A DECADE OF PIPELINE GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING USING DISTRIBUTED FIBER OPTIC MONITORING TECHNOLOGY

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Clyde Julian Norris
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1 A DECADE OF PIPELINE GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING USING DISTRIBUTED FIBER OPTIC MONITORING TECHNOLOGY Fabien Ravet, Marc Niklès, Etienne Rochat Omnisens S.A. Outline Introduction The Technology o Measurement principle, interrogation unit, sensor Geohazard detection with optical fibers o Physical quantity and Some Examples Technology evolution and project timeline o Interrogation Unit, Sensors, Monitoring software, Projects Timeline Conclusions 1

Introduction Mountain Range Type of climate Tropical Temperate Arctic/sub arctic Arid/semi arid Tropical Geohazard Landslide, erosion Landslide, erosion Landslide, erosion, subsidence Landslide,

2 Introduction Mountain Range Type of climate Tropical Temperate Arctic/sub arctic Arid/semi arid Tropical Geohazard Landslide, erosion Landslide, erosion Landslide, erosion, subsidence Landslide, erosion Erosion, subsidence Pipeline Geohazard Threats o Erosion, Landslide, Subsidence Optical fiber technology o Pipelines are linear structures as optical fiber cables o Communication and sensing through the same fibers Flat land Subsea / Underwater Temperate Arctic/sub arctic Arid/semi arid Shallow water Erosion, subsidence Erosion, subsidence Erosion (including dune migration), subsidence, Erosion (including seabed migration and scouring) o Strain, temperature(and vibration) sensors o Distributed measurements Fiber optic monitoring solutions for integrity monitoring being implemented as early as 22 Distributed Sensing Turning optical fibers into a fully distributed sensor One interrogator connected...to one fibre to monitor thousands of locations. Local temperature and strain condition 2

Light Scattering 5 The physics behind detection and monitoring Scattering analysis applied to sensing applications o Brillouin scattering lines are temperature and strain

3 Light Scattering 5 The physics behind detection and monitoring Scattering analysis applied to sensing applications o Brillouin scattering lines are temperature and strain sensitive o Peak frequency (Brillouin frequency) is proportional to strain and temperature T and ε change in the fiber introduces frequency changes of Brillouin scattered light 3

and the position is given by the time of

Spatial resolution is given by the pulse w

and extracting the maximum peak location.

o Structure deformation o Compatible with

strain sensitivity o Specific cable design

4 Sensing Technique Time Domain The activating signal is a propagating pulse and the position is given by the time of flight. Spatial resolution is given by the pulse w idth. and Frequency Domain The frequency shift is computed by recording the Brillouin spectrum at different frequencies and extracting the maximum peak location. Time domain analysis Optical Fiber Sensors Strain Strain Monitoring Cable o Ground movement detection (landslide, subsidence) o Structure deformation o Compatible with direct burial o Mechanicalstrength and strain sensitivity o Specific cable design o Standard IEC HDPE Steel Wires SMF Steel Tube Iten et Al, SHMII 29 Ravet et Al, ASME IPG 213 IEC 6793 &

5 Temperature Monitoring Cable o Leak, seepage and erosion detection o Compatible with direct burial o Mechanicalstrength o Fiber mechanicalisolation o Telecom cable o IEC Optical Fiber Sensors Temperature Ravet et Al, ASME IPG 213 IEC 6793 & Geohazard Detection and Monitoring Geohazard Erosion Subsidence Landslide Soil Strain Measurement x x Soil Temperature Measurement x 5

Erosion Detection and Monitoring 2 25247m 25265m 1 Te mperatura Relativa [ C] 1 2 3 4 5 14.5.216 15.5.216 16.5.216 17.

3 251 2515 252 2525 253 2535 254 Distance [m] Landslides Detection and Monitoring 4 35 4462m 453m Unexpected landslide

Strain [miscrostrain] 3 25 2 15 1 5 PLNG Transport System, Peru 5 28.12.21 17.1.211 6.2.211 26.2.211 18.3.211 7.4.

