A SEABED SCRAMBLE: Overlapping Outer Continental Shelf Entitlements, their Resource Potential and their Resolution

Transcription

1 A SEABED SCRAMBLE: Overlapping Outer Continental Shelf Entitlements, their Resource Potential and their Resolution Robert van de POLL, CANADIAN International Manager, Law of the Sea, Fugro N.V., Leidschendam, The Netherlands Clive SCHOFIELD, AUSTRALIAN Director of Research, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Australia 6 th ABLOS Conference 2010 Contentious Issues in UNCLOS Surely Not? IHB, Monte Carlo, Monaco October 25 27, 2010

2 Disclaimer Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the graphics/figures contained in this presentation and the accompanying paper, these are necessarily: Illustrative Indicative Independent Preliminary It is requested that the figures contained in this paper are not quoted without the permission of the authors

3 What is the State of Play for Extended Continental Shelf Submissions Around the World? There are 192 (UN Member States) Countries in the world today Of these, there are *155 Coastal States in the world today.. Of these 155 as many as *84 of these Coastal States have the opportunity to formally submit an Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) Submission (in accordance with UNCLOS, Article 76) beyond 200 nautical miles (NM) (EEZ). To date, **75 Individual Coastal States claims (both full (**53) & preliminary (**42)) submissions have been deposited with the United Nations, mapping out substantial areas of extended continental shelf subject to coastal State jurisdiction totalling over ~30,155,031 km2 (including some overlapping claims). but not including the additional 9 Coastal States possible/probable submission yet to come) Of this 30,155,031 km2 of new possible/probable seabed based on the current 75 countries claims already submitted to the CLCS, possibly 32 areas with approximate total area of ~2,711,107 km2 (~9%) will involve Extended Continental Shelf (ECS) maritime overlapping claim Area (OCA) disputes and a possibility for up to 16 more areas (for the additional 9 Coastal States submissions yet to come) These new potential maritime spaces will become the Next Frontier for all resource exploration / exploitation for decades to come. *Robert van de Poll (2009 Fugro Global LOS Compilation Database ~ possible based on notification and/or analysis) **United Nations Website ~ deposited as of October 2010

4 North American Compilation (23 Coastal States ) European Compilation (32 Coastal States) Asian Compilation (36 Coastal State) Fugro s Regional Compilation Database A Law of the Sea Inventory for 155 Coastal States South American Compilation (10 Coastal States ) African Compilation (38 Coastal States) Oceania Compilation (16 Coastal States)

5 The Fugro Global Law of the Sea Database (Examples from Africa Compilation) Complete Global Coastlines and Borders Mapped at 1:75,000 Scale Global Landsat TM7 Coverage (Recent ~ 2000 to 2005) (14.25 meter) Territorial Sea Baselines Maritime Boundary Agreements (Gazetted) (Gazetted) Etopo5 / Etopo2 / Etopo1 Missing Baseline & Maritime Bathymetric Raster Images Boundary Lines (2000 meter) Interpreted (Hypothetical) GEBCO1 Bathymetric Single-Beam Bathymetry Raster Images (24 Million NM of data) (2000 meter) (Various Resolutions) Multi-Beam Bathymetry Seismic derived Sediment (Fine) Thickness Raster Images (selective Regions) (2000 meter) (Various Resolutions) Seismic derived Sediment (Coarse) Thickness Raster Images (2000 meter) Free-Air Gravity UNCLOS Article 76 Raster Images United Nations Submissions (2000 meter) (75 States) THESE EXAMPLES ARE FOR ILLUSTRATIVE PURPOSES ONLY Fugro Global Cable Database

6 North American (Plus Caribbean) UNCLOS A76 Summary (23 Coastal States 1 Overseas Holder Territory) Limits & Boundaries; 122 Maritime Boundaries 44 Agreed / Treatied 78 Un-resolved / In-dispute 63.9% To Be Resolved N America LOS Summary: 23 Coastal States 1 Overseas Holder Territory (France) 21 of 23 Ratified UNCLOS 2 of 23 Not Ratified Northeast Quadrant 7 States UNCLOS Article 76 Claim Submissions (Full (5) & Preliminary (3)); Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Trinidad & Tobago Overseas Territories Holder Claim s; France (Saint Pierre et Miquelon & French Antilles) *NOTE: Probable submissions still to come = Canada, USA Southeast Quadrant

