W o r l d O i l a n d G a s R e v i e w

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1 W o r l d O i l a n d G a s R e v i e w

2 Pro duction / Produzione In 2006 the world production of natural gas grew by 3.5%, reaching 2,929 billion cubic metres (bcm). In 2006, Russia was the leading producer country, with approximately 632 bcm (22% of the world production). The USA ranked second with 515 bcm (18% of the world production) and, far behind, Canada ranked third (185 bcm). Iran, in fourth place with 99 bcm, proved to be among the big producers not only in the oil market, but also in the gas market. Most of the gas production is concentrated in only a few areas and countries. Overall, the top ten countries extract approximately 65.3% of the world total (1,914 bcm in 2006). About 39% of the world s natural gas is produced in just two countries Russia and the USA. Overall, North America (Canada and USA) produced 701 bcm in 2006 (+1.6% compared to 2005) and, according to early estimates, approximately 718 bcm in 2007 (+2.5% compared to 2006). In the last few years, thanks to the start up of production of non-conventional gas fields, this production area considered mature and expected to go into strong decline has been able to keep its level of production stable enough. The Middle East produces approximately 324 bcm (11% of the world total). Natural gas extraction is increasing substantially in these countries (it was only 145 bcm in 1996) pulled by domestic consumption and the growth in the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) market. Allowing transport by ship, the LNG supply chain has enabled an area that is rich in resources, yet far from the consumer countries, to access international markets, without requiring the laying of long and expensive gas pipelines. Production continued to decrease in the European Union countries. In 2006 it went down to 214 bcm (-5%), thus confirming the ongoing trend.the drop was particularly sharp in the United Kingdom, where production went from 86 bcm in 2006 to about 78 bcm in (In 2000, when peak production was recorded, it was 116 bcm). The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo First 10 countries 1, , , , , , , , , , , Russia United States Canada Iran Algeria Norway United Kingdom Indonesia Netherlands Turkmenistan Rest of the World , World 2, , , , , , , , , , , World=2, billion cubic metres 2006 World=2, billion cubic metres 25.2% 1.5% 3.6% 3.3% 4.0%1.9% 2.9% 1.9% 7.1% 34.7% 2.2% 2.3% 2.6% 2.9%3.2% 3.3% 3.4% 6.3% 25.5% 23.3% 21.6% 17.6% Russia United States Canada Iran Algeria Norway United Kingdom Indonesia Netherlands Turkmenistan Rest of the world 40

3 Pro duction / Produzione Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati EUROPE Western and Central Europe Eastern Europe CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AFRICA ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AMERICAS North America Latin America WORLD 2, , , , , , , , , , , High income countries 1, , , , , , , , , , , Upper middle income countries Lower middle income countries Low income countries INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS EUROPEAN UNION (27) OECD 1, , , , , , , , , , , OPEC (12) World=2, billion cubic metres 2006 World=2, billion cubic metres 13.1% 5.2% 10.6% 6.7% 26.3% 30.4% 22.3% 23.9% 4.1% 6.4% 4.1% 10.5% 5.2% 11.1% 7.1% 13.0% Western and Central Europe Central Asia Africa North America Eastern Europe Middle East Asia and the Pacific Latin America 41

4 Pro duction / Produzione Countries Paesi EUROPE Albania Austria Belorussia Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy (*) Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan MIDDLE EAST Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates (*) The figures differ from those published in the Italian National Energy Balance because of the different calorific content of a cubic metre. To arrive at the figures from the national source, in cubic metres, multiply the production by I dati differiscono da quelli pubblicati nel Bilancio Energetico Nazionale Italiano a causa del diverso contenuto calorifico del metro cubo. Per ricondursi ai dati, in metri cubi, di fonte nazionale è sufficiente moltiplicare la produzione per il coefficiente 1,

