The Eastern Ghats. EPTRI - ENVIS Newsletter Geo Scientific Aspects : Eastern Ghats - I. Bauxite. Copper Ore. Lead Ore

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1 The Eastern Ghats EPTRI - ENVIS Newsletter Geo Scientific Aspects : Eastern Ghats - I Contents 1. Mineral Wealth & Mineral Based Industrialisation in Eastern Ghats of India and conservation strategies Concentration & Implications on Derivation of the Beach Placers from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India Some Research Publications on Mineral Wealth of Eastern Ghats Format for Expert Database Bauxite Iron Ore Graphite Chromite Foreword The assimilation of data at the ENVIS Centre on the Eastern Ghats has been chiefly on the biological (both flora and fauna), physical and socio-economic environments, information systems and programmes and policies. The availability of information including published and unpublished Papers has been comparatively less for the physical environment than the biological environment'. The advent of GIS-based ground truthing has added a new dimension to an integrated approach that includes all aspects earlier mentioned. Chromite Ore The focus of this issue is on the geo-scientific aspects of the Eastern Ghats, particularly the mineral wealth and beach placers. Some research publications on mineral resources are also provided for use of researchers. Copper Ore Gems The geological wealth of the terrain is as intriguing as its biodiversity. The mountainous terrain is said to be about 2500 million years old. ENVIS Coordinator Lead Ore ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TRAINING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EPTRI), HYDERABAD 1

2 Mineral Wealth and Mineral Based Industrialization in Eastern Ghats of India and conservation strategies Dr. C. Kasipathi Professor, Deptartment of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Introduction Mineral wealth of Eastern Ghats The commonly available minerals in the Eastern Ghats The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of are Bauxite, manganese, graphite, chromite, iron, mountains along India s eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats copper-lead-zinc, apatite, mica, precious and semirun from Orissa state in the north, through Andhra precious stones, granite (natural and commercial Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south and some parts of varieties), feldspar, quartz and quartzite, beach sand Karnataka. They extends from 1,131 km / 703 mi North- placers and ochres. South 1,053 km / 654 mi East-West and covers an area of 262,673 sq km which includes Andhra Pradesh (48%), Estimated quantities of the mineral resources of the Orissa (25%), Tamil Nadu (24%), Karnataka (2%). They Eastern Ghats: are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Mineral Availability in Million Tons Kaveri. The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bauxite 1000 Bengal. The Eastern Ghats are older than the Western Manganese ore 122 Ghats, and have a complex geologic history, related to the Graphite 4.1 assembly and breakup of the ancient supercontinent of Chromite 176 Rodinia and the assembly of the Gondwana super Iron ore 10 continent. Copper ore 15 Lead and Zinc ores 10 The Eastern Ghats are said to be formed about 2500 Apatite 0.4 million years ago through (1) the geological processes of Mica 4036 Tons weathering of the pre-existing rocks, most preferably Precious and Semi-Precious stones Many tons granulitic rocks, (2) transportation of the released Granite & Commercial Granite : Millions of Cu.M. mineral grains through the water and wind to the nearest Feldspar 9.2 geological basins (3) deposition and compaction and (4) Silica sand, Quartz & Quartzite 2030 later metamorphism resulting Eastern Ghat rock types. Beach Sand Minerals Ilmenite 90 A mineral is a naturally occuring, homogeneous, solid Rutile 178 with a crystalline atomic structure. These are valuable Garnet 30 natural resources being finite and non-renewable. They Magnetite 20 constitute the vital raw materials for many basic Sillimanite 28 industries and are a major resource for development. Monazite 3.30 Management of mineral resources has, therefore, to be Ochres 12 closely integrated with the overall strategy of Vermiculite 0.15 development. Clays 30 Ruby Applications of Minerals : All geological materials like rock or mineral, have multiple uses and the utilitarian aspects depends on the individual capability of the society. They have been present in the form of the rocks and minerals for more than 2500 million years. They are being used for various purposes since the civilizations started. The minerals are playing a major role in our life. The soil derived from the rocks and minerals enhances the soil fertility and provide food through agricultural yields. The development of the country is based on the consumption rates of mineral resources. 2

