Spatial ecology of Carcharias taurus in the northwestern Mid- Atlantic coastal ocean. Supplement 1. Supplemental Figures and Tables

Transcription

1 Spatial ecology of Carcharias taurus in the northwestern Mid- Atlantic coastal ocean D. E. Haulsee*, M. W. Breece, L.M. Brown, B. M. Wetherbee, D. A. Fox, M. J. Oliver * Corresponding author: dhaulsee@udel.edu Marine Ecology Progress Series 597: Supplement 1 Supplemental Figures and Tables a) b) c) d) Figure S1. Spring and fall composite images of a-b) sea surface temperature and c-d) remote sensing reflectance at 555 nm (sr -1 ) in the coastal Mid-Atlantic region of the East Coast, USA, measured by the MODIS aqua satellite.

2 a) b) c) d) Figure S2. Summer and winter composite images of a-b) sea surface temperature and c-d) remote sensing reflectance at 555 nm (sr -1 ) in the coastal Mid-Atlantic region of the East Coast, USA, measured by the MODIS aqua satellite.

3 Table S1. Sea surface environmental variables from NASA s MODIS-aqua satellite that were matched to Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus presence/absence records and considered as potential predictors of Sand Tiger habitat. Variable Units Description chl_oc3 mg m -3 Chlorophyll Concentration, OC3 Algorithm a_412_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 412 nm, QAA algorithm a_443_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 443 nm, QAA algorithm a_469_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 469 nm, QAA algorithm a_488_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 488 nm, QAA algorithm a_531_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 531 nm, QAA algorithm a_547_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 547 nm, QAA algorithm a_555_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 555 nm, QAA algorithm a_645_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 645 nm, QAA algorithm a_667_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 667 nm, QAA algorithm a_678_qaa m -1 Total absorption at 678 nm, QAA algorithm bb_547_qaa m -1 Total backscattering at 547 nm, QAA algorithm aph_443_qaa m -1 Absorption due to phytoplankton at 443 nm, QAA algorithm Absorption due to gelbstoff and detrital material at 412 nm, QAA algorithm adg_412_qaa m -1 c_547_qaa m -1 Beam attenuation at 547 nm, QAA algorithm rrs_412 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 412 nm rrs_443 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 443 nm rrs_469 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 469 nm rrs_488 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 488 nm rrs_531 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 531 nm rrs_547 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 547 nm rrs_555 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 555 nm rrs_645 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 645 nm rrs_667 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 667 nm rrs_678 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 678 nm rrs_748 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 748 nm rrs_859 sr -1 Remote sensing reflectance at 859 nm pic mg m -3 Calcite Concentration, Balch and Gordon poc mg m -3 SST C Sea Surface Temperature Particulate Organic Carbon, D. Stramski, 2007 (443/555 version)

4 a) b) Figure S3. Variability in the number of a) presences and b) absences used to build generalized additive mixed models to predict the probability of occurrence of Sand Tiger sharks Carcharias taurus.

5 Table S2. All generalized additive mixed models run for predicting Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the coastal ocean study region. Selected top models selected are in bold. Terms denoted with (*) were not significant (p>0.05). SST = sea surface temperature, DOY = day of year, Rrs555 = remote sensing reflectance at 555 nm. Model Formulation AIC Δ AIC r 2 ROC All s(depth) + s(rrs555) + t2(sst, DOY) s(depth) + s(sst) + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(sst) + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) s(depth) + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(doy) + s(sst) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) s(doy) + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) s(rrs555) + t2(doy, SST) s(doy) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst)* + s(rrs555) s(sst) + t2(doy, Rrs555) t2(doy, Rrs555) s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, DOY) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth) + t2(sst, Rrs555) t2(doy, SST) t2(depth, DOY) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) t2(sst, Rrs555) t2(depth, SST) t2(depth, Rrs555) Adult Males s(depth) + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(sst)* + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(rrs555) + t2(sst, DOY) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst)* + s(rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) s(depth) + s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555)

6 s(doy) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(doy) + s(sst)* + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(doy) + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) s(sst)* + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) t2(doy, Rrs555) s(sst)* + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(doy, SST) s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(sst) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) t2(sst, Rrs555) t2(depth, DOY) s(sst)* + t2(depth, DOY) s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) t2(doy, SST) t2(depth, SST) t2(depth, Rrs555) Adult Females t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth)* + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(sst)* + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth)* + s(sst)* + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(doy) + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST)* s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(depth)* + s(doy) + s(sst)* + s(rrs555) s(depth)* + s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(doy, SST) s(doy) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth)* + s(rrs555) + t2(sst, DOY) s(doy) + s(sst)* + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) s(sst) + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) t2(sst, Rrs555) s(depth)* + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(sst) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST)* t2(doy, SST) s(depth)* + t2(doy, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, DOY) t2(depth, DOY) t2(depth, SST)

