Alan Levander Rice University. US Funding : NSF Continental Dynamics FUNVISIS Funding: CONICIT, PDVSA Support from Venezuelan Armed Forces
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1 Subduction in the Southern Caribbean Alan Levander Rice University BOLIVAR & GEODINOS Working group: U.S. : Rice, UTIG, Scripps, IU, UGA, Memphis Venezuela: FUNVISIS, UCV, Simon Bolivar Germany: GFZ-Potsdam US Funding : NSF Continental Dynamics FUNVISIS Funding: CONICIT, PDVSA Support from Venezuelan Armed Forces
2 Rice: A. Levander, H.G. Ave Lallemant, F. Niu, C.A. Zelt, M.S. Miller, M. Bezada, S.A. Clark, A. Beardsley, M.C. Guedez, A. Arogunmati, J. Masy FUNVISIS, Caracas, Venezuela: M. Schmitz, H. Rendon, F. Audemard UTIG: P. Mann, G. Christeson, A. Escalona, T. Aitken, D. Gorney Memphis/CIRES: M.B. Magnani GFZ-Potsdam, Germany: M. Sobiesiak Indiana: G. Pavlis, M. Growdon, T Bravo, M Landes Scripps: F. Vernon Students from Simon Bolivar, UCV
3 Outline 1. How did the Caribbean get where it is 2. ATL and CAR plates in the upper mantle 3. Steep ATL subduction in the east ATL-SA Slab tear 4. Flat-slab CAR subduction in the west Laramide-style uplift of Merida Andes
4 Hotspot Reference Frame
5 Caribbean Large Igneous Province Forms
6 Caribbean Large Igneous Province Forms
7 Caribbean Large Igneous Province Forms
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22 Tectonic Setting:
23 San Andreas fault El Pilar-San Sebastion & Bocono University of Washington
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25 Earthquakes: Cariaco 1997 M=6.9 Caracas 2009 M= M= M~7.7 Cucuta 1879
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27 Finite-Frequency Teleseismic P-wave Tomography: Max Bezada s PhD Research
28 Finite-Frequency P-wave tomography: +1.5% Caribbean in West Atlantic in East ATL CAR CRATON Bezada et al. JGR, 2010
29 The Slabs in 3D:
30 The Slabs in 3D: ATL CAR
31 North Antilles Subduction Zone Seismicity South ATL
32 Niu et al, 2007, JGR Clark et al., 2008, G 3 Zhai & Levander, 2010, Earthquake Research
33 63.25W profile - view from west N Moho SA ATL Miller et al, JGR, 2009 k m /s
34 64W profile - view from west N Moho SA ATL km/s
35 The tear forming between South American and the Atlantic drags off the bottom of the SA lithosphere This weakens the SA lithosphere
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37 70.25W profile Caribbean plate extends as far south as Lake Maracaibo N Moho CAR km/s Miller et al, 2009, JGR
38 Seismic Refraction Tomography: Maria Guédez Parra s MS Research
39 Active Source & Rayleigh wave Tomography and Receiver Functions CLIP Aruba Oca SS Serrania de Falcon Guedez, Miller et al, 2009, JGR, Niu et al., 2006
40 The Slabs in 3D: ATL CAR
41 Caribbean Plate Flat Slab Subduction
42 Shear wave Anisotropy and Reciever Functions: Jeniffer Masy s PhD Research
43 SKS splits Parallel to 1) Plate boundary 2) Bocono fault 3) Absolute plate motion Masy et al., 2009, AGU
44 From the Northeast Mantle Flow in the West From the Southwest Masy et al, 2009, AGU
45 Conclusions 1. Subducting ATL and CAR plates dip steeply in opposite directions 2. Both plates tear, weakening the lithosphere as a whole and broadening the zones of seismicity 3. In east subducting ATL tears from SA plate 1. Initiates strike-slip fault system 2. Removes SA lithosphere 3. Influences mountain building and basin development 4. In the west CAR is flat under Columbia and steepens under the Maracaibo block producing Laramide-style uplift of Merida Andes and must tear Very productive ongoing collaboration w. Venezuela
46 What is going on here??
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