3 Occurrence and uses of the minerals and rocks of like super phosphates and phosphate compounds, Eastern Ghats ofandhra Pradesh elemental phosphorous, phosphoric acid and in ferrophosphorous industries, Pesticides. Occurance: Bauxite (Alumina) : Construction of aero planes, Visakhapatnam automobiles, trains, machinery, building materials, electrical and domestic appliances. Occurance: Mica (Muscovite) : Insulating materials in the electrical Visakhapatnam. industry, electrical appliances like commutators of dynamos and motors, condensers of magneto and Manganese (Hausmannite, Pyrolusite, Braunite, wireless apparatus, in rheostat, brush holders, fuse boxes, Manganite) : Manufacture of iron, steel alloy, aircraft spark plugs, radio, radar and television, high production of manganese chemicals and in agriculture, voltage lamps, and telephones, rockets, missiles, jet dry-cell batteries, driers for paints, varnishes, colouring engines and ignition systems. Occurance: Khammam, agent in ceramics and glass. Occurance:Adilabad Krishna, East and West Godavari, Nellore and Graphite : Manufacture of refractory crucibles for Visakhapatnam melting brass and other non-ferrous metals, making Precious and Semi-Precious Stones : Jewellery and in crucible steel, electrodes, plates and brushes, preparation ornamental purposes, industrial appliances and of lubricants, paints and stove polishes, in boilers to medicinal purposes prevent the formation of break scales and in lead pencils, atomic piles as a moderator or as a slowing down Granites (Khondalite, Charnockite, Migmatite, agent for neutrons. Occurance: Srikakulam Leptynite, Grandodiorite, Calc-granulite) : Used for flooring, wall decorations, profiles and as art pieces with Chromite (Chromium) : Manufacture of chromium carving. Occurance: Chittor, Karimnagar metal, ferro-chrome, chrome-steels, ferro-alloys, chromates, bichromates of sodium, potassium, platings Feldspar : Used in the manufacture of glass, pottery, and pigments which are used in tanning, dyeing, ceramic ceramic glazes and enamels, vitreous enamels and in and glass industries. Occurance: Krishna special electrical porcelain, artificial teeth and fertilizers. Occurance: Khammam, Krishna, East and West Iron (Hematite Magnetite) : Industrial applications. Godavari, Nellore and Visakhapatnam. Occurance: Guntur,Adilabad Copper : Industrial applications. Occurance: Guntur Quartz / Quartzite (Silicon) : Producing oscillating units for frequency control in radio transmitters and in Lead (Galena) : Industrial applications Occurance: radio-frequency telephone circuits, radars, ultrasonic, Cuddapah, Guntur, Khammam, Kurnool, Nellore and multiple telephone lines, depth-sounding units, range Prakasam Districts finders, chronometers, precision instruments, loudspeakers and supersonic generators, making of Copper (Chalcopyrite) : Making plates for electric optical glasses, prisms and wedges and for quartz-ware, storage batteries, coverings for electrical cables, in water used in the metallurgy and as flux in smelting basic ores. pipes and roofing sheets for buildings, chemical pants; in Occurance: Guntur rubber, pottery, enamel, glass, storage battery plates, soldering alloys, lead-foils, type metals, ammunition, Beach sand minerals or placer deposits : Used in white chemicals and as nuclear shields in atomic industries. pigments for paints, paper, rubber, leather, ceramics, Occurance: Cuddapah, Guntur, Khammam, Kurnool, plastics, linoleum, printing ink, textiles, cosmetics, soap Nellore and Prakasam Districts etc and in dentistry, glass and ceramics to impart yellow and orange colours and to improve resistance, Zinc (Sphalerite, Zinc sulfide) : Galvanizing the manufacture of aircraft, navy, ordinance factories and in metallic products from the atmospheric corrosion, in chemical plants, manufacture of ferro-alloys and in making brass, bronze, German silver, anti-friction metals welding steel rods and arc-welding electrodes and to and other alloys with copper for automobile carburetors, produce smoke clouds for concealing and spotting petrol pumps, machine tools & electrical appliances, purposes, abrasive industry, gemstone industry, Water used in dry-cell battery cans, collapsible tubes, purification, Grinding wheels, glass-melting furnaces, photoengraving, lithographic plates & boilerplates, gold rotary kilns, supporting heavy weights, electrical processing, textile industry and in agriculture. Occurance: Cuddapah, Guntur, Khammam, Kurnool, Nellore & Prakasam Districts Apatite (Hydroxyl apatite, Fluorapatite, Chlorapatite) : Used in the manufacture of fertilizers insulators, spark plugs, porcelain ceramic wares and refractory wares. Ochres : Used in paint materials to give colour, opacity or body to paints, cement, linoleum, rubber, glazes, enamels and plastics, oil and water media. 3

