Re-regulation of geothermal energy development in Japan
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1 Re-regulation of geothermal energy development in Japan Keiichi Sakaguchi and Toshiyuki Tosha National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
2 Geothermal resource areas based on hot spring distribution Hydrothermal resources with young volcanic heat source Rank A Rank B Hydrothermal resources with older volcanic and unknown heat source Rank A Rank B Deep-seated hot water resources Almost all Japanese high-temperature geothermal systems have their heat sources from late Quaternary magma chambers. Therefore, the systems are intimately associated with national parks.
3 Natural Park Categories ( Natural Parks Law) Natural Parks Administrative management 1. National Parks Ministry of Environment 2. Quasi-National Park Prefectural government 3. Prefectural Natural Parks Prefectural government Category based on degree of importance Natural Park Plans ( 5 terrestrial zones) Division Sub division Abbreviation in following figures Special zones Strict regulation Special protection zones SP Class 1 special zones Class 2 special zones Class 3 special zones Ordinary zones Ordinary OZ Soft regulation S1 S2 S3
4 Geothermal resources in natural parks 81.9 % of high-temperature geothermal resources are distributed in the special protection zones and special zones of Natural Parks (Muraoka et al., 2008). Re-regulation is needed to carry out the geothermal developments in these zones
5 Area (km2) Area resource not exsist (km2) Area whre resource exists (km2) S3 OZ S SP S1 0 Comparison of area whrere resource exists and not exist Ratios of areas containing high-temperature resources for each Natural Park category. High-T resources are relatively more common in highly ranked zones (SP)
6 3500 SP >20 Yen/kWh Yen/kWh Yen/kWh Usable resource (MW) S1 S2 S3 < 10 Yen/kWh OZ Out Usable resource Cost of Power Generation for each category: SP zones contain large resources (3000 MW) of relatively high-quality (low cost).
7 Development and exploration surveys in the Natural Parks Special Protection Zones and Class1 Special Zones often cover the central part (crater area) of volcanoes. Therefore, there might be some difficulty in developing geothermal energy in these areas. Exploration surveys of the wider area are necessary to understand underground resources. Surveys throughout the park areas are desired to clarify the situation regarding geothermal resources in the area. (Distribution of geothermal resources is not ruled by surface park plans.)
8 The Japanese Cabinet directed the Ministry of the Environment to re-examine the regulations regarding exploration and development in National Parks in order to promote geothermal development. The Ministry of the Environment undertook a one-year study of the regulations in National Parks, and has made a new notice regarding geothermal development within National and Quasi- National Parks in March 2012 (see following slide). Geothermal development, especially large scale development, in class 2 and 3 special zones is not impossible according to the new ordinance, but is still very difficult.
9 Ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment (27 March 2012) 1) Special Protection Zone and Class 1 special zone (SP and S1) Development is not admitted, but gravity or MT survey will be admitted. This covers a wide area. Deviated well drilling is not admitted. 2) Class 2 and Class 3 special zones (SP2 and SP3) The development is not admitted unless of a small scale*. Use of the existing hot spring water will be admitted. Deviated well drilling will be admitted if there is no effect on the surface. * Comment: Small scale development is expected to mean with a generator size of less than 3 MW.
10 Summary Among the Natural Park zones, special protection zones, which are the highest ranked protected zones in Japanese National Parks, have the best geothermal resource potential in quality and quantity. Investigations in Natural Parks, including special zones, were strongly desired to better understand the condition of prosperous geothermal resources. By the ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment on 27 March 2012, development at a small scale (<3 MW) is admitted.
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