5 Pro duction / Produzione Countries Paesi AFRICA Algeria Angola Côte d Ivoire Egypt Gabon Libya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Tunisia ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam AMERICAS Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Ecuador Mexico Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Venezuela

6 Reserves / Riserve During 2007 gas reserves remained fairly stable compared to 2006, totalling thousand billion cubic metres (Tcm). In spite of constantly increasing consumption, gas reserves have grown over time. From 2000 to now, they have increased from Tcm to Tcm (+25.1 Tcm), while approximately 21.7 Tcm of natural gas has been extracted in the same period. This means that, on average, more than double the quantity that has been extracted has been added to the reserves every year. Therefore, just like oil, natural gas reserves are not a static and certain variable, but rather one that is dynamic and little known and does not necessarily fall over time. Indeed, their value may grow when new discoveries are made. Moreover, only a part of the underground resources that are technically recoverable i.e. those that are considered profitable at the current prices of natural gas are recorded as reserves. It should be emphasized that no statistical source has ever reported the value of natural gas reserves updated at current prices after 2000, so that the actual amount of reserves should be considered underestimated. To summarize, a sharp increase in prices like the present one or the development of new technologies that allow cheaper extraction could lead to the decision to put into production fields that were previously considered technologically difficult or not economically viable. In this case the expected production of natural gas is shifted from resources to reserves, thus increasing the total volume of the latter. The problem with gas reserves is that they are highly concentrated in a few countries. The top ten countries hold 76% of the total. Russia leads in first place with 26.3%, followed by Iran and Qatar with 14.8% and 14% respectively. These top three countries alone hold 55% of the world s gas reserves. In the period from January 1 st 2000 to January 1 st 2008, the Middle East was the area where the greatest increase in reserves was recorded (+17.9 Tcm on a world total of Tcm), followed by Africa with +3.2 Tcm. In terms of individual countries, the greatest increase in reserves occurred in Qatar (+14.3 Tcm) and Nigeria (+1.8 Tcm). Natural gas reserves have also increased in the USA, one of the production areas that has been known and exploited for a longer period of time. Here production climbed from 4.7 Tcm as of January 1 st 2000 to 6.2 Tcm on January 1 st 2008 (+1.5 Tcm or +30% over the entire period). As for production, these figures also show vitality in the gas upstream sector in the USA, which counters the widespread pessimism at the start of the new millennium. The first ten countries in the world (billion cubic metres as at 1 st January) Primi dieci paesi del mondo (miliardi di metri cubi al 1 gennaio) First 10 countries 108, , , , , , , , , , , , ,415 Russia 48,900 48,900 48,240 48,080 46,900 46,700 46,800 47,000 48,000 47,800 47,820 47,814 47,814 Iran 20,990 23,000 23,000 24,200 25,000 26,000 26,100 26,690 27,570 27,500 27,495 27,575 26,845 Qatar 8,500 8,500 8,500 10,900 11,157 14,443 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,636 25,636 25,490 Saudi Arabia 5,383 5,410 5,695 5,777 6,146 6,301 6,456 6,646 6,754 6,834 6,900 7,154 7,546 United States 4,676 4,714 4,735 4,645 4,740 5,024 5,195 5,294 5,353 5,451 5,787 5,977 6,173 United Arab Emirates 5,859 5,784 6,063 5,996 5,995 5,994 6,058 6,054 6,047 6,083 6,115 6,111 6,111 Venezuela 4,063 4,049 4,121 4,148 4,155 4,152 4,180 4,181 4,219 4,287 4,315 5,100 5,565 Nigeria 3,474 3,475 3,483 3,511 3,512 4,106 4,633 4,997 5,055 5,117 5,154 5,215 5,275 Algeria 3,690 3,680 3,700 4,077 4,520 4,523 4,523 4,523 4,545 4,545 4,504 4,504 4,428 Iraq 3,360 3,360 3,188 3,188 3,285 3,109 3,109 3,190 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170 Rest of the World 40,500 41,372 42,528 41,589 41,370 42,053 42,963 42,659 42,220 41,973 42,743 43,558 43,531 World 149, , , , , , , , , , , , , World=149,395 billion cubic metres as at 1 st January 2008 World=181,945 billion cubic metres as at 1 st January 27.1% 2.2% 2.5% 2.3% 2.7% 3.9% 3.1% 3.6% 5.7% 23.9% 1.7% 2.4% 2.9% 3.1% 3.4% 3.4% 4.1% 14.0% 32.7% 14.1% 26.3% 14.8% Russia Iran Qatar Saudi Arabia United States United Arab Emirates Venezuela Nigeria Algeria Iraq Rest of the world 44