4 Vermiculite : Used in furnaces and kilns, circulation in 7. Beach mineral plants in Srikakulam (Andhra drilling muds and in the annealing of steel, thermal Pradesh) and Chatrapur (Orissa). insulation for himes, industrial structures, cold storage, 8. Abrasive industries in Orissa andandhra Pradesh. refrigeration, industrial equipments, acoustics, thermal 9. Paint and pigment industry at Visakhapatnam and insulating plasters, paints, lubricants, packing materials Rajahmundry,Andhra Pradesh. and as filler in plastics and wall-paper manufacture. 10. Ceramic industry near Anakapalle, Andhra Occurance: West Godavari, Nellore, Visakhapatnam Pradesh. Clays : Used in the manufacture of white pottery, 11. Road and building metal industries in Orissa and electrical porcelain, white sanitary ware, paper industry, Andhra Pradesh. making of bricks and tiles and in Lithomarge. Occurance: 12. Brick making industries in Orissa and Andhra Adilabad Pradesh. 13. Gem industry at Khammam, Andhra Pradesh and Ochres : Used in paint materials to give colour, opacity Bhubaneswar, Orissa. or body to paints, cement, linoleum, rubber, glazes, 14. Hindustan Zinc Limited, Visakhapatnam, Andhra enamels and plastics, oil and water media. Pradesh., and Vermiculite: Used in furnaces and kilns, circulation in 15. Other minor small-scale industries in Andhra drilling muds and in the annealing of steel, thermal insulation for himes, industrial structures, cold storage, Pradesh refrigeration, industrial equipments, acoustics, thermal Prime importance of the mineral resources of Eastern insulating plasters, paints, lubricants, packing materials Ghats region. and as filler in plastics and wall-paper manufacture. The alumina ore, bauxite ore deposits of Eastern Occurance: West Godavari, Nellore, Visakhapatnam Ghats are the chief deposits in India and they are the Clays : Used in the manufacture of white pottery, largest in the world. electrical porcelain, white sanitary ware, paper industry, 1. It forms an important segment for manganese making of bricks and tiles and in Lithomarge. Occurance: mineralization in India. Adilabad 2. Huge deposits of commercial granite are available, which are being mined, processed, consumed and Mineral Based Industry exported from India. An industry that depends on the required earth raw 3. It is the chief producer of chromite in India. materials to obtain the product is called as a mineral 4. The apatite provides a lot for fertilizer and acid based industry and there are many examples of such manufacturing industries in the country. industries like iron steel related alloys; cement; talcum; 5. Mica has been exploited in this region and it has fertilizer; alumina; thermal power stations, petroleum been an important exporter of mica in the world. and natural gas; coal; gem; glass; coal; ceramic; brick; 6. This region has been famous for the exploitation of atomic plants, refractories; abrasives; metal processing important precious mineral wealth of alexandrite, units, granite; marble; paints and pigments industry, acid Chrysoberyl and ruby for the domestic and manufacturing; batteries; pencils and so on. international markets. 7. Vast amounts of quartz and quartzite are available and The location of these mineral based industries depends a voluminous business has been carried out in India. on the proximity of the raw minerals, which reduces the 8. This region has potential beach sand placer minerals cost on freight. In addition, the availability of labour, and they are being exploited and consumed both proximity to markets, transport facilities, power, site and domestically and in international arena. services, finance, natural and climatic considerations, 9. Graphite crucibles of Rajahmundry are personal factor, strategic considerations, external internationally known. economics and other miscellaneous factors will be considered in locating these industries. Conservation strategies Mineral based industries in the region Minerals play an important part in the industrial economy 1. Alumina plants in Orissa. of the present day, like coal and mineral oil are sources of 2. Ferrochrome plants in Orissa andandhra Pradesh. energy, others arc raw materials for industry, while a few 3. Granite industry in Orissa andandhra Pradesh. are the ultimate source of synthetic substitutes for natural 4. Fertiliser industries in Visakhapatnam and materials like rubber, timber cotton and others. The Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh. Eastern Ghats have fairly abundant reserves (in terms of 5. Iron pelletization plant in Visakhapatnam, Andhra volume) of coal, iron ore and mica, adequate supplies or Pradesh. ores of manganese, titanium and aluminium, raw 6. Graphite crucible industry at Rajahmundry, materials for refractories and lime-stone, but there is Andhra Pradesh. deficiency in ores of copper, lead and zinc. 4

5 List of Minerals and their quantities available in Andhra Pradesh S. No. Mineral Andhra Pradesh India %of AP (In Million Tonnes) (In Million Tonnes) Reserves 1 Apatite Asbestos 2.5 Lakh Tonnes Barytes Bauxite Ball clay China Clay N.A N.A 7 Calcite Fire Clay Coal Corrundum 1071 Tonnes Tonnes 7 11 Copper ore Chromite 2000 Tones Dolomite Diamond Carats Feldspar Fullers Earth Garnet Graphite Tonnes Gold ore Gypsum Illmenite Iron ore Kyanite Lead & Zinc Lime Stone Limekankar 3.5 NE N.A 27 Monazite sand 32 NE N.A 28 Manganese Mica N.A N.A 30 Ochres NE N.A 31 Oil & Natural Gas NE Crude Oil MT N.A N.Gas Cu.M 32 Pyrophyllite NE 5.2 N.A 33 Quartz & Silica Sand Quartzite NE N.A 35 Rutile Steatite Tungsten Vermiculture NE Tonnes N.A 5