7 North American UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northeast Quadrant) Denmark (Greenland)? Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Canada & Denmark (Greenland)) Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Canada & France) Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Canada & USA ) Canada? USA? Hibernia Oil Field 2 Billion Barrels (Canada 1997) ~38NM from EEZ France (Saint Pierre et Miquelon) ~ 38,764 km2 hydrocarbons examples are meant to be illustrative/selective of recent deep and ultra-deep water activities

8 North American UNCLOS A76 Summary (Southeast Quadrant) Tiber Oil Field 4-6 Billion Barrels (USA 2009) ~39NM from EEZ USA? Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Bahamas & USA) USA? USA? Cuba ~ 1,207 km2 Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Cuba & USA) Bahamas ~ 176,069 km2 France (Antilles) & Barbados ~ 14,242 km2 France (Antilles) ~ 23,077 km2 Mexico ~ 9,882 km2 Transocean Rig (For Chevron) 3051 meters water depth (USA 2008) Venezuela & Nicaragua ~ 41,160 km2 Barbados & Trinidad + Tobago (partial) ~ 27,069 km2 Barbados ~ 53,444 km2 Nicaragua ~ 41,160 km2 Trinidad & Tobago (Partial) ~ 132,355 km2

9 South American UNCLOS A76 Summary (10 Coastal States 2 Overseas Holder Territories) Limits & Boundaries; 22 Maritime Boundaries 15 Agreed / Treatied 7 Un-resolved / In-dispute 31.8 % To Be Resolved Northwest Quadrant Northeast Quadrant S America LOS Summary: 10 Coastal States 2 Overseas Holder Territories (France / UK) 6 of 10 Ratified UNCLOS 4 of 10 Not Ratified 9 States UNCLOS Article 76 Claim Submissions (Full (6) & Preliminary (3)); Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay Overseas Territories Holder Claim s France (French Guiana) UK (Falkland Is. + S. Georgia Is. + S. Sandwich Is.) Southeast Quadrant *NOTE: Possible/Probable submissions still to come = Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

10 South American UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northwest Quadrant) Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Ecuador & Costa Rica ) Costa Rica (2 Areas) Total ~ 176,795 km2 Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Ecuador & Peru) Ecuador (3 Areas) Ecuador (3 Areas) Petro-Tech Oil Field 1.13 Billion Barrels (Peru 2008) Ecuador (3 Areas) Chile (3 Areas) Peru Chile Chile

11 South American UNCLOS A76 Summary (Southeast Quadrant) Brazil (2 Areas) Total ~ 924,813 km2 Uruguay ~ 91,118 km2 Argentina & UK ~ 866,386 km2 Argentina ~ 1,035,608 km2 UK (Partial) ~ 1,212,077 km2 Rockhopper Sea Lion Discovery (UK 2010) ~84NM from EEZ

12 South American UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northeast Quadrant) Barbados ~ 53,444 km2 Venezuela? Trinidad & Tobago ~ 132,355 km2 French Guiana ~ 77,718 km2 Guyana ~ 37,982 km2 Suriname ~ 84,518 km2 Barbados + Trinidad & Tobago + Guyana + Suriname + France (French Guiana) ~ 130,788 km2 Brazil (2 Areas) Total ~ 924,813 km2 Tupi Oil Field 30 Billion Barrels (Brazil ) ~68NM from EEZ

13 Europe UNCLOS A76 Summary (33 Coastal States 1 Overseas Holder Territory) Limits & Boundaries; 95 Maritime Boundaries 50 Agreed / Treatied 45 Un-resolved / In-dispute 47.4 % To Be Resolved Europe LOS Summary: Northwest Quadrant 33 Coastal States 1 Overseas Holder Territory (Denmark) 32 Ratified UNCLOS 1 of 33 Not Ratified 9 States UNCLOS Article 76 Claim Submissions (Full (9) & Preliminary (1)); France+Ireland+UK+Spain (Joint), Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Spain, United Kingdom Southeast Quadrant Overseas Territories Holder Claim s Denmark (Faroe Islands) *NOTE: Probable/Possible submissions still to come = Denmark (Greenland), Denmark (Faroe South) Iceland (Rockall / Hatton Bank)

