THE GEOLOGY OF GALLIA COUNTY, OHIO DISSERTATION. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements. for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the

Transcription

1 THE GEOLOGY OF GALLIA COUNTY, OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By OLIVER DUNCAN BLAKE, A. B The Ohio State University 195>2 / ' / 6- Adviser

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Location and Area... Scope of this Report... Acknowledgements... Previous Work in the Area Structure... Stratigraphy Introduction... y Allegheny Series Clarion cyclothem Lower Kittanning cyclothem Strasburg cyclothem Middle Kittanning cyclothem Lower Freeport cyclothem Bolivar cyclothem Upper Freeport cyclothem Conemaugh Series Piedmont cyclothem Mahoning cyclothem Mason cyclothem Brush Creek cyclothem... 2i+ Wilgus cyclothem Bloomfield cyclothem Anderson cyclothem Barton cyclothem Harlem cyclothem Gaysport cyclothem Elk Lick cyclothem Clarksburg cyclothem... 3l+ Connellsville cyclothem Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem Upper Little Pittsburgh cyclothem Pittsburgh cyclothem Monongahela Series Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem h 1 Redstone cyclothem Fishpot cyclothem Sewickley cyclothem Arnolds burg cyclothem Uniontown cyclothem Little Waynesburg cyclothem Waynes burg cyclothem

3 Dunkard Series... Correlation with Other Areas S edimentation Size and Shape of Sedimentary Bodies Color... 5U Cyclothems... 5 General Sequence Cyclical Break Limestones Coal Under cl ay t Blocky Clay Fissile Shale Other Clastics Tectonic History Tectonic Environment Source Direction of Sediments Epirogenic Equilibrium Mineral Resources Appendix Coal Sand and Gravel Limestone... 8U Gas and Oil Bibliography Selected Measured Sections from Gallia County Addison township Cheshire township Clay township... 9b Gallipolis township Green township Greenfield township Guyan township Harrison township Huntington township Morgan township... Ill Ohio township Perry township... llu Raccoon township

4 Page Springfield township Walnut township Autobiography ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Index Map Showing Location of Gallia County... 1 Figure 2, Structural Map of Gallia County... 6 Figure 3. Figure I*. r Figure 5. Contact of Red Shale and Sandstone in Gallipolis Township Transported Coal in a Strip Mine Exposure in Cheshire Township Indicator Plants for Underclays in Gallia County Figure 6. Sandstone Cross-Lamination Directions... 7h Figure 7. Typical Cyclothem in Gallia County Plate Plate iii.

5 INTRODUCTION Location and Area Gallia County is located along the southern margin of the state of Ohio. It is bounded by the Ohio River on the east, Lawrence county on the south, Lawrence and Jackson counties on the west, and Vinton and Meigs counties on the north. The greatest north-south distance is 30 miles, the greatest east-west distance is 2h miles. Approximately U30 square miles are contained in the county (Sherman, 1933)f which is divided into 1^ townships of unequal size. Gallipolis, the county seat is located on the Ohio River at 38 U8' N, 82 12' W. --p "1< h- I J... * ', 1 >.J) j Figure 1, Index map showing location of Gallia county 1.

6 The county area is shown on seven topographic map sheets of the United States Geological Survey. These quadrangles ares Athalia, Bidwell, Glenwood, Oak Hill, Point Pleasant, Pomeroy, and Wilkesville, and the parts of these quadrangles covering Gallia county have been used as a monochromatic base for the geologic map accompanying this report. Scope of this report The primary aims of this report are fourfolds 1. The construction of a geologic map of Gallia county, drawn on a topographic base map of the United States Geological Survey, having a scale of 1/6 2, A study of the stratigraphic relationship between the various cyclothems from place to place throughout the county. 3. To add, if possible, some information to the overall understanding of the broader aspects of Pennsylvanian sedimentation of the Appalachian basin. U. An investigation of the distribution and thicknesses of the coal resources of Gallia county. Acknowledgements The writer wishes to thank Mr. John H. Melvin, State Geologist of Ohio, for making this report possible and Dr. J. Osborn Fuller under whose direction this investigation has been conducted. Thanks are also due to Mr. Robert Wilson for assistance in the field 2.

7 in 19h9 and to Mr. Charles W. Achauer for assistance in the field in 195>0 and for the identification of some problematical coal outcrops by means of plant spores in the coal. To Mr. William Smith of the Ohio Geological Survey, Dr. Aureal Cross of the West Virginia Geological Survey, and Dr. Myron T. Sturgeon of Ohio University, the writer is grateful for ideas and information that they have demonstrated to him in the field. Previous Work in the Area When the Second Geological Survey of Ohio was established in 1871, the state was divided into four geological districts. The Second Geological District of Southeastern Ohio was assigned to E. B. Andrews of Marietta. The Second Annual Report of this survey which was published in 1872 included four geological sections from the western part of Gallia county measured by Andrews. He recognized four geological horizons which were the Sheridan coal* (Middle Kittanning), the Ferriferous Iron Ore, the Ferriferous limestone (Vanport), and the coal under the Ferriferous limestone (Clarion). In the following year Volume 1 of the Geology of Ohio appeared. In this a chapter by Andrews is devoted to the geology of Gallia county. Thirty geological sections are presented from all parts of the county. Five coals were recognized: (Upper Kittanning), Sheridan (Middle Kittanning), (Upper Freeport, Jeffers (Pittsburgh), Pomeroy (Redstone). In addition two limestones were recorded as defi * Present names, not in use at the time of the above mentioned reports, are in parentheses 3.

8 nite horizons in the county: (Cambridge), and Ames* The recognition by Andrews of his Jeffers and Pomeroy coals as two distinct though closely spaced productive coal horizons opened a geologic controversy that is still in progress. In the summers of 1908, 1909* and 1910, D. D. Condit investigated the relationship of these two coals in southeastern Ohio. Although his work was not published, it firmly established the existence of these two coals on the Ohio side of the river. The lower of these he correlated with the Pittsburgh coal of Pennsylvania. This interpretation has been accepted by the Ohio Geological Survey and is used in this report. The West Virginia Geological Survey, on the other hand, correlates the upper coal with the Pittsburgh coal of Pennsylvania. (Krebs, 1911) The Conemaugh Formation in Ohio by D. D. Condit was published in 1912 as volume 17 of the Uth series of the Geological Survey of Ohio. This was the first modern geological report dealing with a part of the geology of Gallia county. For the first time, widespread correlations were established between Gallia county and other parts of the Appalachian basin. Many of the local formational names of the Conemaugh were replaced by those from the Pennsylvania and West Virginia areas which had definite priority. The Geology of Southern Ohio by Wilbur Stout was published in 1916 as Bulletin 20 of the Ohio Geological Survey. This described, in part, the geology of the five western townships of Gallia county from the base of the Allegheny to the Ames limestone. In the preparation of this report outcrop maps of the Allegheny coals were pre- U.

9 pared and some of these were reproduced on a small scale in the report. In the late 1890's W. G. Tight studied the drainage' changes in southeastern Ohio. This physiographic study included the area of Gallia county. The culmination of this work appeared in the United States Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 13, Drainage Modifications in Southeastern Ohio and Adjacent Parts of West Virginia and Kentucky published in Bulletin UU of the Ohio Geological Survey, Geology of Water in Ohio by Stout, Ver Steeg, and Lamb, which was published in 19li3, introduces some modifications of Tight1s concepts of drainage changes in the area. From time to time special geological investigations have been instituted in the county by coal and moulding sand producers. These works have not been published, but much of this information is on file in the Ohio Geological Survey office in Columbus. Structure Gallia county, situated on the western flank of the Pittsburgh-Hunting ton Basin (US tectonic Map, 19i+3)> has a relatively simple geologic structure. The structural map accompanying this report shows that the general strike across the county is northnortheast and that the dip to the east-southeast averages 36 feet to the mile. Structural contours appearing on this map are drawn on the top of the Cambridge limestone. Where the limestone is absent in the 5.

10 I VINTON 00, ' / I/ 8 ; - " " / / V~-rg / /, r \ ^ j.i / : / - y / v '! / ^ "7 'V /,!/h '.t«y N ^ M f 7 / 7 ///// /. y / z i / i i f f l ' t h A. / - - i/ : / / 1 v c ; 7 P R o/f./el o/ 7 / / / f / / /' / i i I! j \ j i J r T L-/- rswrjsxar U W E STO M E CONTOURS DERIVED BT PR0 UE0 T 10R " E U L?5 x»\u, / / 1 i!f(4 i' jiv 1 ' j-r-f >; '' 4«A I ;L i J /»! f 1 7 ik V 7 I ) - j -f; 1*1/ 7 7/ o c/3 U J CONTOURS D ER IVE D» _ SU0T P A C T IO H «/! / / /\ r o'-iry <vo /../ / / i ; ; / / / «/:.K,» f / / - 9 /! g m.u a c o u n t y ov :Z- o Fi g u r e 2. «-p G a l l i a c o u n t y structural ma p oi ^aj-j-*-* b^ruou 6.

11 north and west, the contours have been restored using the following intervals: Cambridge limestone to Upper Freeport coal Cambridge limestone to Vanport limestone 135 Ft. 280 Ft. In the eastern and southern parts of the county, where the Cambridge limestone is under cover, the subsurface elevations of this formation were derived by subtracting the following intervals: Ames limestone to Cambridge limestone Pittsburgh coal to Cambridge limestone 98 Ft. 233 Ft. There are several minor structures too small to show on the scale of the structural map. In the Millers Bros. Quarry in the SE \ sec. 27, Springfield township, a small anticline was uncovered in the Brush Creek limestone. The crest of this structure rose about 6 feet above the unaltered beds on either side. In the SE sec. 35, Raccoon township the sandstone of the top of the Bolivar cyclothem breaks through the surface of Raccoon Creek. A gentle but distinct arching of the rock is seen emerging from the stream and then dipping again beneath the surface. Gas bubbles, arising from fractures in the rock, stream to the surface of the creek. On calm days these may be ignited where they break to the surface. In winter the gas that accumulates under the ice is burned by farmers in the region to form a hole large enough for watering stock. encountered while drilling for water. On a nearby farm gas was In most cases these small structures that occur throughout the county are unnoticed because of their size and very slight dip. A series of vertical ^oint planes occurring at almost right 7.

12 angles to each other in the coal are known as cleats. These joints which are closely spaced cause the coal to break up into rectangular blocks. In Gallia county the cleats are orientated north-northeast and west-northwest. In an abandoned coal mine in SE \ sec. 33* Guyan township the trend of the cleats was determined to be N l E and N 70 W. The trends of the cleats in the hard boney roof coal and shale are at approximately hs to the cleats in the coal itself. The formation of cleats is believed to be the result of horizontal compression because the cleats in one area, even in different seams of coal, are all orientated in the same directions. The variation in the orientation of the coal cleats and those of the roof material are probably the result of different compentency in the two materials. The coal cleats in Gallia county are roughly either parallel or normal to the trend of the broader regional structures. Because of this similar orientation, the cleats and the regional structures are believed to be genetically related (Ver Steeg, 19l 2).

13 STRATIGRAPHY Introduction to Stratigraphy Most of the rocks of Gallia county belong to the Allegheny, Conemaugh, and Monongahela series of the Pennsylvanian system, In the sandstones that cap the high hills in the southeastern part of the county, a portion of the Dunkard series of lower Permian age is represented. These rocks consist of sandstone, siltstone, shale, clay, coal, and limestone units in which the volume of coarser sediments predominates. The arrangement of these rock units are in repetitive sequences known as cyclothems. The succession of units of a typical cyclothem varies slightly in different parts of the geologic column. This subject is discussed later at greater length under the heading of sedimentation. In general, the basal unit, when present, consists of a thin fossiliferous marine limestone. This is succeeded by a massive, generally cross-bedded sandstone unit which becomes less massive and more fragmentary near the top. limestone. The upper portion frequently contains a nodular freshwater Above this is a bed of clay or siltstone which exhibits a distinctive blocky structure. At the top of the sequence is a persistent light-gray underclay overlain in some localities by a coal seam. The cyclical repetition of rock units is characteristic of the Pennsylvanian system in various parts of the world. In the 9.

14 Appalachian basin many of the individual cyclothems have distinctive properties that permit their correlation throughout the basin even though in different areas the development of the same unit may vary. For example, the Uniontown limestone in western Pennsylvania is more than 10 feet thick, but in Gallia county it is a nodular bed only a few inches thick. Its relative position in relation to both overlying and underlying units in both areas, however, is very similar. In the same manner, coals that are thick mineable units in one area may be only paper thin laminae in another. The following descriptions summarize the occurrences and correlates the various rock units as they have been observed in Gallia county. Allegheny Series The geology of the Allegheny series which is exposed in the five western townships of Gallia county has been described by Stout, (1916). The tracing of the coals of the Allegheny Series in Gallia county is difficult as the stratigraphic intervals are not great and, in addition, there is little in the Allegheny cyclothems of this area to distinguish one from the other. Sequences of coal and underclay and massive sandstone follow one another in succession with little variation. Although some of the correlations of the Middle Kittanning and Lower Kittanning coals of this report are not certain, in case of doubt the identifications of Stout have been followed. More accurate correlations in the Allegheny of this area will probably be 10.

15 made by identification of spores found in the coals. No one has yet undertaken systematic spore identification or spore correlation of these coals. Average thicknesses in the Allegheny Series of Gallia county Ft. Upper Freeport coal, No Upper Upper Freeport clay Freeport Sandstone and blocky sandy clay cyclothem Upper Freeport nodular limestone... 0 Sandstone... lu Bolivar clay... 2 Bolivar Nodular limestone... 0 cyclothem Sandstone Lower Freeport coal, No. 6a... 0 Lower Lower Freeport clay Freeport Lower Freeport sandstone cyclothem Lower Freeport nodular limestone... 0 Sandstone Middle Kittanning cyclothem Strasburg cyclothem Lower Kittanning cyclothem Clarion cyclothem Middle Kittanning coal, No Middle Kittanning clay Sandstone Oak Hill clay... 1 Sandstone Lower Kittanning coal, No Lower Kittanning clay... 6 Kittanning sandstone and sandy clay Ferriferous ironstone... 0 Vanport limestone... U Clarion coal, No. Ua... 1 Clarion clay ii Clarion sandstone In. Total 20h 6 OO'O ONfro O O n O O n OOO O n -P" O O n OD OFO O f O O n O

16 Clarion cyclothem The Clarion sandstone is the lowest identifiable unit of the Allegheny series in Gallia county. In the northwestern part of Greenfield township the stream level of Left Hand Fork is below the Clarion sandstone, however, as exposures here are poor it has not been possible to pick out identifiable units of the lower lying Brookville cyclothem. The Clarion sandstone is a medium to coarse-textured unit, light-gray to yellow-gray in color, cross-laminated and frequently stained yellow-brown along the lamination planes. In northwestern Greenfield township and along Little Raccoon Creek in Huntington township the Clarion sandstone forms bluffs along the valleys. The Clarion clay in Gallia county ranges from 3 to 5 feet in thickness. The lower portion is typically sandy, grading downward into the Clarion sandstone. The Clarion coal, where it occurs in Greenfield township and in one locality in Huntington township, is between 1 and l r feet thick. It is not mined anywhere in Gallia county today, but many abandoned drifts may be seen here and there under the Vanport limestone. The Clarion coal should occur along the steep banks of Little Raccoon Creek in NW - sec. 18, Huntington township. In this area no trace of the coal or the Vanport limestone can be seen among the massive sandstones that occupy the interval. There is neither a nodular zone nor a clay streak in the exposed sandstone sequence to indicate the position of either of these members. This, and the regularity of the bed-

17 ding in the sandstone, suggest that the absence is due to non deposition rather than erosion. Lower Kittanning cyclothem The Vanport limestone is present along the stream valleys in northwestern Greenfield township and in places along Little Raccoon Creek in sec. 18, Huntington township. In much of this area the rock has been quarried for use as flux in the old Gallia and Keystone charcoal iron furnaces. The limestone is brownish-gray in color and very tough, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. Although the upper part is occasionally crinkled into irregular seams; mostly it is a massive rock with poorly developed stratification planes. Flinty bands and lenses are scattered throughout and in addition, marine fossils are abundant in certain portions and localities. The thickness varies between 2 and 6 feet. The Ferriferous iron ore occurs directly above the Vanport limestone. VS/here seen, the ore graded downward into the limestone, but Stout reports that usually the two are separated by a thin parting (Stout, 1916). The ore appears on the outcrop as a blocky or concretionary limonite. It has been so extensively mined in Gallia county that it is difficult to find an exposure. The horizon is well marked in Greenfield county, however, by means of artificial benches that were produced when the ore was removed by stripping. It is possible to stand along Black Fork or Kokeen Hollow and follow this bench with the eye along the valleys. 13.

18 The Kittanning sandstone is a thin-bedded, light-gray to yellow micaceous, sometimes clayey sandstone having a fine to medium texture. It is frequently marked by yellow to brown iron streaks. The thickness of the Kittanning sandstone appears to vary more than Other units. For example, in the eastern part of sec. 9> Greenfield township, the Lower Kittanning clay rests directly upon the Vanport limestone. In the western part of the township as much as 20 feet of sandstone may intervene. Where the Lower Kittanning coal is a good uniform bed, the sandstone interval is well developed. Where the coal is irregular, developing wedges and fanning out into the overlying sandstone, the underlying Kittanning sandstone is not developed and is seen only as an arenaceous lower portion of the underclay. The Lower Kittanning clay is normally in two units, i'he lower unit is a light to dark-gray sandy clay. The upper clay, lying in contact with or between thin seams of coal, is a sand-free plastic clay. Between the two units in sec. 18, Huntington township is a bed of sandy oolitic limonite 2 feet thick. The entire interval from the base of the upper clay to the Ferriferous ore is characteristically iron stained. The Lower Kittanning coal is in two or three benches. The upper one is the thickest. In a mine in sec. 18 Huntington township this seam consists of 30 inches of good blocky coal. The lower seams are from a fraction of an inch to 6 inches and are separated by bands of light gray plastic clay. lit.

