The Higgs Boson as a Probe of New Physics. Ian Lewis (University of Kansas)
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1 The Higgs Boson as a Probe of New Physics Ian Lewis University of Kansas 1
2 July 4, 2012 ATLAS and CMS announce discovery of a new particle. Consistent with long sought-after Higgs boson. "We have reached a milestone in our understanding of Nature". --- CERN Director General Rolf Heuer 2
3 Long Search 50+ years of work by theorists. 25+ years of work by thousands of experimentalists. 3
4 as 4
5 Standard Model Complete Quarks: charge +2/3 (up type) and -1/3 (down type) Leptons: charge -1 and 0 5
6 Role of the Higgs Higgs is the source of fundamental mass in the Standard Model. Important for understanding fundamental laws of nature. 6
7 Masses Many massive particles in Standard Model Massive Gauge bosons. W/Z. Photon and gluon are massless. What is the matter with mass? Natural units 7
8 What's the matter with mass? Maxwell's equations: Invariant under the transformation: Add mass, break gauge invariance: Why photon is massless. 8
9 The Need to Explain Masses Have masses for gauge bosons. What is source of gauge invariance breaking? Explicit breaking: Equations of theory explicitly break an invariance. Spontaneous breaking: Lowest lying energy state (vacuum) of theory breaks invariance. 9
10 Ferromagnetism Before magnetization: After magnetization: Spontaneous symmetry breaking. 10
11 Higgs Mechanism Introduce a Higgs. Write fundamental equations (with Higgs) invariant under all transformations. Vacuum breaks gauge invariance. Higgs obtains a nonzero value throughout space. Vacuum expectation value, Particles interact with Higgs vacuum, gaining mass. 11
12 Standard Model Higgs Boson Introduce complex Higgs with four degrees of freedom. Three degrees of freedom absorbed into weak force carriers ( ) giving them masses. One degree of freedom left, the physical Higgs boson, h. 12
13 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Overview 17 mile ring outside Geneva, Switzerland. Colliding protons at a center of mass energy of 7-14 TeV. ~10 mph less than speed of light. ~1 GJ of energy stored at 14 TeV (Aircraft carrier traveling ~20 mph) Purpose is to discover new physics at the TeV scale. 13
14 Hadron Collider Hadrons (like a proton) are made of quarks and gluons. LHC collides two protons at very high energy (7-14 TeV). Constituents of proton annihilate at a typical energy of ~ 1 TeV:
15 LHC 15
16 Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) 16
17 Detecting Final State 17
18 Amount of Data Produced Over 600 million collisions per second per experiment. Amount of data produced is 1 petabyte per second Could fill ~200,0000 DVDs per second Comparable to total amount of digital data produced worldwide. Experiments store and analyze less. Around 30 petabytes per year. ~6,000,000 DVDs per year stored to be analyzed Very successful! 18
19 Higgs Discovery! July 4, 2012 Created around 650,000 Higgs through (mass of Tin atom) 19
20 Higgs production rate is small Higgs rate is small, need to dig signal out of all the other Standard Model processes. 20
21 Higgs Production Masses in Standard Model come from Higgs mechanism. Completely predictive. Vacuum expectation value Protons made mostly of light quarks and gluons. 21
22 Quantum Effects to the Rescue Top quark can mediate coupling to gluon. Dominant production mode at the LHC. 22
23 Higgs Production Rates Other subdominant processes depend on W/Z and top quark couplings. What about decay? 23
24 WW and ZZ probes gauge boson mass generating mechanism. Decays to di-photon at 0.2% of the time 24
25 Di-Photon Higgs discovered using quantum production and decay modes! 25
26 Masses and Higgs Couplings Remarkably Standard Model like. Have measured Higgs rates to 20-40%. 26
27 13 TeV LHC started in 2015 M. Lamont, Moriond : 10 times current data 2030s: 100 times current data 27
28 Future Higgs Boson Measurements 28
29 What do Higgs Measurements Tell Us? Consider very massive new physics. Standard Model leading order in a power expansion of energies. Precision measurements bound next order in expansion: Then measuring rates to ~5% give new physics scale at the TeV scale. 29
30 Higgs is Central Production and decay modes quantum effects. Sensitive to new physics Expect new physics to be related to Higgs boson properties. Source of fundamental mass just starting to be probed. Standard Model is simplest realization of mechanism Explains mass, but where does the Higgs vacuum expectation value come from? Consider a simple harmonic oscillator. 30
31 Harmonic Oscillator Example Stored Potential energy: Invariant under Force equation: 31
32 Deformed Harmonic Oscillator Stored Potential energy: Invariant under Shift to a minimum: Invariance not manifest at minimum: 32
33 Higgs Potential Higgs potential: Have minimum: Expand about vacuum: 33
34 Higgs Self-Interactions Higgs Potential: Potential has two parameters, everything determined: 34
35 Measuring Higgs Potential Need to measure potential to test Standard Model Double Higgs production sensitive to trilinear coupling: Probing Higgs potential, source of mass. All couplings known in Standard Model. 35