7 Reserves / Riserve Areas and aggregates (billion cubic metres as at 1 st January) Aree e aggregati (miliardi di metri cubi al 1 gennaio) EUROPE 57,103 57,021 56,997 56,869 56,171 55,811 55,706 55,528 55,808 55,417 55,519 55,255 55,025 West. and Central Europe 7,113 7,031 7,667 7,624 8,116 7,961 7,756 7,378 6,663 6,467 6,559 6,301 6,071 Eastern Europe 49,990 49,990 49,330 49,245 48,055 47,850 47,950 48,150 49,145 48,950 48,960 48,954 48,954 CENTRAL ASIA 7,636 7,636 7,636 7,488 8,056 8,166 8,166 8,226 8,216 8,216 8,206 8,226 8,226 MIDDLE EAST 46,852 49,002 49,343 52,976 54,742 59,145 70,775 71,641 72,640 72,544 72,488 73,031 72,579 AFRICA 9,935 10,148 10,255 10,778 11,439 12,464 13,134 13,782 13,925 14,118 14,280 14,493 14,528 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 13,268 13,957 14,440 14,313 12,235 12,395 13,316 13,513 13,925 13,816 14,452 15,150 15,052 AMERICAS 14,601 14,479 14,581 13,687 14,137 14,424 14,703 14,327 14,202 14,432 14,694 15,659 16,535 North America 6,605 6,555 6,544 6,393 6,459 6,707 6,889 6,968 6,956 7,051 7,427 7,625 7,828 Latin America 7,996 7,924 8,037 7,294 7,678 7,717 7,814 7,359 7,246 7,381 7,267 8,034 8,707 WORLD 149, , , , , , , , , , , , ,945 High income countries 38,252 38,429 39,740 42,108 42,100 45,832 57,863 57,638 57,028 56,856 56,960 57,357 57,571 Up. middle inc. countries 62,512 62,577 62,097 60,959 60,152 59,811 60,007 59,976 60,871 60,430 60,887 61,689 62,414 Low. middle inc. countries 40,135 42,654 42,818 44,427 45,774 47,246 47,701 48,671 49,842 50,076 50,369 51,249 50,530 Low income countries 8,496 8,583 8,597 8,617 8,754 9,516 10,229 10,732 10,975 11,181 11,423 11,519 11,429 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS EUROPEAN UNION (27) 4,001 3,918 3,905 3,749 4,219 4,042 3,843 3,637 3,403 3,229 3,368 3,197 3,086 OECD 18,243 18,268 18,940 17,841 17,204 17,386 17,810 17,016 16,358 16,069 16,222 16,195 16,130 OPEC (12) 61,675 63,957 64,611 68,292 69,246 74,376 86,539 87,975 89,245 89,421 89,391 90,665 90, World=149,395 billion cubic metres as at 1 st January 2008 World=181, 945 billion cubic metres as at 1 st January 33.5% 4.8% 5.4% 4.4% 8.9% 6.7% 26.9% 3.3% 4.8% 4.3% 8.3% 8.0% 4.5% 5.1% 31.4% 39.9% Western and Central Europe Central Asia Africa North America Eastern Europe Middle East Asia and the Pacific Latin America 45

