Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series (GNATS): Documenting change in a coastal marine ecosystem
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1 Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series (GNATS): Documenting change in a coastal marine ecosystem William Balch 1 with input from Tom Huntington 2, George Aiken 3, and Crystal Schaaf 4 1 Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, E. Boothbay, ME 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Augusta, ME 3 U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO 4 U. Mass Boston, Boston, MA
2 Acknowledgements D. Drapeau, B.C. Bowler, L. Lubelczyk, E. S. Booth, J. Goes, E. Lyczskowski, D. Alley, A. Wyeth(Bigelow Laboratory), L. A. Windecker (U.C. Santa Barbara), E. Olson (WHOI), R. Vaillancourt (Millersville Univ.), A. Ashe (U.Maine) + 70 others (occasional trips) for 171 crossings covering >44,000 km (the circumference of Earth) and 480 person days at sea over 17+ years. Erica Eames, Boothbay Regional HS entry of historic data Kenna Butler, USGS processing DOC samples Nick Bates (BIOS) processing DIC samples Sustained support from NASA has made this possible!
3 The Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series (GNATS) -Transect roughly east-west -crosses 4 water masses - 17 years ( ) -Well-documented water shed! -NASA-supported with two major goals: 1) satellite calibration/ validation 2) coastal carbon time series/modeling
4 GNATS Program ( ; 17+ years) What are we sampling? Hydrography: SST, Salinity; XBTs, MVP profiles of T,S Chemistry (NO 3 +NO 2, PO 4, SiO 2 ) Biogeochemistry:(POC, PIC, DOC, DIC, BSi) Biology (chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, 14 C primary production & calcification, phytoplankton enumerationcoccolithophorids, Flow CAM functional groups
5 GNATS Program ( ; 17+ years) What are we sampling? Bio Optical measurements Inherent optical properties [spectral absorption (total and dissolved), scattering, elastic backscattering, acid labile backscattering, volume scattering function, inelastic scattering (chlorophyll, CDOM fluorescence), nitrate absorption (SUNA) Apparent optical properties [above water spectral upwelling radiance, sky radiance, downwelling irradiance] Seasonal Slocum glider missions along the GNATS transect (T, S, CDOM fluor, Chl Fluor, b bp 531nm)C
6 Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series (GNATS) is a NASA centric Ship of Opportunity Program; M/V Nova Star 171 GOM crossings.
7 Background: Oceanographers have studied coastal carbon for about a century in the Gulf of Maine Henry Bigelow studied the the coastal Gulf of Maine from 1912 onwards in a series of one month cruises. Father of modern oceanography (and with a decidedly coastal focus).
8 But now there is an intensifying hydrological cycle
9 Focus: Changing DOC quantity Penobscot River from 1930 present; based on LOADEST Ann DOC Export (Kg per year) 30% increase driven by increased precip and increased variance in precip Year Tom Huntington, USGS Augusta
10 LOADEST2 estimated DOC fluxes from the Penobscot River Empirically based DOC Export (Metric Tons/day) DOC Concentration (mg/l) Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Fall Discharge Events Huntington, USGS
11 Changing DOC quantity: Regional Hydro Ecological Simulation System(RHESSys) simulates DOC fluxes from the Penobscot Watershed into the Gulf of Maine; Analytically Based mm/day Streamflow (mm d 1 ) DOC flux g m 2 d 1 Gage Station Model Cumulative DOC flux ( ) (Mt C) Penobscot at Eddington DOC yield ( )(KgC/ha/yr) RHESSys 387, LOADEST 308, Crystal Schaaf and Shabnam Rouhani, U. Mass Boston
12 GNATS has observed a massive decline in primary productivity across the GOM P Y (mg C m 3 d 1 ) Year West Longitude (deg) 3.0
13 Space time variability in GNATS Portland Yarmouth White bands= no data; dashed lines = summer solstice
14 CDOM absorption as an optical proxy of DOC quantity r 2 =0.331 r 2 =0.624 a g412 (m -1 ) a g350 (m -1 ) r 2 =0.670 Predicted DOC (mg L -1 ) r 2 =0.810 a g254 (m -1 ) Observed DOC (mg L -1 )
15 Does [CDOM] relate to river discharge? June-Sept cruises only
16 Large scale distribution of DOC quantity and quality Aiken et al., USGS
17 Satellite derived DOC (MODIS Aqua) based on GIOP model, a g412 2 October, 2005 Werdell et al., Applied Optics 2013
18 Lag correlations of DOC discharge from rivers vs MODISderived DOC Coefficient of correlation, r Site 1 Site 2 Site Site Lag Weeks Months
19 Glider crossings of GNATS transects
20 First look at the salinity climatology and CV from 20 crossings of the Gulf
21 DOC concentration derived from 20 crossings of GNATS transect with an autonomous glider Depth (m) Longitude ( o W) Portland Yarmouth
22 DOC:POC ratio and CV based on 20 glider crossings.
23 François Alphonse Forel founder of limnology (1890) and Willi Ule (1892; limnologist) Composed a hand held, color comparator scale, with tints varying from indigo blue to cola brown. Used to quantify the color of seas, lakes and rivers. The Forel Ule (FU) color scale has been calibrated to modern radiometric measurements (Wernand and van der Woerd, 2010). There is a comparatively large data set of older FU measurements Henry Bigelow made such measurements in the Gulf of Maine in 1912 and We can compare Bigelow s measurements to GNATS radiometric measurements inferred through colorimetry
24 Old and new FU color scales (Wernand and van der Woerd, 2010) Iphone apps Citclops Hommersom and Van der Woerd Ocean Sci. Discuss. Hydrocolor Leeuw and Boss-
25 Chromaticity Coordinates Relating radiometry to photometry (humanperceived color) Based on dimensionless tristimulus or color matching functions (Phototopic luminosity function; C.I.E. color coordinate system, 1936) Luminance Radiometric quantity (L( ) Normalize out intensity Wernand and van der Woerd (2010) measured spectral transmission of FU solutions
26 Henry Bryant Bigelow Schooner Grampus, ~1914. Henry Bigelow aboard schooner Grampus, ~1914. Our window to past ocean color in the GoM
27 Bigelow Ocean Color Data from 1912 and 1913 (Bigelow, 1924)
28 Bigelow
29 Ext. Eastern Maine Coastal Current Sept. 2014; 80Km from land
30 Who cares? CDOM competes with chlorophyll for blue absorpition
31 Will the Gulf of Maine get yellower in the next century? Projected DOC export by Penobscot River (Hadley Center Model A1 Emission Scenario DOC Export (Kg DOC yr 1 ) Year 30% increase predicted driven by increased precip and more floods Huntington et al., USGS, submitted
32 Summary The power of GNATS is synoptic satellite and ship observations plus access to extensive watershed and coastal records GNATS has observed massive intrusions of CDOM and DOC associated with extreme wet years in the NE coastal environments GNATS has demonstrated that CDOM is a useful proxy for tracking DOC export from land to sea CDOM standing stock has increased in the Gulf of Maine over the last century Tough to differentiate between climate change or changes in land use We predict continued increases in Gulf of Maine DOC, w/ further yellowing with other potential ecological consequences. Thank you!
33
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