19 Strasburg cyclothem The interval lying between the Lower Kittanning coal and the Oak Hill clay consists of a greenish to brownish-yellow micaceous sandstone. The texture which is coarse at the bottom becomes fine towards the top. In some localities the basal portion is a conglomerate containing scattered quartz pebbles up to 2 inches in diameter. The top of the Strasburg cyclothem is not only poorly developed, but there is some doubt as to the exact position of the Middle Kittanning coal in this part of the section. The top of this cyclothem when apparent is indicated by a break in the sandstone, where there is an abrupt change from a fine to a medium or coarse texture. At this horizon occurs the Oak Hill clay whose occurrence varies from complete absence to a streak of as much as feet of light gray clay. In several outcrops in sec, 18, Huntington township a double coal seam occurs at this horizon. Stout has called this the Middle Kittanning coal, but to do this would expand the Middle Kittanning-Upper Freeport interval more than 30 feet and decrease the Lower Kittanning-Middle Kittanning interval more than 13> feet from its normal thickness. Because a light gray clay streak occurs higher up in the position of the Middle Kittanning coal, this coal in sec, 18 has been correlated, in this report, with the Strasburg, This coal is mined in small drifts for farm use in the vicinity. This is the only occurrence of the Strasburg coal known in the county although the Oak Hill clay appears intermittently through the area and is well developed in parts of adjoining Jackson county, IS.

20 Middle Kittanning cyclothem The sandstone below the Middle Kittanning coal frequently coalesces with the sandstone below, forming a continuous massive bed over IiO feet thick. The upper or Middle Kittanning sandstone part of this massive bed is generally a medium to coarse-textured, light greenish-yellow micaceous sandstone. The succeeding light gray plastic Middle Kittanning clay is usually present although it varies greatly in thickness from a mere trace to as much as 6 feet. The overlying Middle Kittanning coal differs greatly in thickness and occurrence, but it is best developed in Greenfield township. Stout, who was able to enter some of the mines in the early 's, reports the coal in two benches, an upper one averaging 2 feet 1 inch in thickness and a lower bench 1 foot thick separated by a 5-inch clay parting. (Stout, 1916). Where observed in abandoned coal mines today, only the upper bench could be seen. Until recently this coal has been mined for local use in the southern part of sec. 12, Greenfield township. Lower Freeport cyclothem The Lower Freeport sandstone is characteristically a medium-textured greenish-gray to yellowish brown friable sandstone. In the northern part of the county in Huntington and Raccoon townships the texture is fine to very fine grained. Here the dark-gray 16.

21 nodular Lower Freeport limestone occurs, midway in position between the Lower Freeport coal and the Middle Kittanning coal* The Lower Freeport clay is usually present on top of the sandstone, but the thickness is variable from a trace to as much as U feet of siliceous clay# The thickest outcrop observed of the overlying Lower Freeport coal measured only 1 foot. Although in most localities the coal is soft and powdery, in some thin seams a few inches of good blocky coal may be observed# In other places the coal and clay occur as small fragments or chips in the massive sandstone sequence. Bolivar cyclothem Twenty feet above the Lower Freeport coal is a bed of either light to dark-gray plastic clay or of dark-red siliceous clay measuring from a thin streak to more than h feet in thickness. No coals have been observed at this horizon. Directly beneath the clay unit is usually a bed of nodular reddishr-brown calcareous ironstone concretions. ~ Intervening between the clay and the underlying Lcwer Freeport coal is a medium to fine-grained, yellow-brown, thin-bedded sandstone. Upper Freeport cyclothem The lower portion of the Upper Freeport sandstone is universally a yellow-brown medium to fine-grained micaceous sandstone. 17.

22 It is thin-bedded in some localities, cross laminated in others. On top of this portion of the Upper Freeport sandstone, intermediate in position between the Bolivar clay and the Upper Freeport coal is a bed of dark-red to brown nodular limestone. Above this Upper Freeport nodular limestone horizon, the sandstones become very fine grained or silty in texture and blocky in structure and are frequently red in color. This is the first occurrence of true redbeds in the sequence although the underlying Bolivar siliceous clays are sometimes red in color. The Upper Freeport clay is fairly persistent in western Gallia county, but the thickness is extremely variable from a trace to a bed 6 feet thick. This light-gray clay frequently contains much admixture of sandy material. The Upper Freeport coal is poorly developed except in three small areas. One of these areas is in southwestern Walnut township in sec. 19 and 20. This area is known as the Waterloo field. For many years small mines operated in the Upper Freeport coal of this area and the coal was hauled away by wagon and truck. Recent stripping operations have displaced these small drift mines. In the 5 years between I9I , strip mines in this small area have produced on an average over 57,000 tons of coal a year. Stout reports three benches in the Upper Freeport coal of this area. The lowermost bench is feet thick and the upper benches are somewhat thinner. The impure, shaley upper bench 1 to l feet thick was left in the drift mines to support the roof (Stout, 1916). 18.

23 Along the northern part of the boundary between Greenfield and Perry townships the Upper Freeport coal has been mined in the past from the lower bench which here is as The old mines have long been abandoned and the much as 3 feet thick. outcrops in the area show only faint blossoms at this horizon. In the northwestern corner of Huntington township the Upper Freeport coal has been mined until recently. Even here the occurrence is extremely sporadic. In a mine in the eastern part of sec. 18, h9 inches of coal was measured. A short distance away from the mine entrance, only a thin streak of light-gray clay marked this horizon. Except for these three occurrences, the Upper Freeport coal in Gallia county is thin and shaley or more often completely absent. Conemaugh Series The Conemaugh series in Gallia county consists of a complex sequence of poorly developed cyclothems. The cyclothems of the lower part of the series are the same type as those in the underlying Allegheny. They consist of a basal sandstone and an upper coal bed, underlain by lightr-gray plastic under clay. In some localities there are, in addition, beds of red or greenish blocky clay or siltstone between the sandstone and the underclay. In the middle of the series, the cyclothems are characterized by a marine limestone member beneath the massive sandstone. The sandstone member, in this part of ' the Conemaugh, is sometimes re-

24 placed by red or greenish-gray siltstone or shale. Fortunately some of the marine limestones, in this part of the section, are well developed, and these can be used to locate the geologist stratigraphically. The upper Conemaugh cyclothems do not have the basal marine limestones. In these a nodular non-marine limestone bed is present in or near the top of the massive sandstone unit. Correlations in this part of the series are difficult and must be made by interval measurement and cyclical succession. I «is realized that some of the correlations in this part of the section are open to question. As a result of this study, it appears that some of the earlier workers in this general area may have confused the upper Conemaugh nodular limestones depending upon whether their correlations were made upward or downward from well established key members. Attempts have been made, in this report, to work from both ends of the series, and it is hoped that some of this confusion has been eliminated. Average Thicknesses of the Conemaugh Series of Gallia county Ft. In. Pittsburgh coal... U 0 Pittsburgh Pittsburgh clay 2 0 cyclothem Upper Pittsburgh nodular limestone Sandstone and semi-flint clay 10 0 Upper Little Upper Little Pittsburgh coal and clay Pittsburgh Bellaire sandstone cyclothem 20-

25 Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem Connellsville cyclothem Clarksburg cyclothem Elk Lick cyclothem Gaysport cyclothem Harlem cyclothem Barton cyclothem Anderson cyclothem Bloomfield cyclothem Wilgus cyclothem Lower Little Pittsburgh clay. Red blocky clay and siltstone Summerfield nodular limestone Sandstone... Connellsville clay... 1 Connellsville sandstone and red clay Clay... Clarksburg nodular limestone.... Trace 0 Morgantown sandstone and red blocky clay. 29 Elk Lick clay... Trace Birmingham red shale and sandstone Skelly nodular limestone... 0 Duquesne clay.... Trace Red shale Gaysport nodular limestone... 0 Red shale... 7 Ames limestone... 1 Harlem cl ay.... Trace Round Knob red shale and Saltzburg sandstone Barton coal Barton clay Red shale... 6 Ewing nodular limestone... 1 Cow Run sandstone, and red shale Porterville nodular limestone... 0 Anderson clay... Trace Sandstone and red shale Bloomfield nodular limestone Clay... Trace Sandstone and red shale Cambridge limestone... 2 Wilgus coal... 1 Wilgus clay... 1 Buffalo sandstone, and red shale Upper Brush Creek limestone... 1 Brush Creek sandstone Lower Brush Creek limestone... 1 Sandstone and siltstone Ft. Trace In. ff'oo On O On Os On O KjJ O O O O O O O O' O O O O CO O O O O ' O

26 Brush Creek cyclothem Brush Creek coal and clay... Sandstone and red shale... Msi on f»not 6 Mason Maqon clav cyclothem Upper Mahoning sandstone... 6 MaVinni n cr coal Mahoning Mahoiri ocr clav cyclothem Sandstone...a Ft, In 0 0 Piedmont cyclothem Piedmont coal and clay.... Sandstone n Total Piedmont eyelothem The Lower Mahoning sandstone in Gallia county appears to be broken about half way up by a persistent light-gray clay streak. In a good road cut exposure in the NW sec. $, Walnut township a thin coal occurs at this horizon. As this represents a definite cyclical break and as it occurs throughout western Gallia county in the same relative position as the Piedmont coal in Pennsylvania, that name has been adopted for this report (Ashley, 1928). The basal part of this cyclothem in Gallia county consists of a coarse to very fine-grained yellow-brown to yellow-green thinly cross-bedded sandstone. The finer textures predominate throughout much of the sequence particularly in the upper portion. Bedding planes and joints in this sandstone are usually stained reddish-brown. In the upper portion or on top of the sandstone there are frequently limestone or ironstone nodules. Above the nodular zone there may be 22.

27 a bed of red and yellow-brown blocky clay. If not, the fine-grained sandstone continues to the underclay unit above. The light-gray under cl ay at the top of this cyclothem, as has already been noted, is persistent throughout western Gallia county. Although usually a thin band less than an inch thick, occasionally this unit expands to several feet or more in thickness. Mahoning cyclothem The basal sandstone of the Mahoning cyclothem, as it is restricted in this report, consists of a medium to fine-grained yellow-brown to greenish yellow friable, occasionally cross-bedded sandstone. Limestone and ironstone nodules occur in places near the top of this unit. In Raccoon, Morgan, and Greenfield townships the sandstone is overlain by red and yellow-brown blocky clay. The Mahrning coal is variable both in occurrence and thickness in Gallia county. In the SE sec. 3h Morgan township, there is a 10 - inch seam of good blocky Mahoning coal in the bed of a creek, but this is exceptional. "Where it occurs, the usual thickness is about 6 inches. The light-gray underclay which is far more persistent averages 2-g- feet in thickness although locally it may expand to two or three times this amount. Mason cyclothem The lower part of the Mason cyclothem is occupied by the Upper Mahoning sandstone. This is characteristically a fine-grained 23.

28 thin-bedded yellow to yellow-brown sandstone locally becoming coarse-textured. In sec. 32, Walnut township this sandstone is coarse-grained to conglomeratic with granule-sized particles in the basal portions. Rarely in the southern part of the county there are streaks of small ironstone nodules in the top of this sandstone. In a few localities blocky red and light gray-green clays occupy the position of the upper part of the sandstone. The Mason coal is very unsteady, more often absent than present. Ihere it does occur it averages 6 inches in thickness, however, in sec. 17, Perry township the following section was observed; In. Coal and clay mixed 11 Coal, blocky 10 Dark gray shale 2 Coal 1- The underclay is more persistent and therefore more often indicates the top of the Mason cyclothem. Brush Creek cyclothem The Brush Creek cyclothem is poorly developed in Gallia county. Frequently a continuous massive sandstone extends from the Mason coal to the Cambridge limestone. The Brush Creek cyclothem is best developed in Greenfield and Raccoon townships. The basal sandstone averages only 10 feet which is about half the thickness of the other lower Conemaugh sandstones. This is a medium to fine-grained yellow-brown to yellow highly micaceous 2lu

29 thin-bedded sandstone or siltstone. In some areas of Greenfield, Raccoon, and Morgan townships this interval is occupied by a sandy shale or by a brown and red blocky clay. In the NW sec. 9, Huntington township the sandstone is coarse to conglomeratic and the coal horizon is marked by chips of coal and clay in the massive sandstone. The horizon of the Brush Creek coal, if indicated at all, is usually a streak of light-gray clay directly beneath the Brush Creek sandstone. Wilgus cyclothem The succession of units in the Wilgus cyclothem is distinct and cannot be classified with any of the other cyclothems in the Conemaugh series. Two marine calcareous units are recognized which are usually seperated by a sandstone which occasionally contains fragmentary marine fossils. The lower calcareous marine unit, the Lower Brush Creek limestone, is a sandy dark-gray fossiliferous unit. When well developed, the upper surface is usually crinkly, lumpy or nodular. It is underlain by a yellowish shale or a thin-bedded fine-grained sandstone. As the sand percentage increases, the color becomes greenish-brown. In many localities the Lower Brush Creek horizon is indicated by a calcareous zone in the sandstone sequence. Between the two Brush Creek limestones a 17-foot interval is occupied by a micaceous yellow-brown fine-grained sandstone. 25. In

30 parts of Perry and Greenfield townships the texture of this sandstone becomes coarser. The Upper Brush Creek limestone is better developed than the lower limestone. The thickness is variable ranging from only a foot to as much as three feet or more. Typically it is a massive dark-gray fossiliferous limestone, but the lithology varies from a limestone to a calcareous sandstone. In this latter phase the color is a greenish-brown and it is frequently nodular. In such condition the fossils are often seen as molds in an open spongy sandstone. "When well developed, the Upper Brush Creek limestone may so resemble the overlying Cambridge limestone that particular care must be taken to correlate correctly. The fauna of the Brush Creek limestone has been described and tabulated by Condit and Mark (Condit, 1912). The most abundant fossils of the Brush Creek in Gallia county appear to be Neospirifer latus and Dictyoclostus portlocianus var. crassico- status. In some areas the whole Wilgus cyclothem, from the upper limestone to the base, and including the underlying Brush Creek and Mason cyclothems, is occupied by a massive bluff-forming sandstone. This condition may be observed west of Gage where the highway goes down a steep hill in sec. 28, Perry township* Throughout much of western and central Gallia county the Upper Brush creek forms a topographic bench along the crest and sides of the hills. The interval above the Upper Brush Creek limestone is usually occupied by a yellow-brown or red shale, siltstone, or very fine-grained sandstone. Mid-point in this interval, and in some lo- 26.

31 calities occupying the entire interval, is a fine to medium textured yellow to yellowish-brown thin-bedded sandstone* The Wilgus coal at the top of this cyclothem is extremely erratic. At some localities it is as much as feet thick, but usually it is only a faint streak or it is not present at all. More persistent is a light-gray to yellowish-gray clay whose position is directly beneath the coal horizon. The overlying Cambridge limestone is far more persistent in Gallia county than the coal or the clay. For this reason the base of this unit is usually used to mark the top of the Wilgus cyclothem, however, in the SE sec. 36, Huntington township the limestone is missing, but the Wilgus coal and clay is sufficiently developed to be easily recognized in the sequence. Bloomfield cyclothem The Cambridge limestone is the most persistent member of the Conemaugh series of Gallia county. It is seldom less than 2^ feet thick and, therefore, is not difficult to find. It makes an excellent stratigraphic reference point. For these reasons it has been used as a mapping unit for this report. The Cambridge limestone is a dark to bluish-gray fine-textured fossiliferous limestone. Typically it forms a massive bed to 3 feet thick. The upper part sometimes has a crinkly, wavy appearance apparently due to an irregular distribution of fossil shell fragments although the exact content is not clear. In some 27.

32 areas the lower part is occasionally formed of lumpy irregular beds to 2 inches in thickness separated by fossiliferous shale partings. Lecticular bodies of chert as much as 6 inches thick are commonly scattered throughout the unit. Although the faunal list of the Cambridge contains many forms (Condit, 1912), din Gallia county there are two brachiopods that exceed all others in abundance. These are Composita subtilita and Chonetina flexningi. In addition, the thin alongate fusulinid Triticites sometimes occurs in such abundance as to almost form a limestone coquina. Although the Cambridge limestone is constant over most of Gallia county, there is an area in Huntington and Raccoon townships, north of Indian Guyan Creek and west of Raccoon Creek where the limestone is absent even though the Cambridge horizon is in the high hills of the area. The Cambridge in Walnut township is a thin bed of limestone about h to 6 inches thick. In many places here it is difficult to find, but it is present in good exposures. Midway along the Raccoon-Springfield township line the Cambridge is locally sandy. In the E sec. 2lj., Raccoon township the Cambridge is a scarcely recognizable yellow to red limestone breccia. Above the limestone is a sequence of yellow-brown or red thin-bedded siltstone, very fine-grained sandstone, or shale. This unit, when freshly exposed in quarrying operations, is a dark blue-gray color but it rapidly weathers to yellow-brown. The upper portion of the cyclothem and the unit above is typically composed of red blocky clay or shale. In this sequence 28

33 occurs the Bloomfield nodular limestone of the next cyclothem. Beneath this nodular zone there is frequently a thin light-gray clay streak which marks the top f the Bloomfield cyclothem, Anderson cyclothem The Bloomfield nodular limestone consists of a zone of scattered small dark-brown to gray limestone nodules \ to 3 inches in size. These may occur in a narrow zone in the red shales or more typically they are scattered through a wide range. The entire cyclothem may consist of red or gray-green shales, extending down into the Bloomfield cyclothem below. More typically the red shale sequence is broken up near the middle by a fine-grained sandstone. This may extend through the cyclothem, but it is better developed in the lower part. The top of this cyclothem is marked by a dark-gray carbonaceous clay or a paper-thin streak of coal. This is the Anderson coal which is far better developed in the area to the north of Gallia county. Barton cyclothem The Portersville limestone in Gallia county is a very thin dark-gray nodular limestone or a yellow-green sandy nodular bed. Because it is so inconspicuous a member it is easily overlooked. In one area in the southwest corner of Walnut township in sec, 31 the 29,

34 Portersville is found capping the hill tops. In this one area the Portersville is a continuous dark gray limestone 6 to 8 inches thick. Overlying the Portersville is a yellow-greenish-brown fine to medium grained micaceous friable sandstone. In some areas this is replaced by red shale. The Ewing limestone most frequently appears as a brownish to gray nodular limestone or as a calcareous sandy nodular bed. In northern Addison township in sec. 29 and sec. 30 this limestone is a well developed bed. Here it is fine-textured blue gray frequently containing small scattered pyrite fragments. The upper surface contains innumerable Spirorbis remains, sometimes forming a coquina. Between the Ewing limestone and the overlying Barton coal there is an interval of about 6 feet of dark-red and purple or yellow-brown blocky clay and siltstone. The Barton horizon is marked by a streak of soft powdery coal or dark carbonaceous clay shale. Because this material weathers readily, it is frequently obscured or covered by slump from the overlying Saltsburg sandstone. Once the Ewing limestone is located, the Barton coal can usually be uncovered by digging. The Barton coal is best developed in Green township. In the E center, sec. 22 an attempt has been made to mine this coal for local use. The coal here is between 2 to 3 feet thick. The lower part of the coal is good and blocky, but the upper part is bony and sandy and contains much pyrite. Above the coal is a sequence of light-brown sandy shales containing many marine fossils. 30.

