GE 11a, 2014, Lecture 4 Seismic wave types and velocities
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1 GE 11a, 2014, Lecture 4 Seismic wave types and velocities
2 Seismic activity on earth is widespread, frequent, localized and powerful
3 The earth may be unique in the solar system in this respect Weak, diffuse moonquakes
4 Basic types of faults Hanging wall Fault plane Foot wall Ground Normal: Hanging wall down Dip-slip (cut-away view) Thrust ( reverse ): Hanging wall up Left lateral Strike-slip (bird s eye view) Right lateral Fault trace
5 The broader context of faulting Brittle Fault plane; episodic rupture Ca km deep Ductile Broad zone; continuous plastic shear
6 Knife-sharp faults Guatemala Somewhere else
7 Important field trip guidelines: Depart Friday, Oct. 17 tt, return Sunday, Oct. 19 th, etc. 6 pm Notebook (preferably something tough) and pens Show up on the S. side of Arms by 11:30 Bring a sleeping bag or a heavy blanket (pillows, sheets, etc. are provided) Warm-ish clothes Walking shoes At least one piece of rain gear Maybe a swim suit? Depends on timing and hot spring access There are consequences for getting crunk.
8 Fault zones
9 Plastic deformation near and in faults Antelope valley
10 Breccia Cataclasite - More fine grained - Blocks are breccia; i.e., clearly multiple stages Mylonite Sorting and stretching into layers
11 Distributed fault systems like a mega-fault zone
12 Plastic deformation in a shear zone Little Medium Big
13 Earthquakes! The sources of seismic waves
14 Focus 0 Seconds Rupture expands circularly on fault plane, sending out seismic waves in all directions. Fault cracks at surface 5 Seconds Rupture continues to expand as a crack along the fault plane. Rocks at the surface begin to rebound from their deformed state. Fault crack extends 10 Seconds The rupture front progresses down the fault plane, reducing the stress. 20 Seconds Rupture has progressed along the entire length of the fault. The earthquake stops.
15 The fault plane of the Landers earthquake (eastern California shear zone; 1992) Displacement on fault plane
16 Earthquake nomenclature Ground Epicenter Fault plane Hypocenter ( focus ) Other side of the earth Anticenter
17 P waves a body wave analogous to sound
18 S waves a body wave analogous to light
19 Surface waves Rayleigh wave (analogous to ocean surface) Wave direction Love wave (analogous to a snake or shaken rope) Wave direction
20 Normal modes ( natural or harmonic oscillations) Spheroidal (radial motion) Toroidal (torsional, shearing motion) On earth, periods are ca. tens of minutes
21 Speeds of seismic waves Surface and normal modes have complex velocity dependencies; take 11d to learn about these! Body waves are simpler (and more important for studying earth s interior) Velocity is proportional to elastic modulus (stiffness) density (momentum) Elastic modulus = stress strain F/m 2 kg/s 2 m Unitless; e.g., Volume / Volume Two elastic moduli: Bulk modulus ( ): isotropic compression; springiness of bonds Shear modulus ( ): resistance to change in shape
22 Speeds of seismic waves General relation: V = (modulus/ ) 0.5 V P = ([ +4/3 ]/ ) 0.5 V S = ( / ) 0.5 For finite and, V P must be faster than V S = 0 in fluids, so V P drops sharply and V S goes to 0 when waves hit a solid/fluid boundary
23 Moment magnitude Moment = Slip x Area x Elastic modulus N. meters (i.e., work) Log 10 of moment Meters Meters 2 Kg/s 2. m (i.e., force per area)
24 The Mercalli Intensity scale (earthquake intensities for people who don t like numbers and are easily scared)
25 # of earthquakes Deaths from earthquakes Courtesy of James Jackson Population growth
26
27 North Tehran Fault Tehran > 5,000, ,000 to 1,000,000 1,000,000 to 5,000,000
28 Lebanon etc. Tehran Himalayan front Some examples of large potential seismic disasters Myanmar, Bangladesh western Sumatra
29 Ratnal, India after the 2001 magnitude 7.7 event
30 Youtube it! (ground motions) UG5c 62Ti5_6s ni (Building motions) PnE
31
32 Topagraphy near Sumatra
33 2011 Japan event
34 Youtube model 2011 Japan event model Lc
35 Youtube it! Summatra MPo Japan
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