8 Reserves / Riserve Countries (billion cubic metres as at 1 st January) Paesi (miliardi di metri cubi al 1 gennaio) EUROPE 57,103 57,021 56,997 56,869 56,171 55,811 55,706 55,528 55,808 55,417 55,519 55,255 55,025 Albania Austria Belorussia Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy (*) Moldova Netherlands 1,815 1,765 1,787 1,771 1,714 1,655 1,616 1,567 1,492 1,449 1,387 1,316 1,316 Norway 3,000 3,001 3,654 3,785 3,808 3,841 3,833 3,667 3,188 3,159 3,108 3,022 2,905 Poland Romania Russia 48,900 48,900 48,240 48,080 46,900 46,700 46,800 47,000 48,000 47,800 47,820 47,814 47,814 Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Ukraine 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,125 1,115 1,110 1,110 1,110 1,105 1,110 1,100 1,100 1,100 United Kingdom ,265 1,197 1, CENTRAL ASIA 7,636 7,636 7,636 7,488 8,056 8,166 8,166 8,226 8,216 8,216 8,206 8,226 8,226 Armenia Azerbaijan ,370 1,370 1,370 1,370 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350 1,350 Georgia Kazakhstan 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900 1,900 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,770 2,850 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 2,860 Uzbekistan 1,750 1,750 1,750 1,732 1,750 1,850 1,850 1,850 1,860 1,860 1,850 1,870 1,870 MIDDLE EAST 46,852 49,002 49,343 52,976 54,742 59,145 70,775 71,641 72,640 72,544 72,488 73,031 72,579 Bahrain Iran 20,990 23,000 23,000 24,200 25,000 26,000 26,100 26,690 27,570 27,500 27,495 27,575 26,845 Iraq 3,360 3,360 3,188 3,188 3,285 3,109 3,109 3,190 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170 3,170 Israel Jordan Kuwait 1,494 1,489 1,490 1,482 1,482 1,557 1,557 1,557 1,572 1,572 1,572 1,780 1,813 Oman Qatar 8,500 8,500 8,500 10,900 11,157 14,443 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,783 25,636 25,636 25,490 Saudi Arabia 5,383 5,410 5,695 5,777 6,146 6,301 6,456 6,646 6,754 6,834 6,900 7,154 7,546 Syria United Arab Emirates 5,859 5,784 6,063 5,996 5,995 5,994 6,058 6,054 6,047 6,083 6,115 6,111 6,111 Yemen (*) Since 2007 natural gas in storage facilities is not included. A partire dal 2007 l ammontare delle riserve non comprende il gas dei campi di stoccaggio. 46

9 Reserves / Riserve Countries (billion cubic metres as at 1 st January) Paesi (miliardi di metri cubi al 1 gennaio) AFRICA 9,935 10,148 10,255 10,778 11,439 12,464 13,134 13,782 13,925 14,118 14,280 14,493 14,528 Algeria 3,690 3,680 3,700 4,077 4,520 4,523 4,523 4,523 4,545 4,545 4,504 4,504 4,428 Angola Benin Cameroon Congo Côte d Ivoire Dem. Rep. Congo Egypt ,020 1,223 1,433 1,557 1,657 1,756 1,869 1,895 2,047 2,047 Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Libya 1,313 1,311 1,315 1,315 1,314 1,314 1,314 1,503 1,491 1,491 1,491 1,491 1,491 Madagascar Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria 3,474 3,475 3,483 3,511 3,512 4,106 4,633 4,997 5,055 5,117 5,154 5,215 5,275 Rwanda Senegal Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Tunisia ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 13,268 13,957 14,440 14,313 12,235 12,395 13,316 13,513 13,925 13,816 14,452 15,150 15,052 Afghanistan Australia 3,010 3,260 3,280 3,310 2,105 2,203 2,667 2,528 2,594 2,403 2,429 2,485 2,455 Bangladesh Brunei China 1,070 1,120 1,199 1,250 1,375 1,515 1,679 1,753 1,823 2,020 2,270 3,000 3,000 India ,101 1,075 1,075 Indonesia 3,500 3,851 4,010 3,650 2,620 2,608 2,557 2,582 2,770 2,769 2,769 2,659 2,553 Japan Malaysia 2,271 2,260 2,464 2,410 2,476 2,337 2,480 2,520 2,464 2,272 2,480 2,480 2,745 Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam AMERICAS 14,601 14,479 14,581 13,687 14,137 14,424 14,703 14,327 14,202 14,432 14,694 15,659 16,535 Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada 1,929 1,841 1,809 1,748 1,719 1,683 1,694 1,674 1,603 1,600 1,640 1,648 1,655 Chile Colombia Cuba Ecuador Guatemala Mexico 1,916 1,810 1, Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States 4,676 4,714 4,735 4,645 4,740 5,024 5,195 5,294 5,353 5,451 5,787 5,977 6,173 Venezuela 4,063 4,049 4,121 4,148 4,155 4,152 4,180 4,181 4,219 4,287 4,315 5,100 5,565 47