36 Future Measurements of Potential Measurement at LHC with 3000 ab -1 (2030s) ATLAS: observe at 1.3 significance ATL-PHYS-PUB Bound CMS: Observe at 1.9 significance CMS PAS FTR Small rate, may be sensitive to new physics. Particularly new physics that alters Higgs potential. 36
37 Extended Scalar Sector Standard Model Higgs source of all fundamental mass. Can have multiple sources of gauge invariance breaking. Two Higgses are possible, sometimes required. New source of new gauge invariance breaking contribute to W/Z masses. Alter Higgs couplings to W/Z What about scalar bosons that don't contribute to gauge invariance breaking? Can even probe new scalars unrelated to gauge invariance breaking. 37
38 New Scalar Consider a new scalar with no Standard Model charges After gauge invariance breaking, the Higgs boson has no charge. The two can mix quantum mechanically. Changes Higgs couplings 38
39 Higgs Couplings Write equations in gauge invariant way. Rotate into mass eigenstate basis Original particles are superpositions of mass eigenstates. Higgs precision measurements: ATLAS, JHEP11(2015)206 39
40 New Scalar Potential Any new scalar will alter potential S has no couplings to anything else in Standard Model New potential Interaction terms: Expansion about vacuum New Higgs Interactions. 40
41 Higgs and Scalar Interactions Comes from: 41
42 Double Higgs Resonance New Double Higgs production process. Resonant production and decay of scalar S. Enhance rate. 42
43 Large Enhancements Ratio of double Higgs rate with S included to double Higgs rate in Standard Model Dashed lines excluded due to theoretical constraints. Chen, Dawson, IL PRD91 (2015)
44 Altering the Higgs potential Implications of new scalars: Many more minima in the potential. One Higgs: Minimize with respect to Higgs. Multiple scalars: Minimize with respect to all scalars Global minimum must have correct gauge invariance breaking. Scalar S cannot give masses to W and Z. Higgs vacuum expectation value has to be the same as in Standard Model. 44
45 Double Higgs Resonance Require minimum with Standard Model Higgs vacuum expectation value is global minimum. Places constraints on parameters in the scalar potential, Affect S-h-h coupling 45
46 Large Enhancements Ratio of double Higgs rate with S included to double Higgs rate in Standard Model Dashed lines have incorrect vacuum expectation value for Higgs. Chen, Dawson, IL PRD91 (2015)
47 Bounds With Current Data Ratio of double Higgs rate with S to Standard Model prediction. Area within green and magenta curves are theoretical bounds. Current bounds not enough Chen, Dawson, IL PRD91 (2015)
48 Extrapolated bounds Ratio of double Higgs rate with S to Standard Model prediction. Area within green and magenta curves are theoretical bounds. Need 2023 data Scenario where scalar only has couplings through Higgs. Chen, Dawson, IL PRD91 (2015)
49 Higher Order Corrections Everything previous was at LO in coupling constant perturbation theory. SM double Higgs production very large corrections at higher order in perturbation theory. Similar size of corrections for model with new scalar. 49
50 Higher Order Corrections Dawson, IL PRD92 (2015) Ratio of rates largely do not depend on if those rates are calculated at higher orders. 50
51 New Physics We know there has to be new physics. Energy budget of the universe: Dark matter may be a secluded sector 51
52 Higgs and Dark Matter Sector Particles that do not couple with Standard Model are strongly motivated. Higgs is possible probe into these scenarios. If dark matter sector have Scalars, can write couplings to Higgs. 52
53 Dark Forces Dark matter sector may not be simple. Possible for dark matter to have dark forces. Z, photon, and dark force mediator may have same quantum number: is the dark force messenger particle. Obtains couplings to Standard Model 53
54 Connection to Higgs New physics can also give rise to Higgs coupling: Exotic Higgs decay to four leptons: 54
55 LHC Search -1 With 300 fb : Exclusion: Discovery: Stronger than current bounds. 55
56 Search for Mass of Dark Z 5 GeV 10 GeV 2 (Exclusion) 78 fb fb -1 3 (Observation) 180 fb fb -1 5 (Discovery) 490 fb fb -1 Davoudiasl, Lee, IL, Marciano Phys. Rev. D88 (2013) Complementary to low energy searches look up to masses ~1 GeV. Observable within next decade. 56
57 Conclusions LHC had a very successful first run. Culminated in discovery of a Higgs boson Higgs boson discovery helps us to begin to understand the origin of fundamental mass in the Standard Model. LHC has turned back on at higher energies. Still expect new physics, and have some hints. Strong motivation this new physics is related to Higgs physics. Higgs measurements sensitive to new physics. Test the origin of the fundamental masses of particles. Help us search for new sources or changes in the breaking of gauge invariance. Search for sector decoupled from rest of the Standard Model. Can use as a complementary search for a light dark sector. Interesting new physics scenarios probed in next run. 57
58 Thank You 58
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