6 No detailed investigations had been undertaken for a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the potential mineral wealth. Investigations by the Geological Survey of India, Indian Bureau of Mines, National Laboratories and Atomic Energy Commission did the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the reserves of the more important minerals and their proper utilization. This aimed at systematic exploitation of minerals with due regard to conservation. As a result of surveys carried out during the last ten years, more information is now available of the extent of mineral reserves and their quality. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1948 which was subsequently amended and elaborated in 1957, and the rules framed there under have brought a measure of uniformity in regard to leasing of mineral properties and for ensuring systematic development of the mineral resources of the country. The Coal Mines Conservation and Safety Act, 1952 provides for the adoption and enforcement of methods of conservation in regard to coal. Though in the recent past a considerable amount of work has been done in the study of mineral resources, the rapid industrial development and the consequent increase in the demand for mineral raw materials, exploration for and investigation of mineral deposits leads to threat to the minerals availability and eventually their quality and quantity. Apart from the urgent necessity of more intensive exploration for minerals, there is need for enforcement of measures for conservation like avoidance of waste in mining and processing. Upgrading of low grade ores (e.g. beneficiation of manganese ore, coal, copper ore, etc.) and utilizing byproducts of mining and processing, (e.g. sintering of iron ore fines and utilizing washery middlings) are also measures of conservation. Concentration and Implications on Derivation of the Beach Placers from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Venkata Ramana, M. Jagannadha Rao and M. Chandra Rao. Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Introduction flux. Thorium is used in nuclear power reactors and the Rare Earth Oxides (REO) processed from monazites has In India, beach sand mineral exploration and exploitation wide applications in Hi-tech industries. Zircon is used as th started in the beginning of the 20 century after the cladding material in the metal cladding tubes, used in the accidental discovery of monazite from the beach sands of nuclear power reactors and also in ceramics. Garnet is Travinecore state by a German scientist, Schombery. used as an abrasive, water filtration and water jet cutting. Several scientists have made their attempts to study the Sillimanite is used in making refractory bricks. placer minerals in terms of their occurrence, distribution, Mahadevan and Sriramdas (1948); Mahadevan and chemical composition, texture, provenance, and to Nateswararao (1950) and Sriramdas (1951) have understand the transportation trends of sediments. described the monazite and other black sand concentrations of Visakhapatnam. Concentration of red Andhra Pradesh has heavy mineral deposits of beach garnet sands along Visakhapatnam - Bhimunipatnam placer origin. The important economic minerals was reported by Sastry et al. (1981). Ramamohana Rao commonly associated are ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene, et al. (1982) have recorded the occurrence of thin layers zircon, monazite, garnet and sillimanite. The of black sand in the inland stream channels along concentration, composition and reserves of heavy Visakhapatnam- Bhimunipatnam coastal areas. mineral suites vary from deposit to deposit. Major Ramamohana Rao et al. (1983) reported chemistry and deposits identified are Bhavanapadu, Kalingapatnam, intergrowths of ilmenite along Visakhapatnam- Srikurmam, Bhimunipatnam, Kakinada and Bhimunipatnam coast concluded that the TiO2 content Nizampatnam. varies from to 50.74% and mineral proportion of ilmenite intergrowth and chemical analysis, amounts to Based on industrial applications, minerals can be kg (100kg/1) bulk sample of the black sands. classified into titanium minerals (ilmenite, rutile and Sastry et al. (1987) reported the energy conditions and leucoxene), nuclear minerals (monazite and zircon), heavy mineral concentrations along Visakhapatnam - abrasive minerals (garnet) and refractory minerals Bhimunipatnam beach sands, concluded that the high (sillimanite). More than 95% of the titanium minerals energy waves are responsible for the accumulation of produced are used in making TiO2 pigment, which in heavy minerals, and the Jagannadha Rao et al. (2006) turn, is utilized in paints, plastic, paper, rubber and textile reported beach rock from the Visakhapatnam coast, industries. Rutile is mostly used as welding electrode Andhra Pradesh and stated that the beach rock is exposed 6

