Dec 2012 BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR
5 Higgs Boson What is the Higgs Boson? Why is it important? What was its role in the early universe (the Big Bang)?
6 Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding Edwin Powell Hubble ( )
7 Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding Edwin Powell Hubble ( ) 1929
8 Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding First evidence that Universe began with a Big Bang Edwin Powell Hubble ( ) 1929
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10 Universe s Glow in Microwaves discovered in 1965 predicted following Hubble s discovery confirmed early universe of Big Bang
11 Big Bang
12 Big Bang
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15 Particles and Forces interactions
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21 flea
22 flea fairy fly
23 Forces interactions 1850 Gravity Electricity Magnetism
24 Are Forces Related? Forces interactions 1850 Gravity Electricity Magnetism
25 Are Forces Related? Forces interactions 1864 Unified theory Electromagnetism Light (photons) { Gravity Electricity Magnetism J.C. Maxwell
26 Are Forces Related? 1864 Unified theory Electromagnetism Light (photons) Forces interactions Gravity Electromagnetism J.C. Maxwell
27 Are Forces Related? Forces interactions Early 20th Century Gravity Electromagnetism
28 Are Forces Related? { Einstein worked for years on a unified theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity UNSUCCESSFULLY Forces interactions Early 20th Century Gravity Electromagnetism Albert Einstein
29 Are Forces Related? 1950 Forces interactions Gravity Electromagnetism Weak Nuclear Strong Nuclear
30 Are Forces Related? Forces interactions Gravity Electromagnetism Weak Nuclear Strong Nuclear { Electroweak
31 Are Forces Related? Anticipated - discovery of the Higgs Boson at accelerators Forces interactions Gravity Electromagnetism Weak Nuclear Strong Nuclear { Electroweak P. Higgs
32 Are Forces Related? Are all forces related? New particles would be involved in any unification Forces interactions { Gravity Electromagnetism Electroweak Weak Nuclear Strong Nuclear
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34 Indirect evidence of Higgs Before the LHC Since the Higgs boson interacts with fundamental particles (in theory) experiments 2005 can detect indirect evidence for it and measure its mass 2005 Z Z
35 Indirect evidence of Higgs Before the LHC Since the Higgs boson interacts with fundamental particles (in theory) experiments 2005 can detect indirect evidence for it and measure its mass 2005 Z Z
36 Indirect evidence for Higgs Before the LHC pre-lhc experiments find MH = GeV (assuming Standard Model) Theory uncertainty (5) had = ± ± incl. low Q 2 data Excluded m H [GeV]
37 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland
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46 Large Hadron Collider
47 Large Hadron Collider 17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground
48 Large Hadron Collider 17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground Proton beams of particles circulate in both directions
49 Large Hadron Collider 17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground Proton beams of particles circulate in both directions 1600 SuperC 8.3 Tesla Temp= 2 K 10,000 MegaJoules stored energy
50 Large Hadron Collider 17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground Proton beams of particles circulate in both directions 1600 SuperC 8.3 Tesla Temp= 2 K 10,000 MegaJoules stored energy 600,000,000 collisions per second at 14,000,000,000,000 evolts
51 Large Hadron Collider 17 mile circumference main ring 300 feet underground Proton beams of particles circulate in both directions 1600 SuperC 8.3 Tesla Temp= 2 K 10,000 MegaJoules stored energy 600,000,000 collisions per second at 14,000,000,000,000 evolts So far at 7 and 8,000,000,000,000 ev (7, 8 TeV)
52 Large Hadron Collider Proton beam stores 700 MegaJoules equiv. to 747 energy on take-off enough to melt 1/2 ton copper
53 UO Group Worked on Search for the Higgs Boson at LHC
54 UO Group Worked on Search for the Higgs Boson at LHC Higgs Boson is VERY HEAVY
55 UO Group Worked on Search for the Higgs Boson at LHC Higgs Boson is VERY HEAVY Equivalent to 133 Hydrogen atoms
56 UO Group Worked on Search for the Higgs Boson at LHC Higgs Boson is VERY HEAVY Equivalent to 133 Hydrogen atoms or one Cesium atom
57 UO Group Worked on Search for the Higgs Boson at LHC Higgs Boson is VERY HEAVY Equivalent to 133 Hydrogen atoms or one Cesium atom 126,000,000,000 ev = 126 GeV
58 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
59 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC slow motion Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
60 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC slow motion Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
61 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC slow motion E=mc 2 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
62 Search for the Higgs Boson at the LHC slow motion E=mc 2 or Energy equals Mass Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
63 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
64 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
65 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
66 Producing the Higgs Boson at the LHC Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
67 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
68 July 4, 2012 The experiments ATLAS and CMS announced evidence for the Higgs Boson Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
69 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
70 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
71 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