14 European UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northeast Quadrant) Russia & Norway ~ 63,040 km2 Russia (Partial) ~ 63,040 56,227 km2 Denmark (Faroe North) ~ 88,214 km2 Iceland + Denmark (Faroe) + Norway ~ 88,214 km2 Norway Total (Loop ~ Hole 7,442 Area) km2 Total ~ 62,439 km2 Norway Total ~ 253,500 km2 Iceland Total ~ 27,711 km2 Asterix Gas Field 100 Million Barrels Oil Equivalent (Norway 2009) ~79NM from EEZ

15 European UNCLOS A76 Summary (Southwest Quadrant) Denmark (Faroe South) ~?? Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Denmark (Faroe South) & Iceland & UK & Ireland) Iceland Total ~ 468,001 km2 Iceland (Still to come???) ~?? UK Total ~ 162,985 km2 Ireland Total ~ 374,607 km2 Denmark (Greenland) ~?? Spanish Point Gas Discovery (Ireland 2009) ~123NM from EEZ Spain & Quad Submission ~ 3,871 km2 Ireland Total ~ 40,306 km2 Quad (UK+Ireland+France+Spain) Total ~ 84,765 km2 Portugal (partial) Total ~ 1,920,493 km2 Spain & Portugal ~ 22,042 km2 Spain (Partial) Total ~ 63,250 km2

16 African UNCLOS A76 Summary (38 Coastal States 2 Overseas Holder Territories) Northwest Quadrant Limits & Boundaries; 141 Maritime Boundaries 49 Agreed / Treatied 92 Un-resolved / In-dispute 65.3% To Be Resolved African LOS Summary: 38 Coastal States 2 Overseas Holder Territories (France / UK) 35 of 38 Ratified UNCLOS 3 of 38 Not Ratified Northeast Quadrant 30 States UNCLOS Article 76 Claim Submissions (Full (12) & Preliminary (22)); Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Togo, Togo & Benin (Joint), United Republic of Tanzania Southwest Quadrant Overseas Territories Holders Claim s France (Crozet + Saint-Paul + Amsterdam) France (Kerguelen) UK (Ascension Island) Southeast Quadrant *NOTE: Possible/Probable submissions still to come = Morocco, Liberia, Madagascar, Comoros

17 African UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northwest Quadrant) Portugal (Azores (partial) Total ~ 1,920,493 km2 Morocco Spain (Canaries) Total ~ 340,084 km2 Mauritania ~ 79,112 km2 Spain & Portugal ~ 42,753 km2 Venus B1 Well Oil Discovery (Sierra Leone 2009) (2000 meters water depth) Spain & Mauritania & Cape Verde ~ 76,397 km2 Cape Verde (2 Areas) Total ~ 170,308 km2 Senegal ~ 12,578 km2 Gambia ~ 7,995 km2 Benin ~ 10,068 km2 Ghana & Togo & Benin & Nigeria & Sao Tome-Principe & Cameroon ~ 20,922 km2 Guinea-Bissau ~ 10,319 km2 Sierra Leone ~ 2,749 km2 Cote D Ivoire ~ 20,669 km2 Senegal & Gambia ~ 7,995 km2 Guinea ~ 19,707 km2 Guinea & Sierra Leone ~ 2,749 km2 Liberia Togo ~ 10,679 km2 Nigeria ~ 8,248 km2 Sao Tome & Principe ~ 37,090 km2 Cameroon ~ 159,874 km2 Equatorial Guinea ~ 24,411 km2 UK (Ascension Is (partial) ~ 643,020 km2 Ghana (2 Areas) Total ~ 15,655 km2 Gabon ~ 26,888 km2

18 African UNCLOS A76 Summary (Southwest Quadrant) Gabon ~ 26,888 km2 Congo ~ 12,573 km2 DRC ~ 6,717 km2 UK (Ascension Island ~ Partial) Total ~ 643,020 km2 Gabon & Congo & Angola & DRC ~ 18,103 km2 Angola ~ 333,863 km2 Oberon Oil Discovery (Angola 2009) (1624 meters water depth) Namibia Total ~ 1,066,426 km2 Namibia & South Africa ~ 4,776 km2 South Africa (Partial) (3 Areas) Total ~ 1,118,198 km2