10 Reserves/ pro duction ratios / Rapporto riserve su produzione In 2006 the ratio between natural gas reserves and annual production fell to 61 years from 63 in Although reserves have increased in recent years, the reserves/production ratio has constantly diminished starting from 2002 (when it topped 68 years), due to high increase in production (the ratio s denominator), which was in turn pulled by consumption. Indeed, logic would suggest that this ratio also called residual life of reserves decreased over time: the annual extraction of natural gas reduces reserves (the ratio s numerator), while the rate of production (the ratio s denominator) increases over time. But if we look at the past trend of this ratio, we realize that this has not always been the case. In fact, from 1996 to 2006 the index has alternatively gone down and up varying within an interval of years although in this period the production of natural gas has increased by 29% (from 2,273 billion cubic metres (bcm) to 2,929). This pattern indicates that in some periods not only has it been possible to replace the reserves used every year, but that new reserves have been added, so as to increase their life indexes or keep them unchanged, in spite of high growth in production. Iran stands out among major natural-gas producing countries that have high life indexes of reserves, with 278 years, followed by Russia (76 years), Algeria and Turkmenistan (47 and 44 years, respectively). In the USA (the world largest consumer country) the ratio has risen over the last few years (from 9 years in 2000 to 11 years in 2006), revealing unexpected vitality in one of the production areas that have been known for longer and have been more intensively exploited. The first ten countries in the world (years) Primi dieci paesi del mondo (anni) Iran Russia Algeria Turkmenistan Indonesia Norway Netherlands United States Canada United Kingdom Iran Russia Algeria Turkmenistan Indonesia Norway Netherlands United States Canada United Kingdom Iran Russia Algeria Turkmenistan Indonesia Norway Netherlands United States Canada United Kingdom

11 Reserves/ pro duction rat ios / Rapporto riserve su produzione Areas and aggregates (years) Aree e aggregati (anni) EUROPE Western and Central Europe Eastern Europe CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AFRICA ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AMERICAS North America Latin America WORLD High income countries Upper middle income countries Lower middle income countries Low income countries INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS EUROPEAN UNION (27) OECD OPEC (12) World Middle East Eastern Europe Africa Central Asia Asia & Pacific Latin America Western and Central Europe North America World Middle East Eastern Europe Africa Central Asia Asia & Pacific Latin America Western and Central Europe North America

12 Reserves/ pro duction ratios / Rapporto riserve su produzione Countries (years) Paesi (anni) EUROPE Austria Croatia Denmark France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom CENTRAL ASIA Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan MIDDLE EAST Bahrain Iran Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates AFRICA Algeria Angola Côte d Ivoire Egypt Libya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria South Africa Tunisia