72 July 4, 2012 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
73 July 4, 2012 ATLAS Collaboration, including UO Group, Announced Discovery
74 July 4, 2012
75 July 4, 2012 Peter Higgs
76 Fabiola Gianotti (CERN), representing the ATLAS Collaboration July 4, 2012 slide 44
77 Five Sigma Confidence
78 Five Sigma Confidence Five sigma is the threshold particle physics requires for DISCOVERY (very high standard)
79 Five Sigma Confidence Five sigma is the threshold particle physics requires for DISCOVERY (very high standard) THEN, randomness could produce the same result ONLY once in 3.5 million times
80 Five Sigma Confidence Five sigma is the threshold particle physics requires for DISCOVERY (very high standard) THEN, randomness could produce the same result ONLY once in 3.5 million times Example - flip coin 22 times and heads EVERY time
81 Five Sigma Confidence Five sigma is the threshold particle physics requires for DISCOVERY (very high standard) THEN, randomness could produce the same result ONLY once in 3.5 million times Example - flip coin 22 times and heads EVERY time possible, but very unlikely for normal coin
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84 ATLAS Detector Weight tons
85 July 4, 2012 Evidence for the Higgs Boson that ATLAS and CMS resulted from: Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
86 July 4, 2012 Evidence for the Higgs Boson that ATLAS and CMS resulted from: 1 in 1,000,000,000,000 collisions appear to produce two photons from a new particle data collected in 2011 and early 2012 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
87 Peter Higgs (1929- ) What is the Higgs Boson? Satyendra Nath Bose ( ) Text
88 Peter Higgs (1929- ) What is the Higgs Boson? Theory postulated in 1964 Text Satyendra Nath Bose ( ) by P. Higgs, R. Brout, F. Englert, G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and T. W. B. Kibble
89 Peter Higgs (1929- ) What is the Higgs Boson? Theory postulated in 1964 historical era Text Satyendra Nath Bose ( ) by P. Higgs, R. Brout, F. Englert, G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and T. W. B. Kibble The Beatles arrive in USA, Kennedy Airport, Feb 1964
90 Peter Higgs (1929- ) What is the Higgs Boson? Theory postulated in 1964 historical era Text Satyendra Nath Bose ( ) by P. Higgs, R. Brout, F. Englert, G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and T. W. B. Kibble The Beatles arrive in USA, Kennedy Airport, Feb 1964 President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act, July, 1964
91 Peter Higgs (1929- ) What is the Higgs Boson? Theory postulated in 1964 historical era Text Satyendra Nath Bose ( ) by P. Higgs, R. Brout, F. Englert, G. S. Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, and T. W. B. Kibble The Beatles arrive in USA, Kennedy Airport, Feb 1964 President Johnson signs Civil Rights Act, July, 1964 Mad Men, AMC
92 Higgs Boson Higgs bosons carry no spin - unique! Distributed throughout space, they create a Higgs condensate - a pure vacuum with energy This very stable vacuum field results from the mutual interactions of Higgs bosons To make them visible we must create a disturbance in the uniform Higgs field
93 The Higgs Boson is Different The Higgs is both force and matter particle Particle properties unique to known fundamental particles - spinless Possible key to unity of forces and the underpinnings of the universe Could be the first discovered member of a new form of matter (scalars)
94 The Higgs Field
95 The Higgs Field Familiar fields Earth s gravity Magnetism
96 The Higgs Field Familiar fields graviton photon Earth s gravity Magnetism
97 The Higgs Field Familiar fields graviton photon Earth s gravity Magnetism The Higgs is both a field and a particle
98 Peter Higgs Higgs Boson Theory Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout
99 Peter Higgs Higgs Boson Theory Higgs field fills the universe Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout
100 Peter Higgs Higgs Boson Theory Higgs field fills the universe Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout Interacts with fundamental particles to give them mass
101 Peter Higgs Higgs Boson Theory Higgs field fills the universe Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout Interacts with fundamental particles to give them mass Separates electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force photon remains massless
102 Jim Brau U. Oregon, Eugene October 29, 2012
103 Why is the Higgs Important? PARTICLE PHYSICS It gives mass to the fundamental particles of Nature quarks, leptons, fundamental bosons,... without mass electrons would zip along at the speed of light and atoms would not form It produces differences in the fundamental forces electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force
104 Why is the Higgs Important? COSMOLOGY
105 Why is the Higgs Important? COSMOLOGY Big Bang produced massless particles 13.8 billion years ago
106 Why is the Higgs Important? COSMOLOGY Big Bang produced massless particles 13.8 billion years ago Higgs field appeared everywhere
107 Why is the Higgs Important? COSMOLOGY Big Bang produced massless particles 13.8 billion years ago Higgs field appeared everywhere Universe expanded and cooled
108 Why is the Higgs Important? COSMOLOGY Big Bang produced massless particles 13.8 billion years ago Higgs field appeared everywhere Universe expanded and cooled Fundamental particles of Nature, initially massless, acquired mass from the Higgs field
109 Why is the Higgs Important? COSMOLOGY Big Bang produced massless particles 13.8 billion years ago Higgs field appeared everywhere Universe expanded and cooled Fundamental particles of Nature, initially massless, acquired mass from the Higgs field Particles slowed, bunched up and eventually formed atoms, and atoms formed...