7 where the overlying placer deposit Visakhapatnam Bhimunipatnam placer sand deposit,andhra Pradesh has less TiO2 and more total iron contents, as compared to its stoichiometric composition, the hematite phase in ilmenite incorporate excess iron in the structure of ilmenite (Jagannadha Rao et al. 2005). (sand dunes and red sediments) is eroded or removed, the mineral composition is similar to the present day beach sands and includes quartz, sillimanite, ilmenite and other opaques,monazite and zircon, with conspicuous absence of garnet. Regional Geology Andhra Pradesh forms northeastern part of Indian Peninsular shield and is sub-divided into (a) Eastern block of Dharwar Craton; (b) Marginal Transitional Zone (MTZ) between Dharwar Craton in the west and Eastern Ghat mobile belt to the east; (c) Godavari Graban (GG); and (d) Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) that passes through coastal parts (Ramam and Murthy, 1997). Regional geological map of coastal Andhra Pradesh with important heavy mineral sand deposits is presented (Fig.1). Fig.1 Geological map of the coastal Andhra Pradesh, with locations of important placer deposits. Regional Geomorphology Mineralogy The coast is generally classified into three distinct segments, based essentially on coastal geomorphology Mineralogically the deposits have the minerals namely (Ramam and Murthy, 1997).They are (a) Northern ilmenite, garnet, sillimanite, zircon, pyriboles and others. segment a narrow, rocky coast between Ichapuram and The zircon concentration of Kakinada is significantly Tuni; (b) Central segment Krishna Godavari delta higher than the other two deposits. The Kakinada deposit between Tuni and Bapatla; and (c) Southern segment is also characterized by the occurrence of considerable extending upto the border of Tamil Nadu with presence of magnetite fraction which is absent in the other two a single delta. The Northern segment is dominated by deposits. The Srikurmam deposit in characterized by promontories and is characterized by headland- relatively high THM concentration compared to other embayment conditions and estuary forming rivers. two deposits and also by abundant garnet concentration Central segment has wide coastal plains with major (refer tables 1&2). deltas of Godavari and Krishna. Barrier sand ridges, lobes, mangroves, backwaters, mud flats and spits are Conclusions common morphological features along this coast. Southern segment is characterized by paleobeach ridges, Basing on the variances in mineralogical concentration an estuarine delta and total absence of rocky from the three deposits studied which have strategic promontories. Kolleru lake, formed by the coalesce of importance an attempt is made here to draw implications Krishna and Godavari deltas, is a large fresh-water lake on their derivation. The Kakinada deposit is and along with Pulicate lake are good examples of lagoon charactersised by higher amounts of pyriboles and lower formation along the segments. amounts of sillimanite. The southern region is marked by much less concentration of sillimanite and higher All deltas along east coast exhibits similar landforms and amounts of pyriboles whereas the northern region progradational characters by the growth of spits and indicate increased abundance of sillimanite and lagoon-filling and surfacial landforms of Holocene age. decreased pyribole content. This suggests the influence Absence of any major river systems and widening of of Khondalitic terrain in the northern region. Growth in EGMB in the northern part restric the development of ilmenite, zircon and monazite at Bhimunipatnam than at alluvial plains and wider coastal zone. The alluvial plain Srikurmam stresses the chance of more calk-alkaline consists of alluvium, pediments and pediplains. magma source surrounding Bhimunipatnam. 7

8 Fig.2 Location of the present study area. References Table 1 Average mineralogy (in wt %) of THM fraction Deposit Magnetite Ilmenite Pyriboles Garnet Sillimanite Zircon Rutile Others Kakinada (southern area) Kakinada (northern area) Table 2 Average mineralogy (in wt %) of THM fraction Jagannadha Rao, M., Venkata Ramana, J., Venugopal, R., Chandra Rao, M. and Avataram, N. (2006). Characterization of the beach rock, underlying placer mineral sand deposit, Visakhapatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh. J. Geol. Soc. Ind. In Press. Mahadevan, C. and Nateswararao, B. (1950). Black sand concentrates in Vizagpatnam coast. Cur. Sci., Vol.19, pp Mahadevan, C. and Sriramdas, A. (1948). Monazite in the beach sands of Vizagpatnam district, Proc. Indian. Sci, Vol.27, Cong. SectionA, pp Ramam, P.K. and Murthy, V.N. (1997). Geology of Andhra Pradesh. Geological Society of India, p.245. Ramamohana Rao, T., Shanmukha Rao, CH. and Sanyasi- Rao, K., (1982). Textural analysis and mineralogy of the black sand deposits of Visakhapatnam- Bhimunipatnam coast, AP