7 Juveniles t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(rrs555) + t2(sst, DOY) s(rrs555) + t2(doy, SST) s(doy) + s(sst) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(doy) + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) s(depth) + s(sst) + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst)* + s(rrs555) s(doy) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) s(sst)* + s(rrs555) + t2(depth, DOY) s(depth) + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(doy) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(sst) + t2(doy, Rrs555) s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) t2(doy, Rrs555) t2(doy, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, DOY) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) t2(depth, DOY) s(sst) + t2(depth, Rrs555) s(depth) + t2(sst, Rrs555) s(rrs555) + t2(depth, SST) t2(sst, Rrs555) t2(depth, SST) t2(depth, Rrs555)

8 Table S3. All generalized additive mixed models run for predicting Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the Delaware Bay study region. Top models selected are in bold. Terms denoted with (*) were not significant (p>0.05). SST = sea surface temperature, DOY = day of year. All Adult Males Adult Females Juveniles Model Formulation AIC Δ AIC r 2 ROC s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, DOY) t2(depth, DOY) s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst) t2(depth, SST) t2(doy, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, DOY) t2(depth, DOY) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst)* t2(depth, SST) t2(doy, SST) t2(depth, DOY) s(sst)* + t2(depth, DOY) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst)* s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) t2(depth, SST) t2(doy, SST) s(doy) + t2(depth, SST) s(sst) + t2(depth, DOY) t2(depth, DOY) s(depth) + t2(doy, SST) s(depth) + s(doy) + s(sst) t2(depth, SST) t2(doy, SST)

9 a) b) Figure S4. Variable importance of generalized additive mixed models for all Sand Tigers Carcharias taurus in the a) coastal ocean study area, and in the b) Delaware Bay study area.

10 a) b) c) d) Figure S5. Generalized additive mixed model probability of occurrence predictions (blue = low probability, red = high probability) for juvenile Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the coastal ocean study region in the a) winter, b) spring, c) summer, and d) fall using an 8 day climatology of SST and Rrs555 from the MODIS aqua satellite record, day of year, and depth as a predictor inputs. Inset map shows predictions

11 within approximate domain of acoustic receiver arrays, where cross-validation of the model performance was performed. Predictions outside of the inset should be considered preliminary. Dates above each panel reflect the first day of each 8 day period for climatological data used for prediction.

12 a) b) c) d) Figure S6. Generalized additive mixed model probability of occurrence predictions (blue = low probability, red = high probability) for adult male Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the coastal ocean study region in the a) winter, b) spring, c) summer, and d) fall using an 8 day climatology of SST and Rrs555 from the MODIS aqua satellite record, day of year, and depth as a predictor inputs. Inset map shows predictions

13 within approximate domain of acoustic receiver arrays, where cross-validation of the model performance was performed. Predictions outside of the inset should be considered preliminary. Dates above each panel reflect the first day of each 8 day period for climatological data used for prediction.

14 a) b) c) d) Figure S7. Generalized additive mixed model probability of occurrence predictions (blue = low probability, red = high probability) for adult female Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the coastal ocean study region in the a) winter, b) spring, c) summer, and d) fall using an 8 day climatology of SST and Rrs555 from the MODIS aqua satellite record, day of year, and depth as a predictor inputs. Inset map shows predictions

15 within approximate domain of acoustic receiver arrays, where cross-validation of the model performance was performed. Predictions outside of the inset should be considered preliminary. Dates above each panel reflect the first day of each 8 day period for climatological data used for prediction.

16 a) b) c) d) Figure S8. Generalized additive mixed model probability of occurrence predictions (blue = low probability, red = high probability) for juvenile Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the Delaware Bay study region in the a) winter, b) spring, c) summer, and d) fall using an 8 day climatology of SST from the MODIS aqua satellite record, day of year, and depth as a predictor inputs. Dates above each panel reflect

17 the first day of each 8 day period for climatological data used for prediction. *Note later arrival and earlier departure of sharks from the region compared to coastal ocean.

18 a) b) c) d) Figure S9. Generalized additive mixed model probability of occurrence predictions (blue = low probability, red = high probability) for adult male Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the Delaware Bay study region in the a) winter, b) spring, c) summer, and d) fall using an 8 day climatology of SST from the MODIS aqua satellite record, day of year, and depth as a predictor inputs. Dates above each panel reflect

19 the first day of each 8 day period for climatological data used for prediction. *Note later arrival and earlier departure of sharks from the region compared to coastal ocean.

20 a) b) c) d) Figure S10. Generalized additive mixed model probability of occurrence predictions (blue = low probability, red = high probability) for adult female Sand Tiger Carcharias taurus occurrence in the Delaware Bay study region in the a) winter, b) spring, c) summer, and d) fall using an 8 day climatology of SST from the MODIS aqua satellite record, day of year, and depth as a predictor inputs. Dates above each panel reflect

21 the first day of each 8 day period for climatological data used for prediction. *Note later arrival and earlier departure of sharks from the region compared to coastal ocean.