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112 What is Matter?
113 What is Matter?
114 What is Matter?
115 What is Matter?
116 What is Matter?
117 What is Matter? all Atomic composed of quarks and leptons
118 We know galaxies are surrounded by dark halos of mysterious, unidentified stuff (dark matter).
119 We know galaxies are surrounded by dark halos of mysterious, unidentified stuff (dark matter). Expectedbased on stellar mass
120 We know galaxies are surrounded by dark halos of mysterious, unidentified stuff (dark matter). Expectedbased on stellar mass Vera Rubin 1950s Observedreveals invisible ( dark ) mass
121 This pie represents all the stuff in the universe
122 This pie represents all the stuff in the universe 4% Atoms
123 The Matter Crisis not enough matter (atomic or dark matter) to make-up known stuff of the Universe This pie represents all the stuff in the universe 4% Atoms
124 Acceleration Component called Dark Energy
125 Acceleration Component called Dark Energy Solves Matter Crisis The dominant stuff of the universe is dark matter and dark energy 4% Atoms
126 The Dark Side Controls the Universe
127 The Dark Side Controls the Universe Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER
128 The Dark Side Controls the Universe Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY
129 The Dark Side Controls the Universe Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY Dark Matter is strange! Dark Energy stranger?
130 Linear Collider electron-positron collider
131 Linear Collider electron-positron collider FUTURE Offers more precise studies of Higgs and other possible new physics World-wide collaboration (including UO team) has developed the technology Ready to start construction
132 LHC / ILC comparison
133 Higgstrahlung at ILC
134 Higgstrahlung at ILC Controlled production of the Higgs boson
135 Higgstrahlung at ILC Controlled production of the Higgs boson Tag events looking only at the Z (independent of behavior of the Higgs - then look at the Higgs
136 Higgstrahlung at ILC Controlled production of the Higgs boson Tag events looking only at the Z (independent of behavior of the Higgs - then look at the Higgs Is Higgs consistent with Standard Model, or not?
137 Higgstrahlung at ILC
138 Higgstrahlung at ILC ~ ~ ~ ~ pe + pe = pz + ph (4 vectors => E and p)
139 Higgstrahlung at ILC ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ pe + pe = pz + ph (4 vectors => E and p) ~ ~ ph = pe + pe - pz => ph 2 = MH 2 = (pe + pe - pz) 2 ~ ~ ~
140 Higgstrahlung at ILC ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ pe + pe = pz + ph (4 vectors => E and p) ~ ~ ph = pe + pe - pz => ph 2 = MH 2 = (pe + pe - pz) 2 ~ ~ ~
141 Higgs boson decays Standard Model Prediction
142 Hierarchy Problem
143 Hierarchy Problem Mass of the Higgs boson is affected by radiative corrections (very large)
144 Hierarchy Problem Mass of the Higgs boson is affected by radiative corrections (very large) relation for Higgs mass: mh 2 = bare mass 2 + (R.C.) 2
145 Hierarchy Problem Mass of the Higgs boson is affected by radiative corrections (very large) relation for Higgs mass: mh 2 = bare mass 2 + (R.C.) 2 New physics needed to keep mass small (125 GeV) by canceling R.C.
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147 Possible solutions to Hierarchy Problem Supersymmetry new particles truncate radiative corrections Extra dimensions motivated by string theory Composite Higgs not fundamental scalar - rather, composite particle new force, eg. Technicolor, binds heavy particles into Higgs boson
148 Are there any practical applications?
149 J.J. Thomson Credit: American Institute of Physics
150 J.J. Thomson - Electron Credit: American Institute of Physics
151 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Speaking in 1934 Credit: American Institute of Physics
152 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small Speaking in 1934 From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics copyright J. Arthur Rank Organization, Ltd., Credit: American Institute of Physics
153 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? -- Speaking in 1934 From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics copyright J. Arthur Rank Organization, Ltd., Credit: American Institute of Physics
154 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? -- which itself is so small Speaking in 1934 From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics copyright J. Arthur Rank Organization, Ltd., Credit: American Institute of Physics
155 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? -- which itself is so small that a crowd of these atoms equal in number to the population of the whole world Speaking in 1934 From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics copyright J. Arthur Rank Organization, Ltd., Credit: American Institute of Physics
156 J.J. Thomson, On 1897 Discovery Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen? -- which itself is so small that a crowd of these atoms equal in number to the population of the whole world would be too small to have been detected by any means then known to science. Speaking in 1934 From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics copyright J. Arthur Rank Organization, Ltd., Credit: American Institute of Physics
157 Summary: Higgs Boson: Window on the Big Bang Higgs boson aims to explain mysteries of physics and early universe Higgs boson-like particle discovered in 2012 by large, international collaborations at the LHC in Switzerland (including strong UO team) Detailed properties of new particle will be measured in more detail to determine its full nature LHC experiments search for more - eg. Dark Matter Future - International Linear Collider
158 Acknowledgements RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY Department of Energy OFFICE OF SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Philip H. Knight Acknowledgement: images from
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