Distribution and Speciation of Soil Organic Carbon. Importance of Fe-Redox Cycling
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1 CZO National Meeting, Arizona, May 2011 Distribution and Speciation of Soil Organic Carbon along Hillslope l Transects: Importance of Fe-Redox Cycling Chunmei Chen, Peter Leinweber, Anthony K. Aufdenkampe, Donald L. Sparks
2 Introduction Organic matter-mineral linteraction: ti One of major mechanisms for C stabilization Impacted by coupled geomorphological, hydrological & microbial processes Precipitation olite Sapro bedroc ck Soi il Well-drained Poorly-drained Mineralogical transformation (Fe oxides) Slow C decomposition, eroded C accumulation Enhancing DOC release Lignin Preservation C fractionation
3 Objectives Investigate soil organic matter molecular composition at varying landscape topographic positions Assess interactions of C with specific soil minerals at the molecular scale Determine Fe speciation of soils along redox gradients
4 Field Site Base Top
5 Advanced Characterization Pyrolysis-Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (Py-FIMS) Soft ionization enables detection of non-fragmented molecules which can be assigned to compound classes and reflect composition of original sample. Temperature-resolved pyrolysis indicates thermal stability of compounds, reflects biological stability. Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Characterize C functional groups of soil organic matter without any pretreatment. Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) -NEXAFS Map distribution ib ti of C and C forms and the major elements (K, Ca, Fe, Al, Si) in soils at nanometer scale. Assess the interactive mechanisms of C with specific soil minerals.
6 Soil Properties Depth (cm) Amorphous Fe Crystalline Fe oxides (g kg -1 ) oxides (g kg -1 Clay content (%) ) Top Base Top Base Top Base % 22% % 25% Reduction of Fe oxides occurred at the base of the hillslope.
7 Carbon and Soil Mineral Surface Area Depth (cm) 0-15cm cm Fraction % C Mineral surface area (m 2 g -1 ) C loading (C/mineral surface area) (mg m -2 ) Top Base Top Base Top Base Bulk soil clay Bulk soil clay Lower C concentration at the base of the hillslope is likely due to enhanced DOC leaching as a result of reduction of Fe oxides. levation Soil Increased Fe reduction Soil Reduced mineral surface area and %C E Downhill distance
8 OM compound classes from Py-FIMS Top Base Soil ild depth: 0-15cm Bulk soil Clay Relative abundance of organic compouns as % Bulk soil Soil depth: 15-25cm Clay Carbohydrates N compounds Lignin Dimers Lipids Phenols+Lignin nin Monomers AlkylAromatics Carbohydrates N compounds Lignin Dimers Lipids Phenols+Lignin in M Monomers AlkylA lkylaromatics 5 Relative abundance of organic compouns as % 0
9 Volatilization Temperatures by Py-FIMS Soil depth: 0-15cm Soil depth: 15-25cm Bulk soil clay Bulk soil clay 0.30 Intensity (%TI II) Top Base Peptides Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Intensity (%TII) Carbohydrates Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Inte ensity (%TII) N compounds Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C)
10 Volatilization Temperatures by Py-FIMS Soil depth: 0-15cm Soil depth: 15-25cm Bulk soil clay Bulk soil clay Intens sity (%TII) Top Base Lipids Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Intensity (% %TII) Top Base Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Temperature ( ο C) Phenols and Lignin Monomers
11 C NEXAFS spectra of clay fractions Soil ildepth: 0-15 cm Aromatic-C Aliphatic-C Hill base soil: enriched in aromatic C depleted in aliphatic C
12 Conclusions C concentration and speciation along the pasture hillslope transect are linked to redox cycling of Fe oxides. The stability of soil organic carbon is related to carbon content and/or the normalized carbon content by mineral surface area.
13 Acknowledgements Kyungsoo Yoo at the University of Minnesota Beamline scientists at the Canadian Light Sources: Jian Wang, J.J.Dynes, and Tom Regier Environmental Soil Chemistry Group at the University of Delaware National Science Foundation (NSF)
Chunmei Chen A,B and Donald L Sparks A. Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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