Aim: To be able to describe and explain techniques used to predict or reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions in NAMED locations.

Transcription

1 C/W Qu: Can we predict volcanoes? 18/10/12 Aim: To be able to describe and explain techniques used to predict or reduce the impacts of volcanic eruptions in NAMED locations. Starter: Read and correct the following: We currently can stop volcanoes from happening and it is very easy to prevent a lava flow from destroying a town (it has never been done though). It is possible to stop a pyroclastic flow though, so efforts go instead in to prediction and education. 1

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3 In modern Volcanology it is no longer enough to say 'a volcano on this type of plate boundary will do this'. Different volcanoes act in different ways just look at St Helens erupting laterally. Volcano prediction now looks to say 'what will THIS particular volcano do'. 3

4 Pre disaster planning Hazard management cycle Prevention: action to prevent or reduce severity of hazard Mitigation: action to reduce property damage and minimise economic impacts. Preparedness: Action to increase speed and efficiency of response. Post disaster response Response: effectiveness depends on education, training and experience of emergency services. Recovery: action to assist communities to return to pre disaster conditions. Redevelopment: action to manage economic losses. Possible physical and social adjustments to hazards Physical adjustments include: Building and construction techniques to withstand hazards of a given strength. Mapping and avoiding sites where hazards are likely to occur. Predicting where and when a hazard may occur. Preventing or altering the characteristics of a hazard. Social adjustments include: Land use zoning for hazard locations. Establishing building standards. Public awareness through education Establish early warning systems Evacuation and preparation plans in place Spreading economic loss more fairly through insurance, taxes and grants. Prioritising communities most at risk from the threat OR impacts of a hazard. Prevention Preparedness Recovery Redevelopment Mitigation Predicting Building a) Figure out the missing words and replace them on the table above. b) Which of these planning, response and adjustments are likely to show greatest disparities between MEDC and LEDC nations? Explain your answer. (8) 4

5 Hazard management cycle Pre disaster planning Prevention: action to prevent or reduce severity of hazard Mitigation: action to reduce property damage and minimise economic impacts. Preparedness: Action to increase speed and efficiency of response. Post disaster response Response: effectiveness depends on education, training and experience of emergency services. Recovery: action to assist communities to return to pre disaster conditions. Redevelopment: action to manage economic losses. Possible physical and social adjustments to hazards Physical adjustments include: Building and construction techniques to withstand hazards of a given strength. Mapping and avoiding sites where hazards are likely to occur. Predicting where and when a hazard may occur. Preventing or altering the characteristics of a hazard. Social adjustments include: Land use zoning for hazard locations. Establishing building standards. Public awareness through education Establish early warning systems Evacuation and preparation plans in place Spreading economic loss more fairly through insurance, taxes and grants. Prioritising communities most at risk from the threat OR impacts of a hazard. Prevention Preparedness Recovery Redevelopment Mitigation Predicting a) Figure out the missing words and replace them on the table above. b) Which of these planning, response and adjustments are likely to show greatest disparities between MEDC and LEDC nations? Explain your answer. (8) 5

6 How can volcanoes be monitored or predicted? Task: On your own copy, match the pictures to the correct descriptions. (Extension: Without any of this technology what could be done to predict eruptions?) Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO and 2 CO2 can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way. 6

7 Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO and 2 CO 2can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way. Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO and 2 CO 2can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way. Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO and 2 CO 2can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way. 7

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9 Equipment used to monitor volcanoes Infra red imaging observations of the earths surface temperature from space can detect rising magma below the surface helping predict an eruption. Tilt Meters Acts like a giant spirit level. Magma rising below the volcano can deform the sides causing the ground angle to alter. These readings can indicate a future eruption. Gas emmissions Levels of SO2 and CO2 can increase shortly before an eruption suggesting an event is about to occur. Groundwater measurements can be measured for changes in temperature or chemical structure and can indicate pressure building towards an eruption. Seismographs Rising magma can force rocks apart creating hundreds of small shallow focus earthquakes. These can indicate an eruption is on the way. Global Positional Systems GPS stations situated around the volcano can indicate the slightest movements in the crust which could mean an eruption. 9

10 Further Tasks 1. Dvd 48: Volcano prediction 16 mins Take notes some of the techniques need careful spelling!! 2. Use AQA A2 book pg 14, Key Geog for GCSE pgs 70/71 OCR B textbook pg 121 to make notes on the different ways volcanic hazards can be managed. Good but Basic you need to show wider understanding. 3) Volcano prediction sheet, qu: 19, 20, 21, 22 EXT: qu 23. The following slides are also a good resource but can be read and followed up in your time. Find the lesson on the website. 10

11 June 2012 Paper "With reference to two volcanic events that you have studied from contrasting areas of the world, compare the ways in which volcanoes and their impacts have been managed." 10 marks Homework Plan an answer to this Q to be done under timed conditions next Monday. Exam = 2.5 hrs Marks = 90 note as well as NDR and St Helens, you could bring in elements from the dvd you watched on volcano prediction too. Time per mark = 1.7 mins Maximum time you will spend on this question in class next week = 17 minutes (note in the exam, this would include planning time) 11

12 Plenary: Is this taking things a step too far? Watch attached video. VIDEO Scientist risks life to collect lava(2).avi 12

13 The following 6 slides are further information for your own reading around the subject. Download the PDF from the school website, read and take relevent notes. 13

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20 QU: How can volcanic hazards be managed? AIM: To understand the merits of different adjustment and mitigation techniques used to monitor and predict eruptions. ST: There is an essay advice booklet available to you with past questions, written by your teachers, for your benefit. Do you have it? Have you read it? Take time then, if you will, to read some exam board feedback...?????? You haven't have you. So when we tell you to read the question... Several of you do this.. Who has been told this on essay feedback this year? Know your facts and figures/examples inside out. HOW? Revise and do extra reading. ARE YOU? 20

21 Attachments VIDEO Scientist risks life to collect lava 2.avi