India. J. Geo. Soc. India.,Vol. 23, pp Sastry, A.V.R., Swamy, A.S.R. and Prasada Rao, N. V. N. D., (1981). Distribution of garnet sands along Visakhapatnam-Bhimunipatnam beach. Indian J.Mar. Sci., Vol.10, pp Sriramadas, A., (1951). The black sand concentrates of the Vizagpatnam beach. Quart. J. Geol. Min. Met. Soc. India.Vol. 23, pp Ahmed, E. (1972). Coastal geomorphology of India, Ramamohana Rao, T., Ranga Rao, N. and RamaRaju, Orient Longman, New Delhi, pp.222. M.V. (1983). Ilmenite of black sand deposits of Visakhapatnam-Bhimunipatnam beach, East coast of Jagannadha Rao, M., Venkata Ramana, J., India. India. J. Mar. Sci., Vol.12, pp Venugopal, R and Chandra Rao, M. (2005). Geochemistry and Ore mineralogy of ilmenite from Sastry, A.V.R., Swamy, A.S.R. and Vasudev, K. (1987). beach placers of the Visakhapatnam Heavy minerals of beach sands along Visakhapatnam Bhimunipatnam deposit, Andhra Pradesh. J. Geol. Bhimunipatnam, East coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., Soc. Ind. Vol.66, pp Vol.16, pp Deposit Ilmenite Garnet Sillimanite Zircon Monazite Rutile Others Bhimunipatnam Srikurmam

9 SOME RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF EASTERN GHATS J. Nagaraju, T.R.K. Chetty, G.S. Vara Prasad and S.K. Meenakshi Sarkar, Saibal Gupta and M.K. Panigrahi, Patil, 2007; Transpressional tectonics during the 2007; Disentangling tectonic cycles along a multiply emplacement of Pasupugallu Gabbro Pluton, Western deformed terrane margin: Structural and metamorphic margin of Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India: Evidence evidence for mid-crustal reworking of the Angul fromams fabrics, Precambrian Research, In Press granulite complex, Eastern Ghats Belt, India, Journal of Structural Geology, Volume 29, Issue 5, May 2007, Ralf Simmat and Michael M. Raith, 2007; U Th Pb Pages monazite geochronometry of the Eastern Ghats Belt, P. Senthil Kumar, Rajeev Menon and G.K. Reddy, 2007; India: Timing and spatial disposition of poly- The role of radiogenic heat production in the thermal metamorphism, Precambrian Research, In Press evolution of a Proterozoic granulite-facies orogenic belt: Eastern Ghats, Indian Shield, Earth and Planetary Dewashish Upadhyay, 2007; Alkaline magmatism along Science Letters, Volume 254, Issues 1-2, 15 February the southeastern margin of the Indian shield: 2007, Pages Implications for regional geodynamics and constraints on craton Eastern Ghats Belt suturing, Precambrian Sankar Bose, Kaushik Das, Somnath Dasgupta, Hiroyuki Research, In Press. Miura and Masato Fukuoka, 2006; Exsolution textures in orthopyroxene in aluminous granulites as indicators of Pulak Sengupta, Somnath Dasgupta, Niloy Ranjan Dutta UHT metamorphism: New evidence from the Eastern and Michael M. Raith, 2007; Petrology across a Ghats Belt, India, Lithos, Volume 92, Issues 3-4, calcareous rock anorthosite interface from the Chilka December 2006, Pages Lake Complex, Orissa: Implications for Neo-Proterozoic crustal evolution of the northern Eastern Ghats Belt, D. Upadhyay and M.M. Raith, 2006; Intrusion age, Precambrian Research, In Press geochemistry and metamorphic conditions of a quartzmonzosyenite intrusion at the craton Eastern Ghats Belt S. Das, P. Nasipuri, A. Bhattacharya and S. contact near Jojuru, India, Gondwana Research, Volume Swaminathan, 2007; The thrust-contact between the 10, Issues 3-4, November 2006, Pages Eastern Ghats Belt and the adjoining Bastar craton D. Upadhyay and M.M. Raith, 2006; Petrogenesis of the (Eastern India): Evidence from mafic granulites and Kunavaram alkaline complex and the tectonothermal tectonic implications, Precambrian Research, In Press evolution of the neighboring Eastern Ghats Belt granulites, SE India, Precambrian Research, Volume K. Vijaya Kumar, Carol D. Frost, B. Ronald Frost and 150, Issues 1-2, 20 October 2006, Pages Kevin R. Chamberlain, 2007; The Chimakurti, Errakonda, and Uppalapadu plutons, Eastern Ghats Belt, C. Dobmeier, S. Lütke, K. Hammerschmidt and K. India: An unusual association of tholeiitic and alkaline Mezger; 2006; Emplacement and deformation of the magmatism, Lithos, Volume 97, Issues 1-2, August 2007, Vinukonda meta-granite (Eastern Ghats, Pages India) Implications for the geological evolution of peninsular India and for Rodinia reconstructions, Uttam K. Bhui, Pulak Sengupta and Pranesh Sengupta, Precambrian Research, Volume 146, Issues 3-4, 10 May 2007; Phase relations in mafic dykes and their host rocks 2006, Pages from Kondapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India: Implications for the time depth trajectory of the Palaeoproterozoic V.C. Baranwal, S.P. Sharma, D. Sengupta, M.K. Sandilya, B.K. Bhaumik, R. Guin and S.K. Saha, 2006;A (late Archaean?) granulites from southern Eastern Ghats new high background radiation area in the Geothermal Belt, Precambrian Research, Volume 156, Issues 3-4, 30 region of Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB) of Orissa, June 2007, Pages India, Radiation Measurements, Volume 41, Issue 5, May Sankar Bose and Kaushik Das, 2007; Sapphirine + quartz 2006, Pages assemblage in contrasting textural modes from the S. Bhattacharya and Rajib Kar, 2005; Petrological and Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Implications for stability Geochemical Constraints on the Evolution of the relations in UHT metamorphism and retrograde Alkaline Complex of Koraput in the Eastern Ghats processes, Gondwana Research, Volume 11, Issue 4, June Granulite Belt, India, Gondwana Research, Volume 8, 2007, Pages , Issue 4, October 2005, Pages

