What is the HIGGS BOSON and why does physics need it?
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1 What is the HIGGS BOSON and why does physics need it? Stephen Naculich, Department of Physics Uncommon Hour Talk, May 3, 2013
2 THE HIGGS BOSON 1964: new particle predicted by Peter Higgs
3 THE HIGGS BOSON 1964: new particle predicted by Peter Higgs July 4, 2012: announcement of Higgs boson discovery at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN
4 WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG?
5 WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG? mean life: 0.16 zeptoseconds (1 zs = s) mass: 133 times the mass of the proton
6 WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG? mean life: 0.16 zeptoseconds (1 zs = s) mass: 133 times the mass of the proton The Higgs boson is created by the conversion of the kinetic energy of colliding protons into the mass energy of the Higgs (KE mc 2 ) p p v v
7 WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG? mean life: 0.16 zeptoseconds (1 zs = s) mass: 133 times the mass of the proton The Higgs boson is created by the conversion of the kinetic energy of colliding protons into the mass energy of the Higgs (KE mc 2 ) p p v v At the LHC, the protons have speed v = c
8 THE TUNNEL
9 THE BEAMPIPE: containing the beam
10 SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS: bending the beam
11 1000 TRILLION COLLISIONS
12 THE DETECTORS: needle in a haystack
13 THE DETECTORS: needle in a haystack
14 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
15 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Leptons Quarks Vector bosons
16 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Leptons Quarks Three quarks for Muster Mark!" Vector bosons James Joyce, Finnegans Wake
17 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Leptons e Quarks u,d Vector bosons
18 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Leptons e Quarks u,d Vector bosons p = uud n = udd
19 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Leptons e µ Quarks u,d s Vector bosons p = uud n = udd
20 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) Leptons e µ Quarks u,d s Vector bosons
21 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) Leptons Quarks e u,d cosmic rays µ 1940 s s Vector bosons
22 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) Leptons Quarks e u,d cosmic rays accelerators µ τ 1940 s 1970 s s c b Vector bosons
23 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) Leptons Quarks Vector bosons e u,d cosmic rays accelerators µ τ 1940 s 1970 s 1995 s c b t 1983 W,Z
24 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) ν,ν,ν Leptons Quarks γ, g Vector bosons e u,d cosmic rays accelerators µ τ 1940 s 1970 s 1995 s c b t 1983 W,Z
25 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) ν,ν,ν e Leptons cosmic rays accelerators µ τ 1940 s 1970 s 1995 u,d s c b Quarks 1983 γ, g W,Z Vector bosons Why do these particles have such a wide range of masses? t
26 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) ν,ν,ν Leptons Quarks e u,d cosmic rays γ, g W,Z Vector bosons Why do these particles have such a wide range of masses? Why do these particles have any mass at all?!! µ s τ 1940 s 1970 s c accelerators b t
27 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point.
28 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon.
29 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon. Like the photon, they should travel at the speed of light. They do not.
30 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon. Like the photon, they should travel at the speed of light. They do not. Hence, EW symmetry must be broken. How does nature break it?
31 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon. Like the photon, they should travel at the speed of light. They do not. Hence, EW symmetry must be broken. How does nature break it? One possible solution: the Higgs mechanism. A Higgs field pervades the universe.
32 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon. Like the photon, they should travel at the speed of light. They do not. Hence, EW symmetry must be broken. How does nature break it? One possible solution: the Higgs mechanism. A Higgs field pervades the universe. Center is no longer stable = particles have mass.
33 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon. Like the photon, they should travel at the speed of light. They do not. Hence, EW symmetry must be broken. How does nature break it? One possible solution: the Higgs mechanism. A Higgs field pervades the universe. Center is no longer stable = particles have mass. The Higgs field can vibrate.
34 THE HIGGS MECHANISM Standard model has electroweak (EW) symmetry, analogous to the rotational symmetry of a bowl. The center of the bowl is the stable point. EW symmetry = all elementary particles are massless, like the photon. Like the photon, they should travel at the speed of light. They do not. Hence, EW symmetry must be broken. How does nature break it? One possible solution: the Higgs mechanism. A Higgs field pervades the universe. Center is no longer stable = particles have mass. The Higgs field can vibrate. These quantized vibrations are massive particles called Higgs bosons.
35 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) ν,ν,ν Leptons Quarks γ, g Vector bosons Higgs boson e u,d cosmic rays accelerators µ τ 1940 s 1970 s 1995 s c b t? 1983 W,Z
36 HIGGS DISCOVERY AT LHC
37 STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS MASS (ev) ν,ν,ν Leptons Quarks γ, g Vector bosons Higgs boson e u,d cosmic rays µ s τ 1940 s 1970 s c accelerators b 1983 W,Z ? h t
38
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