6 Erosion Detection and Monitoring m 25265m 1 Te mperatura Relativa [ C] Ramones Transport System, Mexico Relative Temperature [ C] Distance [m] Landslides Detection and Monitoring m 453m Unexpected landslide that occured after and sensing fibers installation. Strain [miscrostrain] PLNG Transport System, Peru Peak corresponds to a calculated displacement of about 25 cm Relative Strain [microstrain] Distance [m] 6

Subsidence Detection and Monitoring 15 1 2.6.216 9 :57

2.15 Texcoco Lake, Mexico.1.5 Plate 4 7 m Plate 6 84 m. 3.5 4.6 9.6 14.6 19.6 24.6 29.6 4.

7 Subsidence Detection and Monitoring : :11 Strain [mic ro strain ] Distance [m] Settlement [m] Texcoco Lake, Mexico.1.5 Plate 4 7 m Plate 6 84 m Performance Evolution Measurement Range (similar resolution, measurement time and form factor) >3km With optical amplifers >8km >5km >3km Time 7

Sensing Cable Evolution SMC DIAL Better protection and multifunctional (telecom, strain, temperature, vibration) AIMCOM Better strain sensitivity and strength, lighter Ground movement, Structural

of operation Projects Terrain and Climate Geotechnical monitoring integration to a comprehensive monitoring solution and non exhaustive installed Project History Country of Installation Monitored

temperate Italy 5 m erosion, deformation 27 Pioneer Oooguruck Flowline Subsea and subarctic Alaska 7 km Erosion Leak During construction 29 Mineria Los Pelambres Mountain range and arid Chile 3km

211 211 Tra ns porta dora de Gas del Peru Esperanza mine Mountain range and tropical Peru 5 km erosion Leak Leak Retrofit Retrofit Mountain range and arid Chile 15 km Erosion Leak During construction

8 Sensing Cable Evolution SMC DIAL Better protection and multifunctional (telecom, strain, temperature, vibration) AIMCOM Better strain sensitivity and strength, lighter Ground movement, Structural deformation 215 SMC 3 Improved strain sensitivity and strength SMC Strain sensing for ground movement 21 SMC 4 Enhanced strain sensitivity for Structural deformation 28 Temperature and telecom Start of operation Projects Terrain and Climate Geotechnical monitoring integration to a comprehensive monitoring solution and non exhaustive installed Project History Country of Installation Monitored Length Geohazards Other applications Type of installation 22 Berlin Brineline Flat land and temperate Germany 55 km Erosion Leak During construction 25 SNAM/Rete Gas (ENI) Mountain range and temperate Italy 5 m erosion, deformation 27 Pioneer Oooguruck Flowline Subsea and subarctic Alaska 7 km Erosion Leak During construction 29 Mineria Los Pelambres Mountain range and arid Chile 3km Erosion Leak Retrofit 21 Peru LNG Mountain range and Peru 6 km tropical erosion Leak During construction 21 ENI Nikaitchuq Flowline Subsea and subarctic Alaska 5 km Erosion Leak During construction Tra ns porta dora de Gas del Peru Esperanza mine Mountain range and tropical Peru 5 km erosion Leak Leak Retrofit Retrofit Mountain range and arid Chile 15 km Erosion Leak During construction 212 Sierra Gorda Mountain range and arid Chile 15 km Erosion Leak During construction 213 Sakhalin to Vladivostok Mountain range, flat land and subarctic Russia 18 km erosion, deformation During construction GASCO Pipelines Flat land and arid Abu Dhabi 25 km Erosion Leak During Construction 215 Ramones I Flat land and tropical Mexico 114 km Erosion 216 Ramones II Norte Mountain range and tropical Mexico 46 km erosion Leak and Third party intrusion During construction Leak and Third party intrusion During construction 8

Conclusions Technology evolved o Better sensing performance and longer range o Sensors are more robust and sensitive or have multifunctional capabilities o Monitoring and data processing is more

9 Conclusions Technology evolved o Better sensing performance and longer range o Sensors are more robust and sensitive or have multifunctional capabilities o Monitoring and data processing is more accurate and user friendly o Standardization activity on interrogation units (IEC ) o Performance evolution opens the application of the technology to long tiebacks and the access to remote area Geohazard risk can be mitigated o Early detection which allows preventive action to be taken o Installation during construction allows detection of landslides in unexpected locations Challenges o Appropriate cable selection o Cable installation o Robustness to survive the environment o Accurate position registration 9

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