19 African UNCLOS A76 Summary (Southeast Quadrant) Tanzania (Partial) ~ 69,849 km2 Seychelles ~ 2,893 km2 Seychelles (2 areas ~ Some Joint + Partial) ~ 92,974 km2 Mauritius Total ~ 173,240 km2 Tanzania & Seychelles ~ 2,893 km2 Comoros Mozambique & South Africa ~ 23,919 km2 Mozambique ~106,172 km2 Windjammer Oil & Gas Discovery (Mozambique 2010) (1465 meters water depth) France (Reunion) Total ~ 66,592km2 Mauritius Mauritius (3 Areas) (2 Areas ~ Some Joint) Total ~ 583, ,061 km2 Madagascar France (Antarctic) (4 Areas (4 Areas) Some Joint) Total ~ 1,317,463 km2 South Africa (3 Areas (3 Areas) Some Joint) Total ~ 1,118,198 km2

20 African UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northeast Quadrant) Kenya & Somalia ~ 22,490 km2 Yemen ~ 45,234 km2 Tanzania & Kenya ~ 7,406 km2 Somalia ~ 94,340 km2 Kenya ~ 117,461 km2 Seychelles Seychelles (3 Areas) Total (2 Areas ~ 95,867 ~ Partial) km2 Total ~ 92,974 km2 Tanzania ~ 69,849 km2

21 Asian UNCLOS A76 Summary (35 Coastal States) Limits & Boundaries; 106 Maritime Boundaries 40 Agreed / Treatied 66 Un-resolved / In-dispute 62.2% To Be Resolved Asian LOS Summary: 35 Coastal States 28 of 35 Ratified UNCLOS 7 of 35 Not Ratified Eastern Quadrant 15 UNCLOS Article 76 Claim Submissions (Full (11) & Preliminary (4)); Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Western Philippines, Quadrant Republic of Korea, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Yemen *NOTE: Possible/Probable submissions still to come = Bangladesh

22 Pakistan ~ 55,844 km2 Asian UNCLOS A76 Summary (Western Quadrant) India (West) ~ 252,831 km2 India (East) Total ~ 347,056 km2 Krishna Godavari Basin Oil & Gas Discovery (India 2010) (1653 meters water depth) Bangladesh Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Bangladesh & Myanmar & India & Sri Lanka) Myanmar ~145,751 km2 Oman ~ 102,580 km2 Oman & Pakistan ~ 8,220 km2 Sri Lanka Total ~ 1,729,213 km2 Sri Lanka & India & Myanmar ~ 371,071 km2 Maldives (2 Areas) Total Total ~ 172,121km2 ~ Indonesia ~ 4,538 km2 Sri Lanka & Maldives ~ 9,575 km2

23 Asian UNCLOS A76 Summary (Eastern Quadrant) South Korea ~ 18,636 km2 South Korea & Japan (JDA) ~ 18,636 km2 Liwan 3-1 Oil & Gas Discovery (China 2010) (1500 meters water depth) China Japan (5 Areas) Total ~ 741,572 km2 China (Still to come??) Vietnam (2nd Area) ~ 12,464 km2 Vietnam & Malaysia (Joint) ~ 43,313 km2 Philippines ~ 132,233 km2 Philippines (Still to come??) Palau Palau (3 (3 Areas) Areas) Total Palau (3 258,385 Areas) Total ~ 258,385 km2 Total ~ km2 258,385 Japan & Palau ~ 228,576 km2 Brunei Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Brunei & Vietnam & Malaysia) Indonesia (Still to come??)

24 Oceania UNCLOS A76 Summary (16 Coastal States 2 Overseas Holder Territories) Limits & Boundaries; 34 Maritime Boundaries 11 Agreed / Treatied 23 Un-resolved / In-dispute 67.7% To Be Resolved Northwest Quadrant Northeast Quadrant Oceania LOS Summary: 16 Coastal States 2 Overseas Holder Territories (France & New Zealand) 16 of 16 Ratified UNCLOS 0 of 16 Not Ratified Southwest Quadrant 11 States UNCLOS Article 76 Claim Submissions (Full (10) & Preliminary (9)); Australia, Cook Islands, FSM, FSM, Fiji, Fiji, Fiji+Solomon+Vanuatu (Joint), Fiji+Solomon (Joint), New Zealand, Palau, PNG, PNG, Solomon Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga Overseas Territories Holders Claim s France (New Caledonia), France (Wallis & Futuna), France (French Polynesia) New Zealand (Tokelau)