35 The correlation of this report differs from that of Condit in the identification of this coal (Condit, 1912). Condit correlates the coal designated as Barton in this report "with the Anderson coal of the next cycle below. Correlation is difficult because no good exposures of this coal have been f ound overlying the Cambridge limestone or underlying a well developed Ames outcrop. The correlation of this report is based on cyclical succession, relation to the Ewing limestone, and interval measurement from a projected Cambridge horizon. Harlem cyclothem The base of the yellow-brown to yellow-green fine-grained sandstone and siltstone directly overlying the Barton coal are, in fresh exposures, highly fossiliferous The most abundant fossil is Chonetes granulifera var. armatus, but more characteristic is Derbya crass a. Many of the fossils are partially or wholly pyriti- zed. As a result they are quickly destroyed by weathering on the surface outcrops. In fresh cuts or excavations this member is as fossiliferous as any in the entire sequence in Gallia county. The yellow-browri to yellow-green Saltsburg sandstone r * occupies the lower part of the Harlem cyclothem and occasionally extends to the top of the sequence. More often it is replaced, especially in the upper part, by the Round Knob red shales and blocky clays. 31.

36 The "top of this sequence is not clearly marked. Very rarely a thin, light gray clay streak indicates the position of the Harlem clay. Gaysport cyclothem The Ames limestone, so distinctive and well developed throughout much of southern Ohio, is neither a distinctive nor an easily discernable unit in Gallia county. It is best developed in Morgan township; here it is a red to brownish-green sandy fossili ferous crinoidal limestone seldom more than a foot thick. The sandyness and the brownish-green color are the most distinctive characteristics. The most abundant fossil in Gallia county is Chonetes granulifera var. armatus. In places the entire Ames sandy limestone is studded with these small brachiopods.* Unfortunately throughout much of the county, it is an unfossiliferous yellowish fine-textured sandstone or a nodular bed at this horizon, but because there is nothing distinctive about either of these, the Ames must usually be located by interval measurement. In the NE sec. 35 Addison township a sandy phase of the Ames is present. In this locality the fauna is distinct and entirely unlike the brachiopod fauna of other localities. Here are seen large specimens of Aviculopinna and other pelecypod types. Above the Ames is a sequence of red or sometimes gray-green shales. Near the bottom of this sequence is a concentration of small light-gray to brown calcareous nodules varying from to 3 inches in 32.

37 diameter. These mark the horizon of the Gaysport marine limestone. Frequently these nodules are sandy or the horizon may be indicated by a medium to fine-grained yellow sandstone. In some localities in Walnut and Clay townships the Gaysport is underlain by a light-gray clay streak. As far as can be determined no coal has ever been found at this horizon. The Gaysport then appears to represent part of an incompleted cycle much like the lower Brush Creek limestone. For this reason no cyclothem break has been made. The upper part of the Gaysport cyclothem is lithologically the same as the lower. Small calcareous nodules are occasionally scattered throughout the unit. The top of the Gaysport cyclothem is not clearly marked. Very rarely there is a light-gray clay streak at the horizon of the Duquesne coal. When the overlying Skelly nodular limestone is developed, the top of the Gaysport cyclothem is placed beneath this member although in some localities there are a few feet of chippy red shales here that undoubtedly belong to the next cyclothem that is above. Elk Lick cyclothem The Skelly nodular limestone at the base of the Elk Lick cyclothem is a gray to yellow-green, frequently sandy, calcareous nodular bed. Sometimes it appears in the red shale sequence and at other times it occurs in the base of the overlying sandstone. Usually the Skelly is overlain by a yellow-green or red 33.

38 fine-grained sandstone or siltstone. This unit may continue to the top of the cyclothem, but more frequently it is replaced in the upper part of the cyclothem by red or occasionally yellow-green sandy blocky clay. This is the Birmingham shale. In Morgan and' Muskingum counties these shales contain marine fossils (Condit, 1912). Near Richmond, Ohio these shales contain fossil cockroaches and other insects (Scudder, 1895). No fossils have been found in this member in Gallia county. At times the red sandy clay of this unit extends unbroken to the top of the Ames limestone. At the top of the Elk Lick cyclothem there is a fairly persistent light-gray clay streak at the horizon of the Elk Lick coal. Clarksburg cyclothem Above the red sandy Birmingham shale there is some 30 feet of yellow-green, fine to medium-textured, micaceous Morgantown sandstone. Much of this sandstone is slabby and thin-bedded. Near the top of the cyclothem there is in many localities a few feet of red blocky clay. Above the sandstone and red blocky clay there is a persistent band of small 1^- to 3 inch lumpy calcareous nodules or a thin bed of calcareous sandstone. This is the Clarksburg limestone. As the lithology from here to the top of the Conemaugh series is variable and the succession is broken into small often poorly developed units, the identification of the Clarksburg limestone is extremely 3U.

39 difficult. In general it resembles both the Summerfield and the Upper Pittsburgh limestones. The position of the Clarksburg on top of or slightly above the Morgantown sandstone is the best criterion for its identification. In addition, the Clarksburg is usually overlain by a light-gray clay. In sec. 18, Addison township there is \ inch coal seam at this horizon. Connellsville cyclothem In the Generalized Geological Section of Ohio the next coal above the Clarksburg is the Lower Little Pittsburgh coal. Gallia county a typical upper Conemaugh cyclothem intervenes. In In Pennsylvania and parts of West Virginia at least three coals, the Hoffman, Lanaconing, and the Franklin occur in this interval (Ashley, 1928). As it is impossible to correlate from Gallia county to the outcrops of these coals no one of these names is applicable. In this report the name Connellsville is tentatively applied to this cyclothem. The Connellsville sandstone occupies much of the cyclothem and as the name is familiar in the Conemaugh of Ohio it suggests that part of the sequence where this cyclothem occurs. The Connellsville sandstone is a fine-grained, thin-bedded, yellow-brown micaceous sandstone that forms the low bluffs at the confluence of Raccoon Creek and the Ohio River. Over much of Gallia county this sandstone combines with the underlying Morgantown sands tone. In the western part of the outcrop area the Connellsville 35.

40 sandstone interval is occupied, by red and yellow blocky clays and shales* Scattered through the upper part of these are occasional small red and brown calcareous nodules. The top of this cyclothem is marked by an erratic occurrence of light-gray clay and in Cheshire township by a fragmentary coal* Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem The determination of the Upper and the Lower Little Pittsburgh coals is difficult because they seldom occur together in one locality. They may usually be determined because of a reasonably steady interval and by their relation to the Summerfield limestone. At the base of the Lower Little Pittsburgh interval is a yellow-green fine textured sandstone. This is overlain by a greenish brown sandy calcareous ironstone nodular bed which is the Summerfield limestone. In the hill-top area east of Cadmus in northern Walnut township this bed is developed into a 10 inch dark gray limestone containing Spirorbis. Above the Summerfield limestone are about 5 feet of yellow-brown and red blocky clays, siltstones and very fine-grained sandstones. At the top of the Lower Little Pittsburgh cyclothem, beneath the Bellaire sandstone, is a light-gray clay streak indicating the position of the Lower Little Pittsburgh coal. 36.

41 Upper Little Pittsburgh cyclothem The Bellaire sandstone, which occupies most of the Upper Little Pittsburgh interval, is a yellow to yellow-brown fine-grained micaceous sandstone. Near the bottom of this member there are occasional scattered nodules of limestone, calcareous sandstone, and ironstone. The Upper Little Pittsburgh coal horizon is not well indicated in Gallia county. In about half of the outcrops there is a light-gray clay streak at this position. In parts of Green and Springfield townships there are thin powdery coal seams above the light-gray clay. Pittsburgh cyclothem In southern and western Gallia county the most distinct unit of the Pittsburgh cyclothem is a varigated semi-flint clay. This is a dark-red, yellow-brown, greenish-gray splintery flint clay or sometimes a sandy blocky clay. The material resembles a burned out coal seam, but as unaltered Pittsburgh coal sometimes occurs in contact with the semi-flint clay this is impossible. fracture and bright color is quite distinctive. Its splintery In northern Gallia county this material is blocky. This bed normally rests on top of the Bellaire sandstone but frequently a few feet of yellow-brown fine tex tured sandstone intervene. Where "the varigated clay is blocky and sandy it frequently 37.

42 contains scattered limestone nodules throughout its extent. Where the splintery semi-flint clay is well developed a nodular dark-gray limestone bed caps the unit. This is the Upper Pittsburgh limestone. The Pittsburgh coal is found in several areas of Gallia county. In these localities the coal is well developed, thick, and is of some economic importance. One of these areas is in the upper part of Swan Creek in Ohio township, extending northward through the center of Clay township as far as Thivener on Raccoon Creek. The second area is located in northern Guyan along Perigen and Johns Creeks and in the vicinity of Mercerville on Indian Guyan Creek. This district extends northward along Bullskin Creek through eastern Harrison township and continues westward along the south side of Raccoon Creek in Green township. It is remarkable that where the Pittsburgh coal is thick and mineable the Redstone coal is thin, but where the Pittsburgh coal is thin or absent in southern Gallia county the Redstone becomes thick and mineable. For example, in the valley of Swan Creek in Ohio township, the Pittsburgh coal is thick and has been mined for many years. Here the Redstone is marked by only a thin clay streak or by a thin powdery coal. mines, Along the Ohio River only 1^ to 2 miles east of the Swan Creek the Redstone coal is more than 5 feet thick and the horizon of the Pittsburgh coal is scarcely discernable. J&ich of the Pittsburgh coal of Gallia county has been removed by stripping operations in northern Guyan and Clay townships. In the summer of 19^1 new strip mines were opened up along Bullskin 38

43 Creek. As a result of strip mining the annual output of Pittsburgh coal from Gallia county has increased from 9716 tons in 19U6 to a maximum of 121,199 tons in 19U9. The Pittsburgh coal is today the second largest producing seam in Gallia county. The structure of the Pittsburgh coal in Gallia county is not distinctive. There is usually a parting of light-gray clay or clay shale, but its arrangement is not constant and, in addition, a similar parting occurs frequently in the Redstone coal of southern Gallia county. Identification of the Pittsburgh coal on the basis of structure alone is not only unsatisfactory but often leads to miscorrelations. In a strip mine sec. 3U> Clay township, a maximum thickness of 11 feet was observed. occurred 2\ to 3 feet above the base. Here a 6 inch clay parting The coal above the parting was not as good as that below for it contained sandy and bony streaks. Some of this upper coal was later rejected after shipment. In the NW sec. 12, Guyan township, the following section was measured in the Pittsburgh coal: Ft. In. Light-gray sandy shale with thin vi train bands Bright, blocky coal Boney coal 0 2 ELocky coal with thin pyrite bands Boney coal Bright blocky coal Dark-gray blocky clay with large 6 inch pyrite nodules... 0 lij. Massive, bright blocky coal bottom covered A more satisfactory method of determination of the Pitts- 39-.

44 burgh coal is by means of micro fossil plant spores. In Gallia county the verrucose Laevingosporites thiessenii occurs abundantly in the Pittsburgh coal, but is absent in the overlying Redstone coal (Kosanke, 19l*3). Monongahela Series The Monongahela series in Gallia county is found in the eastern part of the county, forming massive bluffs along the Ohio River and in the high hills above. The geology of the Monongahela series in this region is difficult to interpret and the correlations of this report are tentative. Here there are neither well-developed coals nor good cyclical sequences as in the Monongahela series to the north. Furthermore, in Gallia county, the cyclical sequence is obscured by a preponderance of massive sandstone in the lower part of the series. In these, the underclay breaks of the cyclothem are difficult or often impossible to locate. Although fair cyclothems, punctuated by light-gray underclays, are developed in the upper part of the series, the possibility of having skipped a cyclothem or two in the lower part greatly complicates the correlation. In addition, the Monongahela of Gallia county is isolated and has not been carefully 'walked out" to the well correlated area further north. Only when the geology of Meigs county has been completed can accurate correlations be carried through into the Monongahela of Gallia county. 1*0.

45 Average Thicknesses of the Monongahela Series of Gallia county Waynesburg cyclothem Little Waynesburg cyclothem Uniontown cyclothem Arnoldsburg cyclothem Sewickley cyclothem Fishpot cyclothem Redstone cyclothem Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem Ft. In. Waynesburg cl ay.... Trace Gilboy sandstone Little Waynesburg clay Trace Sandstone... 8 Waynesburg nodular limestone... 0 Uniontown sandstone Uniontown clay... Trace Uniontown red shale... 7 Nodular limestone... 0 Arnoldsburg sandstone Amoldsburg clay... Trace Benwood red shale, nodular limestone. 25 Upper Sewickley sandstone Sewickley clay... Trace Lower Sewickley sandstone and shale.. 19 Fishpot clay... Trace Fishpot nodular limestone... 1 Fishpot sandstone Redstone coal... 3 Redstone clay... 2 Sandstone and shale Upper Pittsburgh coal... 2 Upper Pittsburgh clay... 3 Sandstone, shale and nodular limestone o o o 00 ou»o o r o Total... 2I4.O 1 Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem The Upper Pittsburgh cyclothem is found over much of Gallia county. Along the eastern and southern margins of the county the interval above the Pittsburgh coal is occupied by yellow-brown or

46 greenish-gray fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, and shale In Green, Springfield, and Morgan townships the material is, in general, coarser varying from a fine to medium-textured sandstone. On fresh surfaces in road cuts and strip mine areas this sandstone is bluish-gray in color. The structure varies from thinly laminated to cross-bedded and directly beneath the Upper Pittsburgh coal it becomes blocky. In a road cut in SE sec. 2, Ohio township, where the sequence is well exposed, there is considerable variation laterally. Here, as in some other localities small ironstone concretions occur in scattered zones throughout the interval. The Upper Pittsburgh coal at the top of this variable sequence is sufficiently developed to be mined in a small area extending diagonally across Harrison township from southwest to northeast. Even in this area the occurrence of coal varies from one outcrop to the other. In most localities this horizon is marked by a clay band which may be a light-gray streak less than an inch thick or it may expand to as much as 5 feet. Wherever the interval between the Pittsburgh and Redstone coal is exposed, this clay can usually be found by careful search. Where the coal is well developed it may be confused with the overlying Redstone. This is especially true on steep slopes where the massive Fishpot sandstone has moved down the hill by creep thus shortening the apparent interval between the sandstone and the Pittsburgh coal. U2.

47 The true Pittsburgh coal, Redstone coal interval in Gallia county, varies but little from L.0 feet. In cases where this interval appears to be less the development of the Upper Pittsburgh coal is usually the cause. This may be confused with either the Pittsburgh or the Redstone in correlation. Redstone cyclothem Along the Ohio River in Gallia county and in the hills to the west of the river as far south as Chambersburg the Upper Pittsburgh-Redstone interval is occupied by a sequence of blocky clays and sandy shales that are colored various shades of red and gray. Near the base of this sequence there are occasionally thin beds of calcareous ironstone nodules. To the west of this area the clays become sandier developing into a medium-textured thinly cross-laminated micaceous friable yellow-brown sandstone. The joints in this sandstone are frequently iron-stained. The Redstone coal is found throughout much of the county. It is best developed, however, where the Pittsburgh coal is wanting or very thin. Where the Pittsburgh coal thickens the Redstone coal is thin or wanting. In northeastern Gallia county in Cheshire township there is a field in this coal which has been in continuous operation for almost a hundred years. In the five years between 19h& and 1950 the annual output of Redstone coal in Gallia county has increased almost tenfold to an output of 14.21,779 tons in 19!?0. This increase has been the result of the introduction of 1*3.

48 strip mining methods in Cheshire township. Along Popular Ridge and on the surrounding hills the whole country-side is scarred with recent strip benches contouring the hills. The Redstone coal is usually in one main bench with one or two thin benches above. The uppermost bench is usually bony,. It is impossible, however, to generalize on the structure of this coal as it is extremely variable. The top of the coal frequently extends up into the overlying sandstone in thin coaly stringers or bands so that a zone in the base of the sandstone 5 to 10 feet thick is darker than the rest of the sequence. Because of this characteristic the Redstone coal often appears as two seams. If the lower seam is covered by slump and only the upper seam appears, the Pittsburgh- Redstone interval seems to be expanded. Fishpot cyclothem The Fishpot sandstone in eastern Gallia county is a massive bluff-forming member. It is a medium-textured cross-laminated yellow-green to yellow-brown friable sandstone. The basal portion is locally coarser in texture. In the northern part of the county it is continuous with the Sewickley sandstone above, and no definite break between the two can be discerned. In southern Addison township and southward, the top of the Fishpot cyclothem is marked by a distinct light-gray clay streak and sometimes by fine fragments of coal. In the southern part of the county in Harrison, Clay, Guyan, and Ohio townships, the Fishpot cyclothem is characterized by a zone of sandy hh.