13 Reserves/ pro duction rat ios / Rapporto riserve su produzione Countries (years) Paesi (anni) ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan Taiwan Thailand Vietnam AMERICAS Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Mexico Trinidad and Tobago United States Venezuela

14 Consumption / C o ns um o In 2006 natural gas consumption rose to approximately 2,889 billion cubic metres (bcm), with a 2.6% increase compared to the previous year. According to preliminary estimates, the increase in world gas consumption should be close to if not over 3% in In 2006 all areas reported a more or less significant yearly growth of natural gas consumption. Major increases were recorded in the Middle East (+8.6%) and in the Asia and Pacific areas (+7.0%). Compared to the year before, in 2006 North America (Canada and the USA) recorded a substantial consumption stability (approximately 699 bcm). From 2001 to 2006, the natural gas demand in the area has practically remained the same, approximately 700 bcm, suffering a setback of growth of supplies (mature domestic production and difficulty in applying to external supplies). Whereas in 2007, preliminary estimates show a high annual increase (+5.3% close to 736 bcm) which emerged from the recovery of domestic production. As for single countries, growth in recent years has been remarkable in China, whose consumption climbed from 24.8 bcm in 2000 to 56.6 bcm in 2006 and to 68.5 bcm in 2007 (preliminary evaluations). Japan in the last two years has also recorded a much higher growth in natural gas consumption than in the past (9.8% in 2006 and 8.7% in 2007). The strong increase is due to the temporary closing down of some nuclear plants (for extraordinary maintenance or earthquake damages) that have required a more intense utilization of electric power generation plants fed by natural gas. According to data for 2006, the USA is the leading consuming country, with about 600 bcm (approximately 21% of the world total). Russia is ranked as the second major consumer with nearly 437 bcm (15% of total consumption); 36% of the demand is therefore concentrated just in two countries. The third biggest consuming country is Iran (101 bcm, a sixth of USA s demand). Overall, the first 10 countries consume 60% of the world total. Consumption of natural gas in developed countries (OECD) accounts for approximately 50% of the total. The percentage is constantly declining (in 2000 it was 55%), which is due to faster consumption growth in non-oecd countries. In particular, the increase in the demand for natural gas has been rather high in the Middle East, whose consumption rose to 280 bcm in 2006 from 179 bcm in The first ten countries in the world Primi dieci paesi del mondo First 10 countries 1, , , , , , , , , , , United States Russia Iran Canada United Kingdom Germany Japan Italy Ukraine Saudi Arabia Rest of the World , , , World 2, , , , , , , , , , , World=2, billion cubic metres 2006 World=2, billion cubic metres 31.9% 1.5% 3.9% 2.4% 3.0%4.0% 4.0% 3.7% 1.9% 39.8% 2.2% 2.5% 2.9% % 3.3% 3.4% 3.5% 16.8% 15.1% 26.8% 20.8% United States Russia Iran Canada United Kingdom Germany Japan Italy Ukraine Saudi Arabia Rest of the world 52

15 Consumption / Consumo Areas and aggregates Aree e aggregati EUROPE , , , , Western and Central Europe Eastern Europe CENTRAL ASIA MIDDLE EAST AFRICA ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AMERICAS North America Latin America WORLD 2, , , , , , , , , , , High income countries 1, , , , , , , , , , , Upper middle income countries Lower middle income countries Low income countries INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS EUROPEAN UNION (27) OECD 1, , , , , , , , , , , OPEC (12) World=2, billion cubic metres 2006 World=2, billion cubic metres 20.3% 5.2% 19.6% 6.5% 30.6% 24.2% 21.6% 18.4% 3.2% 6.1% 2.1% 10.9% 3.4% 9.7% 3.2% 15.0% Western and Central Europe Central Asia Africa North America Eastern Europe Middle East Asia and the Pacific Latin America 53