25 Oceania UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northwestern Quadrant) FSM ~ 135,443 km2 Indonesia (Still to come??) FSM ~ 76,171 km2 FSM & PNG ~ 64,062 km2 FSM + PNG + Solomon Islands ~ 499,462 km2 PNG ~ 135,021 km2 PNG ~ 67,191 km2 Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Indonesia & FSM & PNG) (Fiji +Solomon's) & (Solomon's + FSM + PNG) ~ 589 km2 Fiji + Solomon Islands ~ 47,391 km2 FSM & PNG ~ 131,722 km2 InterOil Gas Discovery (PNG 2009) Nautilus SMS (Seabed Massive Sulfides) (PNG 2008) (1600 meters water depth) Fiji + Solomon Islands + Vanuatu ~ 73,464 km2

26 Oceania UNCLOS A76 Summary (Southwestern Quadrant) France (New Caledonia) (2 Areas) Total ~ 187,440km2 Australia & France (New Caledonia) & New Zealand ~ 110,091 km2 Greater Gorgon Area Gas Discovery (Australia 2010) ~90NM from EEZ Tonga ~ 29,221 km2 Fiji South Total ~ 1,297,698 km2 Australia Australia (9 Australia Areas) (9 Areas) (9 Total Total ~1,508,209 Areas) Areas) km2 km2 (All Areas Total = 2,560,000 km2) Fiji & New Zealand & Tonga ~ 209,408 km2 New New Zealand (5 (5 Areas) Total Total ~ 1,717,375 ~ 1,165,500km2

27 Oceania UNCLOS A76 Summary (Northeastern Quadrant) Cook Islands ~ 400,880 km2 NZ (Tokelau) (2 Areas) Total ~ 87,908 km2 New Zealand (Tokelau) & Cook Islands ~ 67,038 km2 France (Wallace + Futuna) ~ 18,152 km2 France (Wallis & Futuna) & New Zealand (Tokelau) ~ 18,152 km2 France (Polynesia) (7 Areas) Total ~ 809,330 km2 Possible Future Overlapping Issues (France & Vanuatu)

28 Arctic UNCLOS A76 Summary (5 Countries Claims) USA? Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Russia & USA ) Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Russia & Canada ) Canada? Possible Future Overlapping Issues (Russia & Denmark (Greenland)) Russia (4 Areas) Total ~ 1, km2 Russia Russia (~56,227 & Norway km2) Norway ~ 63,040 (~7442 km2 km2) (Pending Resolution) Norway Norway (3 Areas) Total ~ 329,064 km2 Denmark (Greenland)? Iceland + Denmark (Faroe) + Norway ~ 88,214 km2

29 Antarctica UNCLOS A76 Summary (7 Countries Claims) Norway Norway (2 Areas Arctic) ~ 680,074 km2 UK UK (Arctic) ~1,212,077 km2 km2 Argentina (2 Areas) ~ 1,780,888 km2 Argentina & UK ~ 866,386 km2 Australia Australia (4 Antarctic (7 (7 Areas) Areas) Areas) ~734,104 2,299,729 km2 Chile France Australia Australia (7 Areas) (3 Areas) 2,299,729 ~1,565,625 km2 km2 (All Areas Total = 2,560,000 km2) New New Zealand Zealand (3 Areas) Total ~1,227,125 km2 (All Areas Total ~ 1,717,375 km2)

30 Summary.. These new potential ECS maritime spaces will become the Next Frontier for all resource exploration / exploitation for decades to come. As of today, ~30,155,031 km2 of new possible/probable ECS of seabed based on the current 75 countries Submissions & Preliminary Information that has already been submitted to the CLCS.. possibly 32 areas with approximate total area of ~2,711,107 km2 (~9%) will involve ECS maritime overlapping claim (OCA) disputes (beyond 200NM (EEZ) and a further possibility for up to 16 more areas (for the additional 9 Coastal States submissions yet to come) It is quite obvious that we will be busy with Law of the Sea activities for some time to come.

31 Thank You Questions??? ROBERT VAN DE POLL B.Sc (Earth Sciences) / M.Sc.E (Geodesy & Geomatics) International Manager Law of the Sea Fugro N.V. rvandepoll@fugro.com