49 calcareous nodules below "the Fishpot- clay. The sandy nodules are greenish to yellowish-gray in color, measure 3 to It. inches across and are elongated in the direction of the bedding plane. They are highly calcareous and are massed in a lumpy zone situated about 6 feet below the Fishpot clay in the top of the Fishpot sandstone. Between the sandy limestone nodules and the clay is a bed of either fine-grained sandstone or red to gray shales. Sewickley cyclothem The base of the Sewickley cyclothem is usually occupied by the yellow-brown fine to medium textured thin bedded Lower Sewickley sandstone. In southern Gallia county, in Green and Harrison townships, red and gray-green chippy shales underlie the sandstone. In this area the sandstone is frequently replaced by varigated shales and blocky claystone extending to the base of the overlying Upper Sewickley sandstone. In Cheshire township to the north the entire Sewickley cyclothem is occupied by a yellow to yellowish-green massive friable medium to coarse-textured sandstone that is continuous with the Fishpot and Redstone sandstones below. Throughout most of eastern Gallia county the Lower Sewickley sandstone is overlain by red to light greenish-gray blocky clay. The Sewickley or Meigs Creek coal is not developed in Gallia county and the light-gray under clay that marks the top of the cyclothem is thin and difficult to find. Often the presence of the under cl ay is indicated by swampy areas or by the growth of sedge and US.

50 rushes along the hill slopes. The gray underclay, however, can usually he located more directly by digging beneath the overlying massive Upper Sewickley sandstone. ArnoIdsburg cyclothem The basal unit of the Arnoldsburg cyclothem, the Upper Sewickley sandstone, is a yellow-green to yellow-brown fine to very fine sandstone and silts tone. This interval, in the southern part of the county, contains calcareous zones and calcareous nodules in both the upper and lower parts. In Cheshire township the Upper Sewickley sandstone is medium-textured and forms the top of a massive sandstone unit that extends from the Redstone, through the Fishpot and Sewickley cyclothems. This is known locally as the Pomeroy sandstone. In NW sec. 10, Cheshire township, more than 90 feet of this massive Pomeroy sandstone was measured. In this area it forms the capping-o'f the hills that lie to the west of the Ohio River. Above the Upper Sewickley sandstone is the persistent Benwood red shale. This unit consists of 20 to 30 feet of varigated greenish-gray? yellowish-brown, red, and purple blocky claystone in which the red color predominates. In many localities small limestone nodules measuring \ to ^ inch across are scattered throughout the Benwood unit. The surface of these small nodules is irregular and light-gray in color, but when broken open the inside is dark-gray. The Benwood red shale unit is always present in the Tipper Monongahela of Gallia county. This, plus its striking color makes it an excellent i 6.

51 horizon marker* Unfortunately it is not found in the middle part of the county as the low hills in the area do not extend above the horizon of the Lower Sewickley sandstone. The Arnoldsburg light-gray underclay, at the top of the Arnoldsburg cyclothem, is difficult to find. In some localities it occurs down a few feet in the Benwood and at other places it is found directly beneath the overlying Arnoldsburg sandstone. It is the poorest developed key bed horizon in the entire Monongahela of Gallia county. Uniontown cyclothem The Arnoldsburg sandstone is a massive friable medium- textured yellow-green sandstone. It is characteristically highly micaceous. Although cross-bedded in some parts of southern Gallia county 'y it is more often thinly laminated. In Harrison and Guyan townships it is finer-textured and the structure is blocky. In this area, small ^ to 1 inch calcareous nodules occur in the upper part. Above the Arnoldsburg sandstone lies the thin but persistent Uniontown red shale. This consists Of 6 to 8 feet of red blocky claystone in the upper part of which the Uniontown light-gray underclay appears as a faint streak, measuring less than an inch in thickness. Although the Uniontown resembles the underlying Arnoldsburg cyclothem, the lower unit is distinguished by the greater thickness of Benwood red shale. U7.

52 Little Waynesburg cyclothem The Little 'Waynesburg and the Waynesburg cyclothems are only in the tops of the high hills in Ohio and Guyan townships in the southern part of the county* At the base of the Little Waynesburg cyclothem is the Uniontown sandstone which is a fine to very fine-grained yellow to greenish-brown sandstone.. The upper portion of this sandstone is lumpy and' contains a nodular limestone bed. Above the sandstone is the Little Waynesburg underclay, light-gray in color, occurring in two streaks separated by a little over a foot of yellow sandy clay. No coal has been found at this horizon in Gallia county. Waynesburg cyclothem There are few exposures of the Waynesburg cyclothem in Gallia county. The Gilboy sandstone is a cross-laminated bright-yellow friable, micaceous medium-textured sandstone. As this was seen in only a few hilltop localities in Guyan township, not much is known about its variation in Gallia county. Overlying the Gilboy sandstone there are a few feet of greenish-gray and yellow blocky sandy clay. At the top of this is a light-gray clay streak which has been correlated with the top of the Waynesburg cyclothem. This is believed to be the position of the Waynesburg coal that is found in areas to the north. U8.

53 Dunkard Series In the discussion of* the Monongahela series the reason for the tentative correlations in this series was explained. Nevertheless the Benwood red shales are believed to be properly correlated. They are reasonably persistent in Gallia county, and are at the same horizon in several sections measured and correlated by Stout in Meigs county. These sections have not been published, but are on file in the office of the Ohio Geological Survey in Columbus. In addition the Little Waynesburg clay of Gallia county is dual in occurrence marked by two distinct light-gray underclays. The Little Waynesburg coal further north is typically in two distinct and separate beds. Above the succeeding Waynesburg cyclothem is a massive friable yellowish micaceous sandstone that has been correlated in this report with the basal unit of the Dunkard series which is the Waynesburg sandstone. This massive sandstone caps the hills of Ohio township and occupies the same position in the high hills across the river in Gabel and Mason counties, West Virginia (Krebs, 1913» 1911). These small isolated hill top outcrops represent the highest stratigraphic horizon in Gallia county. Correlation with other Areas Correlations of the Pennsylvanian rocks in the Allegheny basin have been made by tracing distinctive lithologic units from one U9.

54 area to another The first correlations outside of the basin were made by David White who correlated the first and last appearances of certain fossil plants of other areas with similar occurrences in the Allegheny basin (White, 1880). Early attempts at correlation by means of invertebrate fossils were initiated as a result of the faunal lists of Beede and Rogers. These were extensive compilations of the invertebrate fossils found in the different formations and members of the Pennsylvanian System of Kansas, (Beede and Rogers, 1908). Similar faunal lists were prepared by Raymond in Pennsylvania and by Mark in Ohio (Raymond, 1910) (Condit, 1912). These faunal lists were compared but the results of this study were not conclusive. Individual fossil species found in the Pennsylvanian not only have wide geological ranges, but the species each other differently in the several areas. The problem, then, is one of facies faunas in which the environment represented by a particular member in a specific locality is highly instrumental in determining which organisms will be present. More successful have been the studies of fusulinids. Careful study of the arrangement of the internal structures of these minute fossil protozoans has shown that not only are they less susceptible to environmental differences, but also they show minute evolutionary changes throughout geologic time. The first modern fusulinid study in Ohio was by Thompson (1936). More recently Pauline Smyth of the.ohio Geological Survey has studied fusulinids collected from Gallia and other counties in Ohio. 50. _

55 The following are her identifications: Gaysport limestone Triticites skinneri (?) Athens county Ames limestone Triticites nebrascensis Gallia county Triticites skinneri Athens county Cambridge limestone Triticites venustus Triticites ohioensis Gallia county Gallia county Brush Creek limestone (?) Triticites venustus Gallia county Vanport limestone Wedekindellina euthysepta Fusulinella carmini Fusulinella iowensis Tuscarawas county Tuscarawas county Muskingum county Triticites nebrascensis has been found in Nebraska in the Avoca limestone of Middle Virgilian age. It also occurs in the Cherryvale shale of Missouri which is near the bottom of the Missouri series. Triticites ohioensis and T. venustus are found in the Omega limestone of the upper McLeansboro of Illinois. In the mid-continental region T. ohioensis occurs in the lower Missouri series. Wedekindellina euthysepta is a widespread form found in Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico. In eastern Kansas this species occurs in the Cherokee group. In Illinois " L.

56 it is abundant in the Stonefort limestone and ranges through upper Tradewater and lower Carbondale. Fusulinella iowensis was first described from the lower Cherokee formation of Iowa. It is also known from the Lampassas of the mid-continental region. Fusulinid zone Triticites mid-continent Illinois Ohio Virgil Missouri McLeansboro Conemaugh Fusulina Wedekindellina Des Moins Lampassas Carbondale Tradewater Allegheny Fusulinella FUSULINID CORRELATIONS IN THE PENNSYLVANIAN On the basis of this fusulinid correlation the upper middle Pennsylvanian section of the mid-continent region lies between the Brush Creek and the Vanport limestones of Ohio. Only nine cyclothems intervene between these two members in Gallia county. Most of the Fusulina zone is unknown. It appears then, that much of the mid-continental section is missing in Ohio. There has been no indication in this study where such a missing interval might be.

57 SEDIMENTATION Size and Shape of the Sedimentary Bodies The continuity and full areal extent of most of the various units of the Pennsylvanian system in the Appalachian Basin are not well known. Mich of the area has not been adequately mapped or has been studied in only a reconnaissance manner. In addition, the outcrop area of any one member is limited to a comparatively narrow strip, exposed by erosion, around the margin of the basin. There are two key lithologic types in the Pennsylvanian sequence of the Appalachian Basin. The most easily traced of these, the combination coal-under clay units, are particularly well known because of their economic importance. One of these, the Pittsburgh coal, has been traced over an area of between 6000 and 8000 square miles ( White, 1903). This unit has not only been traced around the perimeter of the basin, but has also been recognized in deep wells penetrating the interior of the basin (Krebs, 1911). Some of the marine limestones also have been traced for great distances. One of these, the Ames limestone, is known in Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. These beds lie well within the classification of blanket sedimentary bodies, having a width-thickness ratio of over 1000:1 (Krynine, 19U8). Even the most persistent of the key beds, however, have a somewhat lenticular aspect, thickening in one area, thinning in another. Most of them, however, retain their identity even though a coal horizon may be indicated by a thin underclay streak only a 53.

58 fraction of an inch thick or a limestone may become a scarcely discernable nodular bed or even a faint calcareous zone in beds of different lithology. The other lithologic types, in this area, change in lateral extent either gradationally or by interfingering. In spite of this lateral variation, the average vertical distances between adjacent key beds differ by less than 7% within the area of this report. Of course, throughout the full extent of the Appalachian Basin, the thickness variation is much greater. The change within the basin as a whole, however, is so gradual that within an area of restricted size, such as a county, the stratigraphic intervals are remarkably constant. Color The colors of the red and greenish rocks found on weathered outcrops in southern Ohio are the same in fresh cuts and in drill cores brought up from depths. These colors, then, are not the result of weathering. The development of the red color in sedimentary rocks has long been a source of geological controversy. The reddish tones of rocks found in this area probably are caused by small amounts of disseminated ferric anhydride (Pettijohn, 19U9). Such coloration is primary, that is, it was present before diagenesis and it probably represents "deeply weathered regolith" (Dorsey, 1926). Ignoring controversial climatic considerations, it is certain in any event, Shm

59 that, oxidation of the original iron compounds is necessary for the formation of the coloring material. Such oxidation must take place in contact with air, therefore, it seems reasonable that these red sediments may represent terrestrial deposits. There is, however, always the possibility that oxidation took place in a previous environment and that the oxidized material was transported and redeposited without reduction. The greenish color associated with the red beds occurs in blotches and irregular bodies within the red material. These occurrences have been attributed to deoxidation by organic material enclosed within the red sediments (Pettijohn, 19U9)* The association with red beds, and the patchy distribution as observed in Gallia county, seems to support this hypothesis. Unlike the red beds, the sandstone and siltstone showing a yellow-brown coloration as seen in outcrop are bluish or bluish-green in freshly exposed surfaces and in drill cores. The difference in color is due to the state of oxidation at the surface of ferrous iron material in the sandstone. These siltstones and sandstones as seen underground differ from the red beds in that they contain the ferrous material in the non-oxide state. The conditions of deposition of this material must certainly have been in an environment that inhibited oxidation. Such conditions could have existed in a sub-aqueous environment. It seems reasonable then, that the red beds may have been deposited in a terrestrial environment and that the bluish to yellowbrown sediments represent sub-aqueous deposition. 55.

60 The underclay material of the cyclothems varies from a very light-gray to a dark gray or almost black color. itself is not indicative o'f any specific environment. The gray in The darker color represents a higher percentage of fixed carbon in the clay. Although the source of the carbon is organic material, the percentage of fixed carbon is not necessarily indicative of the amount of organic material originally present. It is rather the result of A less complete decomposition of such material following deposition. Cyclothems General Sequence A theoretically complete cyclothem as observed in Gallia county consists of the following units: 7. Coal 6. Underelay 5. Blocky clay or siltstone U. Fresh water nodular limestone 3. Fragmental sands tone 2. Massive sandstone 1. Fissile shale or marine limestone Various units of this theoretically complete cyclothem may be present in any specific cyclothem with the exclusion of others. A succession of the t'ollowing units is typical of the lower and middle parts of the Allegheny series. 7. Coal 6. Underclay U. Fresh water nodular limestone 3. Fragmental sandstone 2. Massive sandstone 56.

61 In the upper Allegheny and lowermost Conemaugh series the blocky clay of unit 5 makes its appearance. Throughout this part of the sequence, the nodular limestone unit U and the coal unit 7 are usually poorly developed or are locally absent. Unit 1 appears as a marine limestone in the middle Conemaugh series. Although it is well developed throughout the middle part of this sequence, higher up in the Conemaugh it degenerates into a poorly developed nodular bed. This marine phase of the cyclothem succession finally disappears in the upper Conemaugh, and it is not found at all in the Monongahela. At this position in the Monongahela series there is frequently a thin bed of red fissile shale. Cyclical Break The break or division between successive cyclothems has been placed between different units by different workers. Udden (1912), the first worker to discuss cyclical succession, placed the break on top of the coal. Weller (1930), who coined the term cyclothem, put the break at the base of the massive sandstone unit. This was done because of an unconformity that he observed at the base of this unit. Other workers have questioned the validity of this unconformity. In Gallia county an undulating surface has been observed at the base of the sandstone, but the contact does not appear to represent an erosional surface. For example, in a fresh, well-exposed road cut in the NE -J, sec. 3 h t Gallipolis township, the following relationship was observed

62 ^ Figure 3» Contact between red shale and sandstone in Gallipolis township Superficially the lobe of sandstone extending down into the red shale appears to be a channel filling. On the other hand, if the extensions of the thin tongues of sandstone extending laterally into the shale are carefully followed along a lamina in the shale, small lenses of sandstone are found along this contact. This indicated that the two types of material were deposited contemporaneously. Thus along plane C. representing an instant of geologic time, sandstone was being deposited at locality B. at the same time that red shale was being deposited at locality A. If we consider the lithologic variation that is seen between units 2 through $ in the various cyclothems, this sort of change in lithology is more to be expected than a clean horizontal break. For this reason relationships such as these are not regarded as unconformities in this report. By far the most persistent lithologic type in the cyclothems of Gallia county is unit 6, the light-gray underclay. Because of the

63 persistence of this unit, it is most frequently used in the field to determine successive cyclothems. It seems desirable, therefore, to place the cyclical break somewhere near this unit. From the standpoint of commercial worth, the overlying coals are the most important part of the cyclothems. The break accordingly, from a practical standpoint, could be placed between the coal and the under, clay. There are two reasons why this possibility was not adopted in this report. At times the so-called underclay is found repeated higher up in the sequence, particularly if the coal is in multiple benches. In addition, the marine limestone overlying the coal is occasionally better developed than either of the underlying units. This change from coal to limestone represents a complete environmental change. In the Illinois basin and in the Mid-Continent areas this change is even more pronounced. Furthermore, the placing of the cyclical break on top of the coal returns to the priority established by Udden when he set up the concept of cyclical succession in the rocks of the Pennsylvanian system. Therefore, in this report the top of a cyclothem is placed above the coal. Limestones Two genetic types of limestones are recognized in Gallia county. The type that occurs most frequently is considered to be a fresh-water limestone. Where well developed this type appears as tough very fine-textured dark-gray limestones. 59. The upper part

64 generally contains an abundance of Spirorbis remains, in many cases forming a coquina (Plate 2, figure 7). fresh water limestones are in nodular beds. More commonly these They never contain marine fossils, and are always in the expected position beneath the coal. In thin section they are observed to be calcarenites, consisting of angular limestone fragments cemented by calcite. According to PettiJohn (19h9) the so-called fresh-water limestones are precipitated by plant action. In the case of certain algae and Chara, carbon dioxide for photosynthesis is derived from calcium bicarbonate in fresh or brackish-water solution. The calcium carbonate that results forms a crust that sloughs off from the plants and drops to the bottom thus forming a pseudo-breccia. Nothing was observed in this study either confirming or denying this hypothesis. The marine limestones, when well developed, are thicker than the fresh water limestones, and they usually contain marine fossils. They are always situated above the coal, commonly in direct contact with it. Thin sections and insoluable residues show that these limestones frequently contain varying amounts of angular to subangular quartz fragments. Samples weighing 5 grams were treated with 5>0% hydrochloric acid to remove the soluable carbonate content. The remaining residues after being dried and weighed were found to range from less than.01 gram to as much as 3.22 grams. The average percentages are shown on the following table.