16 Consumption / C o ns um o Countries Paesi EUROPE , , , , Albania Austria Belgium Belorussia Bosnia Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy (*) Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom CENTRAL ASIA Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan MIDDLE EAST Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates (*) The figures differ from those published in the Italian National Energy Balance because of the different calorific content of a cubic metre. To arrive at the figures from the national source, in cubic metres, multiply the consumption by I dati differiscono da quelli pubblicati nel Bilancio Energetico Nazionale Italiano a causa del diverso contenuto calorifico del metro cubo. Per ricondursi ai dati, in metri cubi, di fonte nazionale è sufficiente moltiplicare il consumo per il coefficiente 1,

17 Consumption / Consumo Countries Paesi AFRICA Algeria Angola Côte d Ivoire Egypt Gabon Libya Morocco Mozambique Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Tunisia ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Australia Bangladesh Brunei China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam AMERICAS Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Mexico Peru Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela

18 Per capita Consumption / Consumo pro capite Each inhabitant on the earth consumes 454 cubic metres of natural gas on average every year. But, like all averages, this also disguises strong disparities in the distribution of consumption among countries. Indeed, while in high income countries average per capita consumption of natural gas tops 1,481 cubic metres, in low income countries it is only 66 cubic metres, i.e. an amount that is 22 times lower. Among individual countries or specific areas, disparities are even more pronounced. North America is the area with the largest per capita gas consumption (2,107 cubic metres). On average, every US and Canadian citizen consumes almost twice as much gas as a EU citizen, about 49 times as much gas as a Chinese and more than 28 times as much gas as a Nigerian. Russia and Canada are the countries with the highest per capita consumption, with 3,058 cubic metres, followed by Saudi Arabia and the USA, with 2,557 and 2,004 cubic metres respectively. A country s consumption of natural gas strictly depends on its electric power generation mix. Thus, Russia s leading position is essentially due to its large use of natural gas in co-generation of electricity and heat. Whereas the USA only ranks fourth because its electric power generation capacity is based on coal and nuclear power, leaving for the moment only a minor share to natural gas. The same argument explains the strong disparities in per capita consumption that exist among EU countries: from 120 cubic metres in Sweden to 2,398 in the Netherlands, in 2007, a level above that of the USA (2,113 cubic metres). In recent years per capita consumption of natural gas has constantly albeit slightly increased, going from 421 cubic metres in 2000 to approximately 454 cubic metres in This indicator has generally increased in all areas and for all categories of countries (high income and low income). In most cases this trend is due to an increasing use of natural gas in electric power generation. The first ten countries in the world (cubic metres) Primi dieci paesi del mondo (metri cubi) Russia 2,570 2,523 2,525 2,564 2,601 2,658 2,673 2,826 2,874 2,910 3,058 Canada 2,831 2,822 2,686 2,782 2,878 2,758 2,789 3,006 2,910 2,980 3,058 Saudi Arabia 1,776 1,784 1,824 1,769 1,899 1,917 2,179 2,188 2,315 2,477 2,557 United States 2,246 2,231 2,176 2,252 2,330 2,160 2,222 2,132 2,081 2,050 2,004 United Kingdom 1,553 1,555 1,616 1,710 1,745 1,737 1,727 1,719 1,741 1,688 1,604 Ukraine 1,740 1,564 1,415 1,550 1,510 1,526 1,521 1,624 1,656 1,706 1,522 Iran ,019 1,126 1,224 1,345 1,443 1,464 Italy ,059 1,150 1,198 1,201 1,193 1,316 1,368 1,463 1,432 Germany 1,096 1,046 1,057 1,046 1,042 1,095 1,092 1,143 1,138 1,168 1,148 Japan Russia Canada Saudi Arabia United States United Kingdom Ukraine Iran Italy Germany Japan Russia Canada Saudi Arabia United States United Kingdom Ukraine Iran Italy Germany Japan ,400 2,100 2,800 3, ,400 2,100 2,800 3,500 56

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