10 Saibal Gupta, Jagatbikas Nanda, Sumit Kumar Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Sm-Nd Isotopic Evidence, Mukherjee and Manasij Santra, 2005; Alkaline Gondwana Research, Volume 7, Issue 2, April 2004, Magmatism Versus Collision Tectonics in the Eastern Pages Ghats Belt, India: Constraints from Structural Studies in the Koraput Complex, Gondwana Research, Volume S. Bhadra, S. Gupta and M. Banerjee, 2004; Structural 8, Issue 3, July 2005, Pages evolution across the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt Bastar craton boundary, India: hot over cold thrusting in an Hetu C. Sheth, 2005; Crustal Source for a Syenite ancient collision zone,journal of Structural Geology, Complex in the High-grade Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Volume 26, Issue 2, February 2004, Pages Sm-Nd Isotopic Evidence Comment, Gondwana Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2005, Pages T.K. Biswal and S. Sinha, 2004; Fold-Thrust-Belt Structure of the Proterozoic Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt: S. Bhattacharya, 2005; Crustal Source for a Syenite A Proposed Correlation Between India and Antarctica Complex in the High-grade Eastern Ghats Belt, India in Gondwana, Gondwana Research, Volume 7, Issue 1,,Gondwana Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2005, January 2004, Pages Pages J. Nagaraju and T.R.K. Chetty, 2005; Emplacement History of Pasupugallu Gabbro Pluton, Eastern Ghats Belt, India: a Structural Study, Gondwana Research, Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2005, Pages S. Bhattacharya, 2004; High-temperature crustal scale shear zone at the western margin of the Eastern Ghats granulite belt, India: implications for rapid exhumation, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Volume 24, Issue 3, 10 Dilip Saha and Sukanya Chakraborty, 2003; Deformation Pattern in the Kurnool and Nallarnalai Groups in the Northeastern Part (Palnad Area) of the Cuddapah Basin, South India and its Implication on Rodinia/Gondwana Tectonics, Gondwana Research, Volume 6, Issue 4, October 2003, Pages Kasipathi, C. and Venkata Reddy, S. (1988) Economic December 2004, Pages mineral wealth of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Sem.Prospects from decorative stone industry in A. K. Maji and S. S. Sarkar, 2004; Quantitative genetic Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. modelling of the Turkel anorthosite, Eastern Ghats Belt, Orissa, India, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Volume Kasipathi, C. (1988) Intense exploration programme for 24, Issue 2, November 2004, Pages estimation of mineral resources in Andhra Pradesh. Sem. Prospects from decorative stone industry in Holly J. Stein, Judith L. Hannah, Aaron Zimmerman, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. Richard J. Markey, Sanjib C. Sarkar and A.B. Pal, 2004, A 2.5 Ga porphyry Cu Mo Au deposit at Malanjkhand, Kasipathi, C. and Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1988) Ore central India: implications for Late Archean continental petrology of sulfide mineralization in parts of Eastern assembly, Precambrian Research, Volume 134, Issues Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Nat.Sem.The development of 3-4, 22 October 2004, Pages Ore Petrology and its impact on resource evaluation, Visakhapatnam. Saibal Gupta and Shamik Bose, 2004; Deformation History of the Kunavaram Complex, Eastern Ghats Belt, India: Implications for Alkaline Magmatism Along the Indo-Antarctica Suture, Gondwana Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, October 2004, Pages Kasipathi, C. (1989) Ore petrological studies on chrome-ore and its associated sulphide minerals from parts of Peninsular India. 28th Int.Geol.Cong., Washington D.C., USA. Wataru Maejima, Rajashree Das, Krishna Lal Pandya Kasipathi, C. (1989) Suspected fluorosis in north and Miako Hayashi, 2004; Deglacial Control on coastal Andhra Pradesh A study on Sedimentation and Basin Evolution of Permo- Geoenvironmental aspects. All India Sem. on Natural Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Talchir Gondwana Resource Utilization and Environmental Appraisal, Basin, Orissa, India, Gondwana Research, Volume 7, Raipur. Issue 2, April 2004, Pages Kasipathi, C. and Padmavathi, M.V.L. (1990) Stritiform S. Bhattacharya, Ashit K. Swain and W. Teixeira, 2004; chrome-ore deposits of Andhra Pradesh A geological Crustal Source for a Syenite Complex in the High-grade study. Proc.77th Ind.Sci.Cong.Assn.