65 RESIDUES AFTER TREATMENT OF LIMESTONES WITH $0% HYDROCHLORIC ACID Number of samples Insoluable residue % Fresh Water Limestones Ames Limestone 7 20 Cambridge Limestone Brush Creek Limestones The carbonate portion of these limestones, as seen in thin sections and on favorably weathered surfaces, make up a ealcarenite rock composed of irregular limestone fragments cemented together by crystalline calcite (Plate 1, figure 6 and plate 2, figure 6). The limestone fragments appear extremely fine-grained in thin section as though formed from a fine lime mud (Plate 2, figure 5). In some thin sections these limestones appear to be formed entirely from precipitation of these fine lime muds without being broken up into the larger fragments. On closer study of hand specimens it was found that these cross sections had been taken through larger fragments of pebble or cobble size. Much of the fine material is impregnated with small fossil fragments invisable to the naked eye. When these marine limestones occur as nodular beds they are seldom fossiliferous, however, marine fossils have been found at the horizon of all of these nodular beds in other localities in southern Ohio. Their position above the coal may be accepted as indicative of their marine origin. 61.

66 Goal Several petrologic types of coal are found in the eye lothems of Gallia county; however, the highly specialized analysis involved in coal petrography was not pursued in this investigation. Bright blocky coal as the term is used in this report consists of bands of bright vitrain and dull attritial coal with small amounts of powdery fusanized material. Bone coal is used to include any hard shaley or silty non-burning coaly material such as is frequently found in the roof material. In addition the difference is observed structurally in the cleats or closely spaced rectangular joints which in this bony material are at U5> angles to the cleats in the bright blocky coal. This has been discussed under the heading of structure. Two genetic types of coal appear to be present in the sequence. Most of the coal appears to be autochthonous, that is, coal material that has formed in place. This is true of the thicker commercial coals, especially in the lower part of the coal units. Although these coals may split into more than one bed, or may feather out and disappear, they are more commonly constant in thickness along the strike. The lower surface of the coal in contact with the underclay is usually continuous. Such coals are universally regarded as having been derived from vascular plants. The conversion takes place in stagnant water where there is little or no oxygen of the air available for complete destruction of plant remains* As the lower materials are covered by additional plant growth, oxygen is 62.

67 more completely excluded. It is under water that the process of putrefaction takes place. Methane (CH^) and to a lesser extent the other gasses NH^, and are passed off thus enriching the carbon ratio of the residue which eventually becomes a slimy mass. Later, after burial under a load of other sediments, the mass becomes je3.1y-like and elastic and then harder and tougher as the water content decreases (Stutzer and No<, 19U0). The second genetic coal type, the allochthonous coal, has formed by the accumulation of transported plant material. Generally the distinction between these genetic coal types is not clear, but in Gallia county several occurrences appear to be of the allochthonous type. In northern Gallia county above the blocky Redstone coal, a zone of coarse to medium-textured sandstone streaked with thin bands of bright vitrain is usually present. In a strip-mine exposure in the NW sec. 26, Cheshire township, the relationship shown in figure U. was observed. :B E D DED: Figure U. Transported coal in a strip mine exposure in Cheshire township In this case the stringer that extends up from the main body of the Redstone coal along the lamina of the overlying cross-bedded sandstone

68 has been interpreted as an allochthonous coal. In the thinner portion the impression of a single flattened Ledidodendron trunk locally makes up the entire seam. This appears to represent an accumulation of transported plant material deposited between two laminae in the sandstone. In some exposures of the Pittsburgh coal in Harrison township, the coal appears in thin bands separated by micaceous sandstone. Along the sandy coal bands there are 1/2 to 3/h inch sub- angular quartz pebbles (Plate 2, figure 8). Since these are much larger than any of the sandstone components, it is believed that they were brought in enmeshed in the tendrils of floating plant material. Although the apparent allochthonous coal is common in thin sandy units, most of the blocky commercial coal appears to be autochthonous in origin. Underclay The most persistent units in the cyclothems of this region are the light-gray clays. These clays commonly appear immediately beneath the coal itself, or if the coal is missing they are often directly beneath the massive sandstones. In cases where the entire cyclothem or a series of cyclothems are represented by a thick massive sandstone such as the Pomeroy sandstone in northern Gallia county, careful search will usually reveal a thin band of light-gray clay in the sandstone at approximately the correct interval position. Springs, 6H*

69 water seepage, and soil flowage occur above the clay in southern Ohio. As the overlying sandstones in many places break off and slide on the clay, the coals and the clays are frequently covered by soil. Often the very presence of slump, slide rock, or water seepage is indicative of this horizon* "Where even these features are obscure, certain plants have been found to be reliable indicators of the clay horizon. Eleochoris C y pe r us Figure 5. Indicator plants for underclays in Gallia county These plants which ordinarily are found in lowland areas in moist sandy ground or along sandy stream banks also appear on the hill slopes at the position of the underclays. Apparently the overlying sandstone disintegrates or slumps down onto the impervious underclay which has retained the ground water that has come down through these sands. As a result the roots of these plants penetrate the soil cover to the moist sand below. Digging around the roots of these will uncover moist sand and a slumped underclay zone below. On gentle slopes of fields the upper limit of the spike rush Bleocharis is a reliable 65.

70 indicator of the underclay position. In more restricted gulleys and roadside ditches the umbrella sedge Cyperus and to a lesser extent the soft rush Juncus effusis may be used as an indicator of the position of the underclay. Perhaps the most important and least understood problem of the cyclothem concept is the origin of these underclays. Worthen ( ), one of the first to study the underclays problem, believed that they represented old soils from which the roots of the plants in the overlying coal swamp had extracted the iron and alkali material. Stout (1923) pointed out that if the contention of Wor then was correct, a vertical variation should occur in the clay. Not only does little vertical variation occur, but when it does occur the underlying material commonly contains less iron and alkali than the upper. Stout suggested that the underclays represent terrigenous sediments modified by plant action plus insoluble plant ash material. In 1935 Grim published the results of his first chemical studies on the underclays of Illinois. These clays were found to be composed essentially of potash bearing clay minerals along with quartz, muscovite, and chlorite. In 1938 Grim and Allen identified the d a y minerals as kaolinite, illite and rarely montmorillinite. In addition both orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars were found at all depths and all showed clear sharp mineral boundaries, indicating that no decomposition of these had taken place. In glacial clays the accompanying feldspars decompose rather rapidly^ and as a result of successive alteration from the surface downward, the clays are zoned with un- 66.

71 altered plagioclase remaining longer at greater depth. No such zoning occurs in the Pennsylvanian underclays of Illinois. Grim and Allen are unable to explain the origin of the underclays. They suggest an aqueous environment of accumulation, probably fresh water, without later alteration as in the case in modern soils. Blocky clay Underlying the light-gray underclays are a succession of blocky clays, siltstones, and sandstones. The colors are varigate, red, grey, green, purple or brown. The blocky structure is more typical of this material than is either the color or the grain size. The structure suggests a zone of weathering or an old soil zone, but no chemical or petrologic studies have been made of these beds. Occasionally Stigmarian roots may be seen preserved in these units, indicating that at one time they provided the soil for plant growth. (Plate 1. figure 9). Just what plants these were is not apparent. If these were of the coal producing plants of the coal swamp they would have had to penetrate through the underclays. This part of the cyclothem is difficult to understand and far more study is needed before any conclusions can be reached as to the true nature of these beds. Fissile shales The fissile shales that overlie many of the coals are distinguished from the underlying blocky sediments by their thin-bedded 67.

72 or fissle structure. On the laminae surfaces of these shales plant impressions are commonly present. These are not preserved as carbonaceous films, but rather they appear as dark red inorganic material The thin laminae of these shales suggest deposition in a fresh water environment as there is no evidence of flocculation and mixing as would occur with clay sized particles deposited in salt water. Other elastics The massive siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerates of the cyclothems exhibit a variety of minerals. In these sediments the most abundant mineral is quartz which occurs in angular to subangular fragments. In thin sections, much of the quartz shows the undulatory extinction characteristic of metamorphic quartz. Some fragments show sericite inclusions, and others show replacement by sericite. It is not uncommon to find quartz grains that show apparent replacement by calcite (Plate 2, figure U), but more probably these are irregular shaped quartz grains cemented by the carbonate. Sections parallel to the contact of these two materials may present a feathery edge. Chert fragments are not common, but they occasionally appear. Feldspar amounting to 10$ or 12$ of the total rock is of several 'types. Although some of the feldspar has been altered and partially replaced, more remarkable are the angular fragments of microcline and plagioclase that appear with sharp unaltered edges (Plate 2, figure 3,U). 68.

73 Other minerals that were encountered in small amounts are: Magnetite Muscovite Biotite Hornblende Chlorite (?) Apatite Magnetite Illite (?) Limonite Thin sections studies show that approximately 20% to!?0% of these rocks are groundmass material which consists of mixture of sericite, fine quartz fragments, and clay. Some of the grains are held together by interstitial calcite (Plate 2, figure U). These rocks fall into the classification of subgraywackes (Pettijohn, 19h9) or a low rank graywackes (Krynine, 19U8). In general, when finer textured, the groundmass material is more plentiful and the quartz fragments are more elongate and they are roughly aligned parallel to the bedding planes (Plate 2, figure 1, 2). The petrology of these massive beds of the cyclothem brings up many problems. How could the plagioclase and the other unstable minerals of the suite have been transported and deposited unaltered? It is extremely doubtful if the process could have taken place in a sub-aerial environment. Well cores taken through the Pennsylvanian rocks of this region occasionally show distorted slump structure particularly in the alternating beds of finer sandstones and silts (Plate 1, figure 10). Such contortions of the fine bedding planes are typical of sediments deposited at a high angle of repose in a sub-aqueous environment. The 69.

74 transportation and deposition of these elastics probably took place under water, but the means of this process is not clear*

75 TECTONIC HISTORY Tectonic Environment. The cause of the Pennsylvanian cyclothems has been explained by Weller (1930), Wanless and Shepard (1931)* Krumbein and Sloss (19^1), and others* The concepts of these writers fall into three main headings: glacial control of sea levels, orogeny outside the area, and epirogeny within the area. The concept of glacial control or eustatic sea-level changes had been proposed by W anless and Shepard (1936). Such changes occured within the Pleistocene and could conceivably have occured in the Pennsylvanian and thus could have instituted the cyclical sedimentation. Arguments concerning this hypothesis deal with paleobotanical climatic evidence and with the Permian or. Permo-Carboniferous age of the late Paleozoic glaciation. Although multiple eustatic sea-level changes might have occured in Pennsylvanian times as a result of glaciation, this alone could not explain the gradual variation in thickness between successive key-type beds from one end of the Appalachian Basin to the other. Wanless and Shepard state in their conclusion: M on the other hand local diastrophism was no doubt important and the depositional basins are tho\ight to have subsided slowly as sediments accumulated. 1 (Wanless and Shepard, 1936). As there is no unqualified evidence to support the glacial control hypothesis, and as it alone could not explain the occurrence of cyclothems, we will confine our further inquiry into the 71.

76 possibility of orogenic or epirogenic causes. Orogeny in adjacent areas as a cause of- cyclothems has indirectly received support from Krynine (19U8) and Pettijohn (19h9 ) in their studies of sub-graywackes or low rank graywackes as an orogenic type of lithology. These authors have referred to true graywackes as the result of a "poured in" type of sedimentation associated with orogenic activity. This contention is supported by the evidence of poor sorting, the presence of angular quartz fragments, and the presence of minerals normally unstable. The lighter colored, better-sorted sub-graywackes are believed to represent an intermediate state of tectonic activity between a true graywacke and a quartzitic sandstone. Petti john (19U7), suggests that graywacke may be typical of flysche deposits, whereas sub-gray wacke is typical of molasse. However, it is extremely difficult to regard the remarkable uniformity of spacing between the key units of a cyclothem in terms of orogeny outside the area of deposition. Such deposits by their definition as set forth by Krynine (I9U8 ) are prismr-shaped bodies with a width thickness ratio between 5:1 and 50:1. There are no sedimentary bodies within the area of this report that even approximate this form. Source Direction of Sediments The sub-graywackes and other elastics of the Appalachian Basin are generally regarded as having been derived from an Imaginary land mass lying to the southeast, roughly paralleling the earlier 72.

77 Paleozoic Appalachian Geosyncline. Wanless and Shepard (1936) regaled the environment of this deposition as that of a piedmont area. In this investigation, attempts have been made to determine source direction of the sediments as a prelude to any concept of tectonic environment. First, screen size analyses were prepared from samples collected from determined horizons within the limits of Gallia county. The percentage results from the seivings were plotted in small histograms which were then inserted in their locality positions in a map of the area. An apparent east-west transformation between 1/U and 1/8 mm. grade sizes appeared, but many of the plots did not fit into the trend. Furthermore, the outcrop band across the county was not wide enough for conclusive results. Next a study of cross laminations was attempted. Three prominent sets of strata showing cross laminated horizons and widely separated stratigraphically were selected. These were the Lower Pomeroy sandstone (Fishpot) of the Monongahela, and the Upper Freeport sandstone, and also the Clarion sandstone of the Allegheny. In each of the separate localities a series of dip and dip direction readings were taken directly upon the cleansed-off cross-laminated surfaces. The readings were than plotted on a stereogram net, the radiating lines indicating azmuth direction of the dips, and the polar coordinates measured outward from the center indicating the amount of dip. Each plot represented the dip-direction and degree of dip on an individual lamina. The results of these observations were then evaluated by the statistical moment analysis method. The resulting mean direction of 73.

78 dip for the three selected horizons are shown below. The arrows in the lower right corners indicate the mean directions of dip and the arcs show the standard deviation from these means* FISHPOT SANDSTONE UPPER FREEPORT SANDSTONE CLARION SANDSTONE J*C*90W CO.. OHIO, l/«h C J trm m O M Figure 6. Sandstone cross lamination directions. The mean direction of dips indicate the direction of flow of the currents that produced them. Thus it is seen, in these three instances, that two main source directions are indicated. The limitation of such a study is apparent. Others, however, have noted variations from the generally accepted southeast source direction. For example Stout (1928) describing the Sewickley sandstone writes, "The materials forming these deposits appear to have been derived from land areas located to the west and southwest." If we now postulate that orogenic activity alone is responsible for this cyclical type of sedimentation, that activity cannot be confined to one general area. Such activity must have oecured at different times in areas on several sides of the Appalachian Basin-. 7U.

79 Epirogenic Equilibrium If we assume that an orogenic uplift outside the area of deposition is responsible for the sedimentation then the accumulation of material in the depositional area will be near the base level of streams flowing from the uplift area. Hence, each cyclothem would reflect renewed orogenic activity upsetting the equilibrium of the streams. Each cyclothem would require that a new stream profile be established. The alternation from deposition of one type of clastic material to another, or the cessation of clastic deposition in any area at one time, would be the result of transportation of material out of the area, of sedimentary bipassing, or of deposition. All of these conditions are factors of teraporary base-levels in a given locality at a given time. In one area then, at one given instant of geological time, deposition or erosion will be haphazard. The full development, the poor development, or even the presence or absence of one horizon in the sequence in one specific locality would be a factor of chance. The failure of the same type key-horizons in adjacent cyclothems to develop has already been noted in the discussion of cyclothems. Within a specific area, the factor of good or poor development must be a comparative factor for that area. Good development must be considered the unaltered lithologic aspect of maximum thickness as known in the area. Poor development will be represented by a trace or even complete absence of a trace and of course the boundary division between these extremes will lie intermediate between the two

80 A series of key-bed horizons in Gallia county were studied in an attenpt to find the statistical expectancy of good versus poor development in adjacent key-beds. Observations on 237 key-bed horizons were carefully recorded, noting whether the occurrence was good or poor according to the above standard. Two methods of approach were tried and both yielded approximately the same expectancy. In the 237 observations the probability of the good development of two succeeding key beds was lj.6. By actual count the good development of two succeeding key-beds was only 30. The calculated probability of the good occurrence of three successive key-beds indicated that this should occur of the time. In no locality within the area of this report, has this condition been observed. These departures from random probability indicate that the failure of development of successive key-beds must have a physical cause. It has already been demonstrated that the source of the sediments is not necessarily from one direction. This leaves the factor of downwarping in the area of accumulation to be considered. The sedimentation would then become a. matter of fill within an area depressed lower than its surroundings (Barrell, 1917). Temporary base-levels on marine deltas range from slightly above to slightly below the sea-level datum (Eaton, 1939). I he key-type beds of the cyclothem represent temporary base-levels close to a water-level datum. The other units would then represent fill before base level is reached, following subsidence.

81 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TYPICAL CYCLOTHEM IN GALLIA COUNTY SiWiBiKW:-:-mw-m " $'?'?SANR.5J.ftNE-,^ mmmm FRESH WATER LIMESTONE BLOCKY CLAY COAL- FISSLE SHAL MARINE LIMESTONE Figure 7.

82 Figure 7 is an attempt to illustrate diagrammatically the development of a cyclothem solely by means of downward epiro genic movement. The first stage in the cyclothem represents initial downwarping in the depositional area, which because it is depressed lower than the surroundings, serves not only for the accumulation of water, but also for the clastic waste of the surrounding areas (Figure 7, 1). The color, the content of unstable minerals, and the cross laminations indicate that these sandstones were transported and deposited subaqueously. A slowing down or possibly a cessation of downward movement brings to a close the initial clastic sequence of the cyclothem (Figure 7, 2). The elastics on top of the basal massive sandstone unit are often finer grained, and the structure becomes more fragmentary with indistinct or irregular planes of bedding. It is possible, although there is no direct evidence, that aquatic plants grew in these clearer waters. In many of the cyclothems fresh-water limestones were formed at this stage. The many-colored blocky clays and siltstones are typical of the next stage of the cyclothem deposited at a time when downwarping had ceased altogether (Figure 7, 3)» The prevalent red color in particular is indicative of the sub-aerial environment in which these sediments were deposited. Base level at this time built up to above the water level. Land plants apparently lived in this terrestrial environment, Psaronius fragments are scattered throughout certain parts of the red-bed sequence and where the blocky clays may be 78.

