High-purity limestone assessment : from mine to market
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1 High-purity limestone assessment : from mine to market Clive Mitchell Industrial Minerals Specialist, British Geological Survey cjmi@bgs.ac.uk Website:
2 Outline Introduction Limestone uses Planning Exploration Evaluation High-purity limestone in Saudi Arabia Conclusions
3 Introduction High-purity limestone >97% CaCO 3 (Calcium Carbonate) Suitability defined by industrial end-use Chemical, mineralogical & physical properties Assessment is guided by industrial requirements National Geosurvey role Mineral promotion
4 Applications Limestone has more uses than any other IM Low value, bulk volume construction material e.g. aggregate, ballast, dimension stone High value, lower volume speciality mineral e.g. GCC & PCC (Ground & Precipitated Calcium Carbonate) High-purity limestone used for lime, glass, metallurgical flux, FGD, sugar refining, mineral fillers (GCC & PCC) and calcium chemicals
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6 Planning High-purity resources in low-grade uses is an issue e.g. Carboniferous limestone in the UK used as speciality mineral and construction aggregate Many consider this an inefficient use of resources Strategic value of high-purity resources UK Mineral Safeguarding Areas, avoid sterilisation Competing land use with other environmental designations e.g. National Parks & AONBs
7 Exploration Exploration starts with existing geological information Calcium carbonate deposits can occur as: Sedimentary (limestone, chalk, shell, travertine, vein & marl) Metamorphic (marble) Igneous (carbonatite) Mineral impurities include: Other carbonate minerals (dolomite, siderite) Silica (quartz, chert) Clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite) Mineralisation (fluorite, galena, sphalerite) Organic matter Others (pyrite, iron oxides, etc )
8 Sampling limestone in Zambia (2000) and Afghanistan (2007)
9 Fieldwork & sampling
10 Reconnaissance Survey National Geosurvey explore at national/ regional scale Prioritisation of potential high-purity resources GIS of existing information Field work to collect (representative) samples Technical testing: XRF XRD TGA Whiteness ( Brightness )
11 Portable XRF (used in recent limestone survey)
12 Laboratory Testwork
13 Chemical composition Oxide Wt % Oxide Wt % Oxide Wt % SiO 2 <2.0 Na 2 O <0.1 BaO <0.1 TiO 2 <0.1 K 2 O <0.1 NiO <0.1 Al 2 O 3 <0.3 P 2 O 5 <0.1 CuO <0.1 Fe 2 O 3 <1.0 SO 3 <0.5 ZnO <0.1 Mn 3 O 4 <0.1 Cr 2 O 3 <0.1 PbO <0.1 MgO <3.0 SrO <0.2 LOI >42.7 CaO >54.3 ZrO 2 <0.1 Total Typical chemical composition of high-purity limestone; standard range of major element oxides analysed by XRF at BGS.
14 Calcium Carbonate content Limestone classification CaO (wt%) CaCO 3 (wt %) 100% limestone Very high purity > 55.2 > 98.5 High purity Medium purity Low purity Impure < 47.6 < 85.0
15 Other Criteria Purity classification MgO (wt%) SiO 2 (wt%) Fe 2 O 3 (wt%) Very high purity < 0.8 < 0.2 < 0.05 High purity < 1.0 < 0.6 < 0.1 Medium purity < 3.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 Low purity > 3.0 < 2.0 > 1.0 Impure > 2.0
16 Mineral Promotion Resource maps and reports Web pages/ downloads: Workshops and seminars
17 Saudi High-purity Limestone Deposit CaO Wt% MgO Wt% SiO 2 Wt% Fe 2 O 3 Wt% Purity Al Kharj: Umm al Ghirban (Aruma Fm) High Al Kharj (Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone) Medium to high Al Kharj (Salaiy Fm) High Riyadh area: Khasm Mazali (Sulaiy Fm) High to very high Riyadh area: Sudus (Tuwaiq Fm) Medium to high Wadi at Tarbah area: Umm Wa al > 55 n/a < 5 n/a Medium to high Ad Dammam area (Middle Eocene) Low Red Sea Coast Wadi Misser (Shayban Fm) n/a Low Red Sea Coast Wadi Minsah (Proterozoic) Medium to high Red Sea Coast Ra s Marjah (Quaternary) n/a Low Limestone data from: Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (1994) Limestone and dolomite. Chapter 24 in Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia, Directorate General of Mineral Resources, Special Publication SP-2, p
18 Saudi High-purity Limestone Purity by lime, magnesia, silica & Iron oxide contents Several are not high-calcium limestones (require 97% CaCO 3, equivalent to 54.3% CaO) Only one limestone considered very high-purity Khasm Mazali, Riyadh area (Lower Cretaceous, Sulaiy Formation) Micritic (very fine grained), homogeneous, cohesive limestone with enormous potential resources (Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (1994) Limestone and dolomite. Chapter 24 in Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia, Directorate General of Mineral Resources, Special Publication SP-2, p )
19 Conclusions Limestone resources are often widespread National Geosurveys work at reconnaissance scale Technical assessment needs market information Ongoing challenge to maintain knowledge base Laboratory capabilities a key component Outputs largely via the web (
20 Thank you for your attention Clive Mitchell Industrial Minerals Specialist British Geological Survey Keyworth, Nottingham, UK NG12 5GG Tel. +44 (0) Web:
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