11 Kasipathi, C. (1990) Nature of chrome-ore from parts of Kasipathi, C., Thirupathi Rao, B. and Srinivasa Rao, M. Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. Proc.VII Conv. Of (2005) Exploration and exploitation of beach placers Ind.Geol.Cong. and National Seminar. along east coast, North Coastal Andhra Pradesh for the Development of small scale mining activity and Kasipathi, C. (1991) Peninsular Indian chromites A processing units. Abst. VII Conv.of Mineralogical geological appreciation. CAS Publ. Punjab Univ., Society of India and National Seminar on Earth resources Chandigarh. and Sustainable Development, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, pp.51. Kasipathi, C. and Padmavathi, M.V.L. (1992) Chromite - pyroxenites and associated PGE of Tekuru, Eastern Kasipathi, C., Trinadha Rao, P. and Thirupathi Rao, B. th Ghats, India.Proc.29 Intl.Geol.Cong., Kyoto, Japan. (2005) Sustainable development of Coloured precious Kasipathi, C. (1992) Visakhapatnam District, Andhra and semi-precious stone industry for mining Pradesh, India An appraisal of environmental establishment in parts of Andhra Pradesh State of the geochemistry. Proc.29th Int. Geol. Cong.,Kyoto, Japan. art. Ibid, pp Kasipathi, C. (1992) Chrome-ore characteristics of Andhra Pradesh. Proc.National Workshop on Applied Mineralogy, RRL, Bhubaneswar. Kasipathi, C. and Padmavathi, M.V.L. (1992) A new dimension of prospecting in Ultrabasic massif A case study from Tekuru, Andhra Pradesh. Proc.Sem.Recent trends in prospecting of earth resources, Chennai. Kasipathi, C. (1995) Exploration for gemstones in parts of tribal tracts, Paderu Division, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Invited Review paper submitted to the Chairman,A.P.State Committee on gemstones. Kasipathi, C. (1996) Geology and mineralogy of semiprecious stones in parts of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. Proc.Pre-Bid Conference on Semi- Precious stones, Office of the Collect orate, Visakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh. Kasipathi, C. (2006) Mode of occurrence and characterization aspects of gemstones An analysis of Deccan Trap and Eastern Ghat regions, India. DST Sponsored Group Discussion on Deccan Volcanism, Conducted by GSI Training Institute in Pune-Malegaon area, Maharashtra during 28th to 30th Jan. 2006, pp Srinivasa Rao, K., Kasipathi, C., Krishna, C. and Srinivasa Rao, M. (2006) Mode of occurrence and nature of gemstone resources of Sabbavaram Mandal, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. National Sem. Gemmology, Bhopal, Feb.2006.pp. Arjunudu, K., Kasipathi, C., Srinivasa Rao, K and Janardhana Rao, K.V. (2006) Exploration and exploitation systems of a Precious gemstone Alexandrite from Chintapaka, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh. Ibid., pp. Kasipathi, C. (2004) Industrialization in north coastal Kasipathi, C., Janardhana Rao, K.V., Arjunudu, K., Andhra Pradesh through utilization of mineral Thirupathi Rao, B. and Srinivasa Rao, M. (2006) resources. Book Published by T.Appa Rao, Legislation for mining rights of gemstone resources in Visakhapatnam on Political and Public Administration India Ageoscientific approach. Ibid., pp. systems of north coastalandhra Pradesh, pp.1-5. Krishna, C., Kasipathi, C., Srinivasa Rao, K. and Kasipathi, C., Satyanarayana, K.V.V., Trinadha Rao, P., Thirupathi Rao, B. (2006) Ruby eposits of Wira area, Arjunudu, K., Thirupathi Rao, B. and Srinivasa Rao, M. Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh An appraisal of (2004) Integrated geoscientific studies for Precious and geological and exploitation systems. Ibid., pp. Semi-Precious stones A case study from Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, Andhra Pradesh, India. Earth Science Systems Part of Ind. Sci. Cong.Asso. (2005). Trinadha Rao, P., Kasipathi, C., Satyanarayana, K.V.V. and Srinivasa Rao, K. (2006) Integrated geological and Kasipathi, C., Satyanarayana, K.V.V., Trinadha Rao, P., geo-electrical Resistivity surveys on a gem deposit at Arjunudu, K., Thirupathi Rao, B and Srinivasa Rao, M. Asakapalli, Sabbavaram Mandal, Visakhapatnam (2004) Integrated geoscientific studies for Precious and District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Proc. Natl. Sem. on Semi-Precious stones A case study from Eastern Ghats New Frontiers in Environmental and Engineering Mobile Belt, Andhra Pradesh, India. Earth Science Geophysics, Deptt. of Geophysics, Andhra University, Systems Part of Ind. Sci. Cong.Assoc., Visakhapatnam. 11

12 Request for your details for our Expert Database Environmental Information Systems [ENVIS] Centre on Eastern Ghats has been designated as one of the decentralised centres under the information network established by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The Centre established at the Environment Protection Training and Research Institute [EPTRI], Hyderabad collects, collates and disseminates information on the ecology of the Eastern Ghats. Quarterly Newsletters in English and in Telugu are published and distributed to a varied list of stakeholders. A website: is also maintained and bibliographic database is provided as a link to the website, besides the jurisdictional details of Eastern Ghats. In this connection, the professors, scientists, researchers, academicians etc., are requested to send their details as mentioned in the prescribed proforma for inclusion in our expert database at earliest by or post to ENVIS coordinator (baquer@eptri.com). Format of Expert Database to be filled 1. Name: 2. Designation: 3. Department: 4. Institution / organization: 5. Address: Organisation Address D.No: Residencial Address D.No: Street: Street: City: City: Pin: Pin: State: Phone : State: Phone : code: Fax: code: Fax: Mobile: Mobile: 6. Field of specialization: 7. Current research area: 8. Collaborative institutes/ Scientists: 9. Publications relating to Eastern Ghats: a. Articles: b. Reports: c. Books: 10. Any other relevant information: I here with submit the above details for inclusion of my name in your Expert Database. I am also sending a copy of my biodata for records. Signature The ENVIS Centre on Eastern Ghats is a decentralized Environmental Information Centre established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India EPTRI For further information : Contact : ENVIS Coordinator, baquer@eptri.com Visit : If undelivered, please return to: ENVIS CENTRE ON EASTERN GHATS ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TRAINING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE 91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad , A.P., India Ph.: , , ; ; Fax No: , URL: http//