83 pulled apart, in fresh unweathered exposures, occasional stigmarian roots are found (Plate 1. figure 9). The persistent light-gray underclay is purposely omitted from the diagrams in figure 7. Although a knowledge of their true origin is extremely important in the understanding of the genesis of cyclothems, any concept of their origin at the present stage of our knowledge would be strictly speculative, nevertheless, they are the most persistent and probably the most important unit of the cyclothem. All we can now say about them is that they were formed either during or between a static period and renewal of epirogeny. is initiated by renewed downwarping (Figure 7, U). The next stage Again base-level is lowered below the water surface. In this environment the coal-forming plants existed, and under the water the plant residues accumulated. Locally, fine red clay particles and the leaves of plants were carried from marginal areas and deposited on top of the pre-coal material. At the same time in other areas the accumulation of the pre-coal plant material continued. It has been pointed out that the extremely fine laminations in the fissile red-shale material indicates the absence of flocculation at the time of deposition. Thus the environment at the time of this deposition could not have been marine. These fissile red shales with plant leaves along the laminae are typical of the upper Conemaugh and Monongahela parts of the section. In the middle Conemaugh the coal units are overlain by fossiliferous marine limestones, indicating that at this time sub- 79.

84 mergence had progressed enough to bring marine waters to the area. At the extreme right of figure 5, 7, the beginning of the sandstone sequence is indicated. This sandstone became a massive unit of the next cycle. It is difficult to explain the absence of a true marine environment in the sandstone sequence. The marine limestone unit was deposited during a period of greatest accelerated submergence. Westward through the Illinois basin and into the mid-continent region the marine units of the cyclothems are better developed and are more extensive. These more favorable marine conditions indicate that the flooding probably came from this general direction. The distance from the area of these predominantly marine cyclothems to southern Ohio is more than a thousand miles. The shallow seaways extending over such a distance might conceivably have become choked and cut off by the clastic waste flowing into the area. In some cyclothems, as for example the Brush Creek, fragments of marine bryozoa and brachiopod are found through the sandstone unit. In places in other cyclothems whole orbiculoid brachiopods are found in the sandstones indicating a brackish water environment. In spite of the variations in lithology within a single cyclothem, the distances between adjacent key-type beds are remarkably constant within our limited county area. We can assume that the net amount of downwarping during each cyclical period of time will be constant within our area. The key-type beds, as constant factors of temporary base-level in this limited area of the basin-wide epiro- genic downwarping, will reflect adjustment or compensation for the rate of accumulation within each downward pulse. For example, should 80.

85 the blocky clay accumulation in one specific locality become more rapid, and thus be completed more quickly than in an adjacent area, the development of the succeeding coal unit would be less complete than in the adjoining area; also variations in the compaction rate3 and amounts of the differently developed materials in the area would be reflected in the succeeding cyclothems. Thus the full development of the coal units of two succeeding cyclothems would not be expected. The good or poor development of such a key-type bed of coal would be an expression of local epirogenic balance or equilibrium. The persistent, nearly constant' interval between key type beds of successive cyclothems, the variations in lithology between these units, and the characteristic failure of two or more successive key-type units to develop fully in one locality may then be regarded as an expression of epirogenic equilibrium.

86 MINERAL RESOURCES Coal Coal has been mined in Gallia county for almost one hundred years* The early mining was by hand methods in drifts dug into the sides of the hills at approximately the elevation of the outcrops. During the 1 9 th century the coal was used locally or was hauled by wagon to shipping points on the river or along the railroads. In 1889 the first mechanical mining methods were introduced into the county. The first strip-mining operations were started in 1 9 lu, but until recently it played only a small part in the total coal production. Mechanical loading was first tried in , but as most of the mines are small, underground mechanical loading has never been important in the mining of Gallia county. Production records for Gallia county go back only to In that year 3j710 tons of coal were produced in the whole county. Judging from the accounts of Stout and Condit, it is probable that the annual production in the early 's was much greater than this. The annual production of 27,178 tons in 1935 represents a considerable increase over the previous figures. In the ensuing years there have been fluctuations in the annual production, but the general trend has been upward and much of this has been due to local stripping operations. In the year 1950 the total production from all, coal seams in Gallia county was 576,696 tons and almost half of this coal came from open 82.

87 strip mines* Most of the production in Gallia county is from three coals: the Upper Freeport* No. 7 coal, the Pittsburgh, No. 8 coal, and the Pomeroy (Redstone), No. 8 a coal. In the five year period from to 19^0 the production from the Upper Freeport has dropped from the major producing seam to the smallest individual producer. This decrease has been due to the depletion of the easily stripped areas in the Waterloo field of Walnut township. The production from the Pittsburgh coal increased a little more than tenfold during the same five year period. This increase has been largely the result of stripping operations in Clay and Huntington townships. Strip mining operations are at the peak of development today in the Pomeroy or Redstone coal in Addison township. As a result of this development there has been almost a hundredfold increase in production for the same period. Production by Seam in Gallia county, Tons of Coal Coal 19U6 19l*7 19U8 191* a 1*,1*36 53, , ,21*8 1*21, ,716 86,770 96, ,199 99, ,122 71,1*17 6 2,1*76 1*3,871* 1*9,731 Sand and Gravel Sand and gravel in Gallia county is derived from two sources. There is, at present, a sand and gravel pit in the NE -J, sec. 8, 83.

88 Cheshire township where "the material is dug from a high-level terrace of the Ohio River. The coarser gravel material, at this locality, underlies the finer sandy silts. Similar deposits occur along the. river in Addison, Gallipolis, Clay and Ohio townships. Most of the gravel fox road construction is extracted by river dredges from the Ohio River opposite sec. 2, Ohio township. Sand and gravel are abundant enough in both the terraces and the river sources to adequately supply the county s needs. The annual production of this sand and gravel in 195>0 amounted to 6 0,ll±6 tons. In a different category are the moulding-sands from the old high-level Marietta River valley in Springfield township. This silt sized material is mined and processed by the Keener Sand and Clay Company of Gallipolis. In 19!i>0, 5U,b79 tons of processed moulding sand was shipped from Gallia county. Limestone The production of limestone in Gallia county has come from many small quarries which operated for short periods before closing down. Scattered throughout the county are many small abandoned quarries which are in the Vanport, Brush Creek, and Cambridge limestones. In Jackson and Vinton counties the Vanport limestone has been used in the manufacture of cement. In Gallia county the Vanport is locally as much as 9 feet thick, but the outcrop area is small. Much of the rock has already been quarried, and the outcrops 8Lw

89 are not, accessible by adequate transportation facilities. Both the Cambridge limestone and the Brush Greek limestones have been quarried for road material and for agricultural lime. As these limestones are relatively high in silica and low in carbonate, they are not too well suited for agricultural purposes. A higher quality agricultural lime is, at present, being shipped into the county from the Marble Cliff quarries in Columbus* In the summer of 1951 a new quarry was opened in the Cambridge limestone in the WE \ y sec. 2h» Springfield township. The Mississippian Maxville limestone occurs at a depth of approximately feet along the river in Cheshire township. In 19U6 the Jones Laughlin Steel Corporation core-drilled the entire interval from the surface to below the limestone# Maxville limestone samples from various depths were analyzed as prospects for a limestone mine in this area. Apparently the tests did not indicate an economical prospect for the project was never developed. Gas and Oil The production of gas and oil in Gallia county has never been very great. Most of the wells are in shallow pools, and because of water encroachment, the life of these wells is, in general, very short. In the 10 years between 19Ul and 1950, 57 wells were drilled in Gallia county. Most of the wells were located in Addison township. A majority of these wells penetrated to the Berea sand. Two thirds 8<5.

90 of these wells produced gas, one third were dry holes, and none produced oil. In 19U9 the gas production from Gallia county amoimted to 200 million cubic feet (Cottingham, 1951)*

91 BIBLIOGRAPHY American Association of Petroleum Geologists (19U3) Tectonic Map of the United States. Andrews, E. B, (1872) Report of Progress of the Geological Survey of Ohio for the Year 1871 (Columbus). (1873) Geology of Gallia County, Ohio Geol. Surv., Rept.l, pt. 1, pp U6. Ashley, George H. (1928) Bituminous Coal Fields of Pennsylvania. Penn. Topo. and Geol. Surv. Bull. M 6, Uth ser. Barrell, Joseph (1917) Rhythms and the measurements of Geologic Time, Geol. Soc. America Bull. Vol. 28, pp. 7U3-90lu Beede, J. W., and Rogers, A. F. (1908) Coal Measures Faunal Studies; Faunal Divisions of the Kansas Coal Measures, Univ. Geol. Surv. of Kansas, Vol. 9. Condit, D. Dale (1912) Conemaugh Formation in Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. 17, hth ser. Cottingham, Kenneth (1951), Oil and gas development in Ohio. Dorsey, G. E. (1926) The Origin of the Color of Red Beds, Jour. Geol. Vol. 3U, pp U3. Eaton, Joseph E. (1939) Tie-ins between the Marine and Continental Records in California, American Jour. Sci., Vol. 237, no. 12, pp Grimm, Ralph E. (19U3) Petrology of the Pennsylvanian Underclays Associated with Illinois Coal, American Ceramic Soc. Rill., Vol. lh, no. 3, pp , no. 1*, pp , no. 9, pp Grimm,R. E. and Allen, V. T. (1938) Petrology of the Pennsylvanian Underclay of Illinois, Geol. Soc. America Bull. Vol. It9, no. 10, pp. 1U Kosanke, R. M. (I9h3) Plant Mdcrofossils in the Correlation of Coalbeds, Jour. Geol. Vol. $5, pp U. Krebs, Charles E. (1911) Jackson, Mason and Putnam counties, West Va. Geol. Surv. Krebs, Charles E. and Teets, D. D. Jr. (1913) Cabell, Wayne,and Lincoln counties, West Va. Geol. Surv. Krumbein, W, C. and Sloss, L. L. (1931) Stratigraphy and Sedimentation, San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Co. Krynine, Paul D. (19I48) The Megascopic Study and Field Classification of Sedimentary Rocks, Jour. Geol., Vol. 36, pp Petti john, F. J. (19I4.9 ) Sedimentary Rocks, New York, Harper and Bros. Raymond, Percy E. (1910) Preliminary List of the Fauna of the Allegheny and Conemaugh Series in western Pennsylvania, Ann. Carnegie Mus. Vol. 7, no. 1. Scudder, S. H. (1893) Revision of the American fossil Cockroaches with Description of New Forms, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 12lt. 87

92 Sherman, G. E. (1933) Ohio Cooperative Topographic Survey, Vol. ii.. Stout, Wilbur (1916) Geology of Southern Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. 20, Uth ser. (1932) Goal Formation Clays of Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. 2 6, Ij.th ser (1930) The Monongahela Series in eastern Ohio, West Va. Acad. Sci. Proc., Vol. 3* pp (1931) Pennsylvanian Cycles in Ohio, Illinois Geol. Surv. Bull. 60, pp' Stout, W., Ver Steeg, K., and Lamb, G. F. (l9k3 ) Geology of Water in Ohio, Ohio Geol. Surv. Bull. UU* l th ser. Stutzer and No (19U0) The Geology of Coal, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press. Thompson, M. L. (1936) Pennsylvanian Fusulinids from Ohio, Jour. Paleo., Vol. 10, No. 8, pp Tight, William G. (1903) Drainage Modifications in southeastern Ohio and Adjacent Parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, IT. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 13. Udden, John A. (1912) Geology and Mineral Resources of the Peoria Quadrangle, Illinois, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull Ver Steeg, Karl (19U2) Jointing in the Coal Beds of Ohio, Econ. Geol., Vol. 37, pp Wanless, H. R. and Shepard, F. p. ( ) Sea Level and Climatic Changes Related to Late Paleozoic Cycles, Geol. Soc. of America Bull., Vol. Ii7, pp Weller, James Marvin (1930) Cyclical Sedimentation of the Pennsylvanian Period and its Significance, Jour. Geol., Vol. 3 8, No. 6, pp Worthen, Amos H. (1866) Geology of Illinois, Illinois Geol. Surv. 1. White, Israel Charles (1903) Report on Coal, West Va. Geol. Surv. 2, p.?lii.

93 APPENDIX Stratigraphic Sections From Addison Township SW Sec. 36, along road from hilltop church to valley of Campaign Creek in NE^ Sec. 5, Springfield Township. Ft. In. Blocky clay, red to yellow-brown, containing 8 inch reddish-brown calcareous nodules, Benwood Clay, light gray-green... Trace Blocky clay, yellow-brown 15 0 Clay, light and dark-gray, top blotchy greenishgray, calcareous 21; 0 Blocky clay, red, Sewickley 1 0 Sandstone, very thin-bedded, medium-textured, blue gray and yellow-brown, micaceous Coal, sandy, badly slumped, Fishpot... Trace Sandstone, soft, medium-textured, blue-gray and yellow-brown. U 0 Covered, appears to be brownish blocky clay Clay, sandy, blocky, light-gray and rusty brown Sandstone, fine-grained, thin-bedded, yellowbrown, micaceous 9 0 Clay, red and greenish-gray 35 0 Clay, light-gray, Upper Pittsburgh... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, greenish-yellow, 2 inch calcareous nodules near the t o p 6 6 Clay, light-gray... Trace Blocky clay, poorly exposed, yellow and greenish gray I4. 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, thinly-laminated 10 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, yellow-brown, poorly exposed 19 0 Clay, light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh... Trace Sandstone, medium-textured, yellow-brown, highly calcareous zone in the middle Clay, red, blocky, containing calcareous nodules Sandstone, fine-textured, very thin-bedded, dark-yellow, brown, top lumpy very calcareous Sandstone, dirty greenish gray, medium-textured, massive, hard, top calcareous U 6 Siltstone, red, sandy 6 0 Clay, light-gray, Clarksburg 0 3 Sandstone, lumpy, green-gray, calcareous, fine grained, top contains light-gray nodular limestone 2 0

94 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, thin bedded to massive, Morgantown.... Clay, light-gray, #lk Lick Clay, blocky, red, containing many scattered dark gray limestone nodules, Skelly.... Sandstone, lumpy greenish-yellow to red, calcareous, Gaysport... Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine grained, thin-bedded... Sandstone, calcareous, brownish-gray, medium textured, top more calcareous, fossiliferous Ames... * Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-brown... Limestone, nodular, Ewing... Clay, yellow-green and red, blocky, silty... Lime stone, ss.ndy, Portersville... Covered interval from cross-road... Ft. In Trace ku lu U 22 0 Along road from SW - Sec. 21 to valley of George Creek NVf - Sec. 20. Shale, red, Uniontown 22 0 Clay, light gray-green, Uniontown... Trace Sandstone, friable, yellow, micaceous, medium texture, top fine-textured, Arnoldsburg Shale, greenish-brown, blocky Clay, light-gray, with red-brown stains, Arnoldsburg... Trace Shale, greenish-brown, blocky, with abundant small limestone nodules, Benwood Siltstone, yellow-brown, much covered, Upper Sewickley 20 0 Clay, red blocky, top covered by swampy area... IS 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, and sandy shale, brownish-yellow 6 0 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown, micaceous ^ 0 Clay, light-gray, Fishpot... Trace Clay, yellow-brown 6 0 Sandstone, mass i've, yellow-green, fine to medium texture highly micaceous, thin-bedded at top Shale, brown to gray, with plant fragments, part covered Coal, powdery streak, Redstone... Trace Clay, light-gray 1 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow brown, micaceous

95 Ft. In. Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous Shale, gray to red 13 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-brown thin-bedded Ironstone, concretionary bed, calcareous, Redstone. 0 3 Sandstone, yellow-brown, green, and reddish 16 0 Clay, light-gray, Pittsburgh 1 0 Sandstone, medium texture, gray-green, micaceous Shale, gray-green Clay, blocky, red and greenish-gray... 2 Calcareous nodular bed, irregular, gray to greenish-brown, silty, red stained in places, Upper Pittsburgh Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous Along road from center Sec. 12, up hill into Sec. 18 Sandstone, fine to medium texture, friable, yellow-brown Clay, light gray 2 0 Coal, badly weathered, may have split in middle Redstone 2 6 Siltstone, to very fine-grained sandstone, light yellow-green and light gray 5 6 Clay, light-gray, with seams of fine-grained sandstone and iron stains 3 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, light and dark brown, friable cross-bedded Sandstone, hard, very calcareous, dark-gray, fine-grained 2 0 Sandstone, lumpy, friable, cross-bedded,. micaceous, greenish gray... U 0 Clay, red and greenish-gray, blocky, top contact not distinct 8 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous, may be slump. 2 0 Clay, blocky, brown and greenish-gray, top contact not distinct 19 0 Sandstone, fine-textured, dark-gray and brown, micaceous Clay, light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh 1 0 Clay, red and yellow-brown, blocky... 9 O Sandstone, fine-grained, finely laminated, gray-green, red near top, micaceous, Connellsville 17 0 Clay, red and greenish-gray, blocky 5 0 Clay, light-gray, with \ inch coal, Clarksburg Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, greenish-yellow, micaceous, poorly exposed, Morgantown Clay, blocky, poorly exposed.. 2k 0 91

96 I Ft. In. Sandstone, dark greenish-gray, fine-grained micaceous, calcareous, Elk Lick? 1 0 Clay, red, green, and brown, blocky, light-gray streak at top Sandstone, fine-textured, hard, calcareous, greenish-gray, micaceous 0 8 Clay, light gray-green. 1 6 Shale, j red, blocky Limestone nodules, greenish-gray 0 3 Shale, red, blocky 5 6 Sandstone, medium-textured, gray-green, massive, bottom thin bedded, top lumpy with U inch sandy nodules, Skelly Clay, yellow-brown and red, blocky, with 3 inch limestone nodules in top, Gaysport 17 0 Clay, light-gray... Trace Covered, possibly brown, blocky, clay Sandstone, fine-textured, dark, green-gray,hard, Stratigraphic Sections For Cheshire Township From Kyger Creek bridge, SWj Sec. 22, up hill to south, making two left turns near top of hill, ending in SV% Sec. 21 Covered, some red and gray shales show 13 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, gray, micaceous Covered, red and gray shales occasionally show Sandstone, medium texture, green-gray, Morgantown Shale, red and gray, poorly exposed, some sandstone Coal, powdery, badly weathered Trace Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, friable 32 0 Coal, sandy, area badly slumped, Upper Pittsburgh Shale and very fine-grained sandstone, gray, brown-stained in places, top with light-gray clay streaks Coal, bright, blocky, Redstone 2 0 Sandstone, yellow, friable, medium-textured, thin-bedded... 3U 0 Sandstone, friable, massive, medium to coarsetextured, micaceous... U5 0 Clay, light-gray... Trace 92

97 From road intersection NW^ Sec. Ik, across NE^ Sec. 20 to top of hill in SE% Sec. 21 Clay, red, blocky, Uniontown.... Shale, green-yellow, thinly-laminated.... Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg... Clay, yellow-brown and red, blocky, Benwood... Covered Sandstone, fine textured, yellow-brown, friable, Upper Sewickley Sandstone, coarse-grained, friable, green-yellow... Clay, light-gray Sewickley Sandstone, Coarse-grained, green-yellow, friable... Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown, very friable, poorly exposed... Clay, light-gray, Pomeroy... Clay, blocky, brown-red and gray.... Clay, light-gray, badly slumped, Upper Pittsburgh.. Covered, some yellow-brown and red blocky clay... Ft. In Trace Trace Trace 15 0 Trace 6 0 From cross-road in NEqf Sec. 16, eastward along road to NWzr Sec. 10 Sandstone, friable, yellow, medium to coarse grained, micaceous......* Sandstone, thin bedded, medium-textured, green gray, micaceous, bluff-forming Coal, blocky, with several light-gray sandy partings near the base, top contact very irregular, Redstone 5 6 Clay, yellow, blocky, poorly exposed 10 6 Sandstone, coarse-grained, yellow, poorly consolidated 3 0 Shale, red and yellow-brown and green-gray, blocky clay Sandstone, yellow, medium to fine-textured, micaceous, partly covered Shale, red and yellow-brown, partly covered Clay, light-gray and thin coal streak, Connellsville.... Trace Shale, red and yellow- brown Sandstone and sandy shale, yellow Limestone, hard, sandy, blue, micaceous, Clarksburg 1 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, yellow, micaceous Clay, light-gray Shale, yellow-brown, sandy and micaceous Sandstone, medium texture, gray-green, micaceous with pyrite Clay, red, blocky, bottom covered... lu 0 93.

98 Stratigraphic Sections From Clay Township Starting in gulley S center Sec. 35, north ward to top of hill in Sec. 35. Ft. In. Blocky clay and shale, red, Benwood 57 0 Sandstone, medium-textured, green-yellow and dark-brown, salt and pepper sandstone", not well-exposed, Upper Sewickley 6 0 Shale, sandy, gray, brown, and red 21 0 Sandstone, massive, coarse-grained, friable, white to light-gray, near top medium-textured, harder, greenish, Fishpot Shale, brown, covered in part 6 0 Goal, soft, powdery, Redstone Sandstone, very soft, pale yellow-brown, medium to coarse texture, bottom covered 20 0 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, yellow-brown or greenish, finely cross-bedded but massive Shale, sandy, green-gray... U 6 Coal, streak, Upper Pittsburgh... Trace Shale, sandy, green-gray 3 6 Coal... Trace Shale, sandy, green-gray, partly covered Shale, sandy with black powdery coal fragments, may be the result of slump, Pittsburgh? 6 0 Clay, light-gray, plastic Clay, blocky, green-gray, dark-gray, and yellow brown, crumbly on outcrop Ironstone concretionary bed, calcareous, red-brown Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, thin-bedded 10 6 Shale, sandy, micaceous, yellow. 6 0 Abandoned strip mine west of Bear Run, west center, Sec. 33 Sandstone, massive, medium-textured, light-green Sandstone, fine-grained, blue gray, weathers yellow-brown, cut by coal stringers Shale, carbonaceous 3 0 Shale, blue-green to yellow-brown, thinly laminated Coal, bony. 0 3 Shale, carbonaceous Coal, dull, blocky, Redstone Clay, dark-gray, nodular with dark-gray carbonaceous shales at the bottom 1 6 Siltstone and clay, blue-gray, splintery with iron stains along the joints 2 6 9h.

99 Ft. In. Clay, blocky, dark gray-green, dark-red and yellow-brown, color bands run diagonally across the outcrop 13 0 Nodular limestone, green-gray, up to 8 inches across Clay, blocky light to dark blue-gray Upper Pittsburgh 3 0 Sandstone, yellow-green to blue-green fine-grained, upper 15 inches with dark-brown ironstone nodules up to 3 inches in diameter.... h 0 Sandstone, blue gray, fine to very fine grained, friable, micaceous, with several thin bands of ironstone nodules 7 6 Silts tone, blue-gray, hard 3 6 Sandstone, fine-textured, light green-brown weathers yellow-brown in very thin laminae 6 6 Shale, very dark gray Coal, bony, bottom covered Pittsburgh U 0 Along road up hill from valley of Swan Creek SE hill SW, Sec. 32. Sec. 2 to top of Clay, light yellow-green, gray and red Sandstone, fine texture, micaceous, thin-bedded near top becomes very fine textured and breaks into irregular blocks Sandstone, bright yellow, cross-bedded, medium-textured, friable, highly micaceous 20 0 Sandstone, dark green-gray, calcareous, medium-textured... Ij.0 Sandstone, fine-grained, mostly covered. 7 0 Shale, red Clay, light-gray, Uniontown 1 0 Clay, lumpy, red and gray-green... I4. 0 Sandstone, brown, medium-texture, mixed with very fine-grained material, 3 feet from top a lumpy nodular limestone bed o Sandstone, light yellow green, very finegrained, micaceous, thin-bedded o Clay, light-gray Arnoldsburg 1 o Clay, blocky red, with calcite nodules and gray-green sandy clay, Benvrood Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous. 6 6 Shale, red much covered 7 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine to very fine-grained, thin-bedded, micaceous

100 Clay, light-gray streaks in sandstone Fishpot... Clay, yellow-green and red, lumpy, sandy with sandy limestone nodules Sandstone, yellow-green, fine to medium texture, thin-bedded, sandy limestone nodules increasing towards the top..... Clay, light-gray Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, thin-bedded... Clay, carbonaceous, sandy, Redstone... Sandstone, yellow-green to blue-green thin bedded, fine-grained, micaceous... Ft. In 0 8 2h From cross-roads SW^ Sec. 32 up road to west to cross-roads in SE5, Sec. 32. Sandstone, light-yellow, micaceous, medium textured, friable, massive h2 6 Sandstone, light-yellow, fine-textured, micaceous, thin-bedded. 3 6 Clay, light-gray Clay, blocky, yellow, sandy Clay, light-gray... 0 U Clay, red and light gray-green, lumpy Clay, light-gray with coal fragments, Uniontown. 0 2 Clay, dark gray-green, sandy with inch ironstone pellets Clay, sandy, lumpy, dark-red and dark, calcareous gray-brown... $ Clay, light-gray Clay, lumpy, light gray-green and red Sandstone, irregular, dirty dark yellow green micaceous, fine-textured with calcareous nodules Sandstone, fine-grained, dark yellow-green, micaceous, thin-bedded Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg Clay, red and light gray-green, sandy micaceous, blocky containing irregular limestone nodules, Benwood Sandstone, fine-grained, light-yellow, micaceous, upper part hard massive Clay, light-gray, Sewickley Clay, red and gray-green, lumpy with scattered calcareous nodules Sandstone, dirty yellow-green, slabby, fine-textured, top irregular with calcareous nodules... i... 51j

101 STRA.TIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GALLIPOLIS TOWNSHIP NE \ Sec. 3U from corner of State Street and Hedgewood Drive up hill along highway Ft. In. Sandstone, medium to coarse-textured, thin-tedded gray-green to yellow Clay, light-gray with black carbonaceous streaks, Upper Little Pittsburgh. 0 6 Shale, red, poorly exposed in places... ho 0 Sandstone, yellow to blue, medium-textured, cross bedded... lit 0 Shale, alternate dark-chocolate red and blue-green, sandy near top Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, micaceous, blue-gray on fresh exposures thin-bedded Clay, blocky dark gray brown, calcareous and light blue-green clay, Skelly Shale, red and blue-green jj. 0 SW \ Sec. 3h from old Fort trail up old road to reservoir at top of Fortification Hill. Shale, red and yellow and thinly bedded sandstone Sandstone, medium-textured, thin-bedded, yellow-green 2 0 Shale, red llj. 0 Clay, light-gray with coaly streak, Sewickley 0 6 Shale, yellow to green-gray Sandstone, massive, yellow 12 0 Sandstone, yellow, thin-bedded. 7 O Clay, light-gray with coaly streak, Fjshpot 0 5 Sandstone, yellow, medium texture, finely cross-bedded Sandstone, yellow-gray and shale, mostly covered Sandstone, medium texture, finely cross bedded yellow-green with iron stains along the bedding 9 0 Shale, gray-yellow and red with scattered clay and plant fragments 62 0 Sandstone, gray-green to yellow, medium to coarse texture, thinly cross-bedded with plant fragments 9 0

102 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GREEN TOWNSHIP Along road from valley in SW ^ Sec. 32 to top of hill in center, Sec. 31. Ft. In. Sandstone, soft, friable interbedded with yellow shale... Coal, powdery... lrace Sandstone, yellow fine to medium texture micaceous Shale, red blocky in part... Ip 0 Sandstone, soft, friable, yellow Shale, red O Sandstone, medium texture, cross-bedded, green yellow, micaceous... * 3 6 Shale, red with lk to 2 inch limestone nodules, Clarksburg... 0 Sandstone, massive, cross-bedded, medium textured, yellow gray, upper portion slabby to blocky texture Sandstone, thin-bedded, fine to very finegrained, yellow Clay, dark-red, blocky, Elk Lick 3 0 Sandstone, thin-bedded, fine to very finegrained, yellow, upper portion blocky 27 0 Shale, red, mostly covered 10 0 Sandstone, fine texture, yellow-brown... U 0 Shale, yellow-brown, silty....' 29 0 Coal, Barton 0 2 Shale, yellow green Clay, light-gray.. Trace Clay, dark-red, blocky Limestone, nodular bed Ewing Clay, dark-red and purple blocky. 3 0 Covered, some yellow-brown fine textured sandstone shows 7 0 Clay, light green-gray, Anderson Trace Clay, blocky red. 3 0 Shale, yellow-green... It O Shale, red 12 0 Limestone, nodular, Bloomfield Shale, red 3 0 Shale, green-yellow to gray, sandy in places upper portion blocky Limestone, dark-gray, massive, fossiliferous with chert nodules, Cambridge Shale, dark-gray to yellow

103 Ft. Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, yellow to gray... ' U 6 Sandstone, thin-bedded, slabby, calcareous fine to medium texture, yellow to green-gray with abundant crinoid stems Brush Creek... 1U 0 In. NW \ Sec. 26, eastward along road up hill. Shale, dark red and purple with small ^ inch limestone nodules Limestone, light-gray, lumpy, Skelley 0 9 Shale, red with many small limestone nodules Clay, light-gray, Duquesne 0 6 Shale, red with small 1 inch limestone nodules near the base Gay snort 13 6 Sandstone, yellow-green, blocky fine-grained 2 0 Sandstone, hard, calcareous, green-gray fine-grained, top lumpy with 3 to U inch dirty green gray limestone nodules, -Ames 2 6 Shale and siltstone, light yellow-green-brown thin-bedded with occasional ironstone nodules Coal, hard, blocky Barton 0 8 Coal, bony, sandy Clay, light-gray Clay, light brown-gray, blocky, silty $ 6 Limestone, dark-gray, nodular and lumpy along strike of outcrop, Ewing 0 6 Clay, blocky, red and brown with small calcite nodules 12 0 Sandstone, medium texture, dark gray-green micaceous, friable, poorly exposed Limestone, nodular and mixed thin coal streak, Portersville. 0 b Shale, red 18 0 From bridge in SE \ Sec. up hill to west. Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous 2h 0 Clay, light-gray, carbonaceous streak in swampy ground, partly covered Upper Little Pittsburgh

104 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green... Sandstone, calcareous, fine-grained Summerfield Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow green. Clay, purple and red, blocky.... Sandstone, fine-grained, micaceous Clay or shale, partly covered, red and brown... Clay, light-gray... * Clay, red, blocky Sandstone, fine to very fine-grained, yellow green, micaceous, cross laminated, slabby, Morgantown.... Sandstone, extremely hard, calcareous, fine-grained, green-gray, micaceous, Elk Lick... Shale, red Sandstone, fine-grained, slabby, thin-bedded miacaceous, dark gray-green. Shale, thinly laminated, red Clay, light-green, Duquesne... Clay, blocky, red, brown and purple, with scattered small limestone nodules.... Limestone, nodular dark-brown, ferruginous... Clay, blocky red-brown and purple.... Ft. In h k 0 Eastward up gulley from road just south of east center of Sec. 22. Sandstone, light yellow-gray, friable, medium texture Shale, red with scattered small limestone nodules 10 0 Clay, light-gray, Duquesne 0 6 Shale, red with small limestone nodules 9 6 Shale, brown or light red Limestone, nodular, dirty brown, lumpy Caysport ' Shale, red with small limestone nodules up to 1 inch, top very nodular Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine-grained Shale, red and some sandstone fragments, poorly exposed Shale, light-brown, thinly laminated Coal, blocky, Barton Shale, dark-gray, carbonaceous 3 0 Clay, light-gray, yellow-brown at bottom Covered up from road, fragments of red shale and fine-grained sandstone seen

105 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP From bed of left-hand fort in NW jf Sec. 7 up old wagon road to top of hill in HE Sec. 36, Jefferson Township, Jackson county. Sandstone, massive, friable, medium-textured... Coal, powdery and bony on badly weathered outcrop, Middle Kittanning Sandstone, light-yellow, medium to coarse-grained middle portion finer grained..... Coal, bright, blocky, Lower Kittanning... Clay, light-gray.... Coal Clay, light-gray, top carbonaceous... Shale, dark-gray Clay, light-gray Sandstone, very light-gray, fine-grained... Shale, light yellow-brown, sandy... Ironstone, nodular bed Ferriferous ore... Limestone, siliceous, spongy, fossiliferous... Coal, powdery, badly weathered, Clarion Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, massive friable, cross-bedded, light-gray to yellow-brown, Clarion... Ft, 32 uu In k 0 0 From bed of Pokepatch Hollow in center Sec. 20 up hill to north to SW \ Sec. 17. Shale, light yellow-brown and red silty Clay, light green-gray sandy with inch coal streak at top Mahoning 1 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, micaceous lumpy with ironstone nodules up to 1 inch across. 7 6 Shale, yellow-brown, thinly-laminated with iron stains near the bottom Clay, light green-gray, plastic with coal fragments, Piedmont 0 6 Clay, green-gray and red, blocky 7 6 Sandstone, medium to fine-grained, green-yellow and yellow-brown, micaceous, thinly laminated Clay, light-gray, Upper Freeport 0 6 Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, yellow and yellow-brown, micaceous, thinly laminated Clay, light-gray, Bolivar? 0 ij. Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown 25 0 Clay, light-gray, sandy, Lower Freeport

106 Sandstone, gray-green and yellow-red lower portion, friable, top hard, slabby.... Clay, light-gray, plastic, Middle Kittanning.... Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, ^ yellow green, friable with dark iron stains... UU Clay, light blue-gray, plastic Lower Kittanning... U Sandstone, yellow-brown, friable, medium-textured.. 17 Limestone, gray, fossiliferous, Vanport in bed of creek... 7 Ft From bed of Camp Creek NE \ Sec. 35 northwestward up hill to SW \ Sec. 26. Sandstone, slabby, thin, very fine-grained, yellow brown, micaceous and silty shale Limestone, dark blue-gray, Cambridge 2 0 Shale, red, gray-green, and yellow-brown with ironstone nodules, part covered... 2h 0 Limestone, dark brown-gray and yellow-brown lumpy and vesicular parts sandy and cherty fossiliferous, Upper Brush Creek 2 6 Clay, light-gray with iron stains at top Sandstone, dark yellow-brown, micaceous, medium textured, friable with iron stains and fillings UO 0 Clays tone, light-gray and red 25 0 Clay, light-gray Mahoning 0 2 Sandstone, fine-grained, green-yellow, micaceous Sandstone, very fine-grained and silty, thinly laminated shale Clay, blocky yellow-brown and red, silty. 3 0 Sandstone, hard, massive, fine to medium texture, yellow-brown, micaceous, weathers lumpy. 5 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine texture, mieaeeous, thin bedded......«11 6 Shale, light yellow-brown Sandstone, light, green-yellow fine to medium texture, cross bedded, massive, top lumpy Shale, light yellow-brown Clay, dark gray, carbonaceous, Bolivar.... Trace Siltstone, yellow-brown with many dark limestone nodules Sandstone, fine-textured, yellow-brown, micaceous, iron stained Coal, powdery, Lower Freeport 1 o Clay, light-gray with iron-stained sandy bands

107 Ft. Sandstone, fine-grained, slabby,^ yellow-brown, micaceous, with ironstone o O nodules...,... Sandstone, calcareous, fine-grained, micaceous yellow-brown 0 O Sandstone, yellow gray, medium texture, friable.. IB b Clay, light-gray Sandstone, medium texture, yellow, friable.. 12 o Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-gray Coal and clay in creek bed may be slump material or Middle Kittanning In. SE \ Sec. 13- along old road up hill to north and in gulley to east of road. Sandstone, medium to coarse texture, light yellow-brown, micaceous, cross-bedded, top portion highly calcareous E>3 0 Coal, Brush Creek Clay, blocky, medium-gray 2 0 Clay, gray, red and brown, badly slumped 9 0 Clay, light-gray, Mason. 2 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-textured, slabby, micaceous, thin-bedded 13 0 Sandstone, yellow-gray, coarse to medium texture, cross-bedded, friable 11 0 Shale, dark, carbonaceous, Mahoning Sandstone, blocky, medium texture, micaceous, yellow-brown Sandstone, massive light green-gray, micaceous, fine texture Sandstone, lumpy thinly laminated, yellow-green micaceous, fine to medium texture Siltstone, yellow-green and red shale Clay, dark carbonaceous, Upper Freeport Clay, light gray-green Sandstone, light yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM GUYAN TOWNSHIP From bridge NW ^ Sec. 12 across old strip mine exposure to NE ^ Sec. 18 Coal, powdery

108 Ft. Sandstone, medium-textured, light-gray Coal, soft powdery, Redstone..... j- Clay, light-gray Sandstone, medium texture, light-gray, finely cross-laminated..... *-*- Clay, dark-gray, brown, and yellow blocky, Upper Pittsburgh... 5 Shale, gray, sandy.... ' Ironstone, nodular, non-calcareous... O Shale, gray, sandy, irregularly thick and thin with thin coal seams Coal, bright, blocky, some bony and with pyrite... 2 Clay, dark-gray... 1 Coal, Pittsburgh Shale, light to dark-gray Coal... 0 Clay,light to dark-gray... 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, alternating with medium-textured yellow-brown sandstone... 2b Clay, light and dark-gray... 2 Sandstone, yellow-green fine to medium texture 3 From bridge in NW \ Sec. 19 up hill to southeast Sandstone, yellow, friable, micaceous... 6 Clay, light-gray, Waynesburg... Trace Clay, blocky, light green-gray, yellow and red, sandy... 3 Sandstone, bright yellow, soft, friable, medium texture, micaceous, cross-bedded, lower part dovered Clay yellow sandy with light-gray streak at top and bottom, Little Waynesburg Clay, blocky, yellow and red, sandy... 1 Sandstone, yellow, friable, thin-bedded, f ine-grained... 7 Clay, light-gray... Trace Clay, blocky, yellow-gray and red... 1 Sandstone, fine to medium texture, yellow... 1 Sandstone, fine-textured, yellow-brown, lumpy with limestone nodules, Waynesburg Limestone 1 Sandstone, dark, yellow-brown, very fine-grained thin-bedded... 7 Sandstone, dark-gray, medium textured, calcareous.. 5 Covered Shale, thinly laminated... 2 Clay, light-gray, Uni on town... 1 Shale, red with limestone nodules... 7 In. o o-co o ooo ovo offlo'o'o o<no o o o o\o o b o o'ooovoo 10b

109 Ft. Sandstone, yellow-green, fine-grained, _ micaceous, massive, top lumpy. ^ Sandstone, yellow-green, fine-grained micaceous, thin, irregularly bedded with ferruginous limestone nodules 7 6 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-green micaceous, massive 9 6 Sandstone, light-gray green, irregularly thin-bedded, fine-grained Shale, light gray-green. 1 ~ Shale, red thinly laminated Clay, light gray-green with coal fragments 0 2 Siltstone, blocky purple and gray-green Shale, red blocky with limestone nodules, Benwood Clay, light green-gray Sandstone, soft friable yellow to gray 3 6 Covered 7 0 Sandstone, dark yellow-brown fine to medium textured, micaceous, friable 3 0 Clay, light-gray, Sewickley 0 1 Clay, blocky, red and green-gray 5 0 Sandstone, fine texture, calcareous yellow Sandstone, very fine to fine-grained, thinly bedded, micaceous sandstone Shale, yellow sl ightly sandy Shale, red, thinly laminated Clay* light-gray, Fishpot 0 2 Sandstone, green-yellow, fine texture, micaceous with slickensides Clay, blocky red and green-gray. 2 6 Shale, dark red and purple with limestone nodules in the base...* Shale, red, thinly laminated with light gray streak at bottom... 0 p Siltstone, blocky light yellow-green and red Sandstone, medium texture, green-yellow with dark gray-green sandy calcareous nodules 3 6 Sandstone, massive, medium, light yellowgreen, more friable, slabbier and finer texture upward 'Clay, light-gray Shale, light-gray Sandstone, dark-gray, very fine-grained Sandstone, medium-textured, micaceous, blue-gray containing plant fragments Coal, Redstone... 0 U Clay, blocky, dark-gray, yellow In.

110 Shale fissile, dark-red to dark-gray containing plant fragments... Coal Ft. In h Light gray cl ay ^ Sandstone, light-gray, calcareous... I 6 Sandstone, yellow, fine-grained, thin-bedded micaceous with iron stains 12 \ 6S Shale, yellow-brown Clay, light-gray, Upper Pittsburgh. Shale, green-gray, slightly sandy Clay, light-gray... Shale, red fissile... Coal, powdery, Pittsburgh... Clay, brown and gray.... «... Shale, thinly laminated red, gray and 0 3 O ^ yellow-brown o Limestone, dark-gray, lumpy, breccia Upper Pittsburgh Limestone. 1 Semi flint clay, irregular blocky, light gray-green, yellow-green and bright red Sandstone, fine texture, irregular, green gray to yellow 1 6 Clay, light-gray, Upper Little Pittsburgh 0 1 Sandstone, fine-grained, thin bedded, yellow-green, micaceous with a few ironstone nodules 8 0 Clay,.light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh. 0 1 Siltstone, yellow to gray-green, claylike... It 8 Sandstone, medium to fine-grained yellow-green, micaceous 1 0 Clay, light-gray 0 2 Siltstone, yellow-red 3 0 Sandstone, calcareous, yellow-brown, fine-textured, Summerfield 2 6 Sands tone, yellow-brown, micaceous, thin-bedded, massive 8 0 Clay, light-gray, Connellsville 0 6 Siltstone, hard, yellow, red and gray 2 9 Sandstone, very fine-grained, blocky yellow-brown, top calcareous..* 9 6 Siltstone, yellow-brown, blocky with streaks of light-gray and red 1 6 Sandstone, yellow coarse to medium texture micaceous, cross-bedded 27 6 Conglomerate, pebbles up to 1 inch in diameter in sandstone 1 0 Sandstone, coarse textured, yellow, micaceous... U

111 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM HARRISON TOWNSHIP Along Dickey Church road from bridge over north fork of Perrigen Creek SE \ Sec. 26 to NW \ Sec. 26. Ft. In. Shale, red... 5 Clay, light-gray, Uniontown?... Trace Clay, blocky, green-brown... Shale, red Limestone, nodular, yellow-green Clay, blocky, dark-gray and yellow-brown Sandstone, medium texture, gray-green friable cross-bedded with dark-red dots and streaks 6 feet from the top appear large 3 foot concretionary sandy bodies Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg... Trace Clay, blocky green brown, red and purple, Benwood. 30 Sandstone, fine to medium texture, dark-green and brown, highly micaceous, bottom very calcareous... 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, highly micaceous... 3 Clay, light-gray, Sewickley... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown... 5 Clay, red, yellow-brown, and gray badly covered Clay, light-gray, Fishpot... Trace Sandstone, fine-textured, dark green-brown... 2 Shale, red... 5 Sandstone, medium texture, pink-gray, micaceous thin, cross-bedded, 13 feet from the top appear large 2 to 3 foot sandy concretionary bodies, upper part lumpy with numerous large sandy limestone concretions... li2 Clay, light-gray... 0 Coal, Redstone... 0 Clay, light-gray... 3 Siltstone, dark-brown, thin irregularly bedded... 5 Sandstone, fine-grained, thinly cross-bedded, yellow-brown Shale, silty, dark-gray with large limestone nodules... 1 Limestone, dark to light-gray, irregular Upper Pittsburgh limestone... 1 Semi-flint clay, red, green and brown splintery... 3 O O On O O O O n O O n O Os O On O O O O O VjJ On O Along road from north fork of Perigen Creek to Phillips School west side of Sec. 13

112 Ft. In, Sandstone, medium to fine texture, yellow-brown Clay,light gray, Uniontown. «. Trace Clay* yellow-brown, blocky, splintery Sandstone, medium to fine texture, yellow-brown Shale, yellow-brown ^ r\ Sandstone, fine texture, dark yellow-brown Clay, light-gray, Arnoldsburg... Trace Shale, red, Benwood... 2U 0 Sandstone, fine texture, thin-bedded, yellow-brown Shale, red 3 6 Sandstone, fine texture, lumpy, greenyellow Shale, red and gray... 3U 0 Limestone, nodular, gray-green red, Fishpot limestone Sandstone, crumbly, medium textured, yellow, micaceous Sandstone, medium textured, yellow-brown micaceous, thin-bedded Coal, powdery, Redstone 2 0 Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-brown with coal streaks and chips... 13> 0 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine-grained Coal, powdery, Pittsburgh 1 6 Clay, red-gray, blocky Coal, powdery 0 1 Sandstone, green-gray, micaceous, medium texture, hard 2 0 Clay, gray-green and red, blocky 3 0 Limestone, nodular, dark-gray, Upper Pittsburgh limestone Clay, blocky, dark gray green Limestone, nodular... 0 Coal, soft powdery Semi-flint clay, red, yellow-brown Clay, light-gray, red and yellow-brown 8 0 Sandstone, light-gray green, micaceous, medium texture, bottom massive becoming slabby and highly calcareous near the top

113 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM HUNTINGTON TOWNSHIP Composite section lower portion from south bank of Raccoon Creek SE 5 Sec. 18, upper portion from north side of stream up road to abandoned Snyder mine, NE \ Sec. 18. Ft. In. Coal, mostly good blocky, upper portion bony, Upper Freeport... U 1 Clay, light-gray 2 0 Sandstone, medium to fine texture, slabby, thin-bedded, micaceous, y e l l o w - g r a y 3k 0 Ironstone, nodular bed, calcareous in sandstone Sandstone, medium texture, yellow-gray Coal, Lower Freeport 0 h Sandstone Clay, light-gray, irregular contact with sandstone Sandstone, yellow-gray, medium to fine texture Clay, lighi>-gray, Middle Kittanning... Trace Sandstone, yellow-gray, micaceous, medium to fine texture Sandstone, very fine-grained, gray to yellow shaley... 1* 6 Coal, thinly bedded, Strasburg? Clay, light-gray 0 8 Coal 0 6 Sandstone, medium to fine-grained, yellow, micaceous, thinly bedded Sandstone, medium to corase-grained, friable, yellow-gray conglomerate in yellow-gray sandstone with pebbles up to -g- inch in diameter Coal, blocky, Lower Kittanning 2 6 Clay, light-gray Coal Clay, light-gray 0 8 Goal Clay, light-gray Coal, Clay, light-gray Sandstone with limonite oolites Clay, dark-gray Clay, light-gray, sandy 3 0 Sandstone, light-gray to yellow, fine to medium texture with iron stain and streaks Limestone, gray flinty, massive with iron stains and flint bands, Vanport Coal, Clarion Clay, light-gray, sandy

114 SE ^ Sec. 21 from west to east up hill Ft. In. Clay, dark gray, sandy, blocky with light-gray clay streak at top Mahoning 1 0 Sandstone, light-yellow, medium texture, hard... 1 Covered... Sandstone, medium textured, yellow to green-gray lumpy... 1 o Clay, yellow-brown and green-gray with numerous small limestone nodules 3 0 Clay, lumpy, red and yellow-brcrwn, top contains numerous large limestone nodules up to 6 inches across 7 o Covered Sandstone, medium to coarse-textured, ^ yellow-green, cross bedded, friable Clay, light-gray, Upper Freeport 1 0 Clay, yellow-green, blocky Sandstone, fine-grained, light yellow, thinly bedded. 2 6 Shale, yellow-brown Cla.y, red and green blocky, top covered 7 6 Shale, gray-green Sandstone, green-gray, fine-grained Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, yellow cross-bedded,friable containing zones of clay galls and sandstone pebbles Coal, soft powdery, Lower Freeport Clay, light-gray, darker near the top with much iron stain Shale, green-gray with iron stains becoming sandier near the top Sandstone, yellow-green, medium to fine texture, mic aceous Sandstone, green, yellow-gray, medium texture micaceous, upper portion calcareous Shale, dark green-brown... 6 Clay, dark-gray with coaly fragments and light-gray clay streaks,middle Kittanning... U 0 Sandstone, green-gray, fine texture with much iron stain.... I4 0 NE 4' Sec. 3b from bridge over Raccoon Creek up hill to Tabor Church Clay, blocky, bright, yellow-brown, gray-green and red Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, red with clay galls in the base... 3b

115 Coal, soft, badly weathered Clay, light green-gray to dark-gray. Sandstone, green-brown, fine to very fine-grained, lumpy with hollow limonite concretions»... Sandstone, light yellow-gray, fine to medium texture Clay, light-gray... Sandstone, yellow-gray, fine texture... Clay, blocky, green-brown with sandy limonite concretions Clay, light-gray, Piedmont... Clay, blocky, green-brown... Sandstone, light green-yellow, fine to medium texture, thin-bedded.... Shale, yellow-brown... Clay, light-gray, sandy, Upper Freeport... Sandstone, light green-yellow, fine to medium texture, thin-bedded..... Shale, yellow-brown.i.... Clay, light-grgy, sandy Upper Freeport... Clay, blocky yellow-brown, sandy, micaceous Sandstone, yellow-brown, very fine-grained. Shale, yellow-green with heavy limonite concretions nearthe base, top covered... Siltstone, dark blue-green, very finely laminated, sandy near the top... Shale, dark green-gray... Shale, dark-gray, carbonaceous Coal, blocky with pyrite... Clay, gray, hard, sandy with iron stains... Sandstone, fine-grained, green-grey, micaceous, very thinly bedded with hollow limonite concretions.... Covered to bridge STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM MORGAN TOWNSHIP Along creek bed from SW \ Sec. 3U to top of hill in SW Shale, red Limestone, sandy, dark brown-yellow to blue-gray, fossiliferous, Ames Sandstone, very fine-grained, light yellow thin-bedded Sandstone, very fine-grained, red, thinly bedded...

116 Ft. In. Sandstone, very fine-grained, light yellow, thinly bedded Shale, silty, dark-red and purple-red with dark red limestone nodules up to 2 inches in diameter, Ewing... Clay, light-gray \ Clay, red, blocky Sandstone, very fine-grained, thinly bedded dark yellow-green, micaceous ~ Clay, red, blocky Limestone, dark gray-brown to yellow, sandy I h Clay, blocky, red and green-yellow. 7 o Clay, light-gray Sandstone, light-green, soft Sandstone, fine-grained, massive, calcareous light gray-green U 0 Sandstone, light yellow-brown, very fine grained, thin-bedded Limestone, blue-gray, fossiliferous, Cambridge Coal, Wilgus 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, thin, micaceous 21 0 Limestone, irregularly bedded, sandy, green, highly fossiliferous, Upper Brush Creek 2 0 Sandstone, dark gray-green, fine-textured, very thinly bedded... ^ 0 0 Coal, sandy, Mason Sandstone, light yellow-brown to blue-green, irregular, lumpy with rolls of hard brown sands tone 6 0 Sandstone, green-brown, irregular, thin-bedded, medium-textured 10 0 Sandstone, jointed, fine-grained, blue-gray to brown with abundant plant fossils 10 6 Coal, hard blocky, Mahoning Clay, sandy, dark blue-gray, very irregular, jointed and with slickensides. U 6 Clay, irregular red, light-gray and light-yellow sandy 3 0 Clay, light-gray and red, lumpy 2 0 Sandstone, light yellow-green, lumpy with thin stringers of light-gray clay 2 8 Shale, blocky and laminated red Clay, light-gray with coal streak at top, Piedmont. 0 1 Clay, blocky red arid purple 12 0 Sandstone, yellow-green, fine-textured, micaceous ll2

117 Starting at road, intersection on Porter Pike southward up hill along Morgan-Cheshire township line* e center Sec. 3 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine to medium texture, friable.«. Clay, light-gray, Redstone... Sandstone, light green-yellow, fine-grained, micaceous, friable.... Clay, light-gray, Upper Pittsburgh.... Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, friable, partly covered.... Clay, light-gray and swampy area, Pittsburgh?... Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained, friable, partly covered Clay, light-gray, Connellsville.... Clay, blocky, red Sandstone, light green-gray, fine-textured, micaceous Clay, light-gray, Clarksburg Shale, blocky, red.... Sandstone, light green-gray, fine-textured, micaceous Shale, fissile, red..... Clay, light-gray, Elk Lick.... Clay, blocky light green-gray and yellow-brown... Clay, yellow-brown, plastic Duquesne?... Clay, shale, varigate red, light gray, red-brown and green-yellow parts with scattered small limestone nodules in lower portion Limestone, nodular, Cay sport Clay, light gray-green Sandstone, very fine-grained and siltstone thinly bedded Sandstone, hard gray-green, calcareous, fine-grained, Ames Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-green, thinly bedded Covered to road intersection Ft. In, Trace U h 0 1U h ho STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM OHIO TOWNSHIP Road cut along Ohio? in SE \ Sec. 2 Sandstone, massive, fine-grained, yellow-green micaceous

118 Ft. In. Sandstone, dark-gray and green-gray very fine-grained with occasional ferruginous limestone nodules Shale, silty, thin-bedded, dark blue-gray with dark-brown calcareous bands 0 Clay, light-gray with thin carbonaceous bands and plant fragments 2 0 Coal, blocky bright upper portion dull laminated.... I 2 Coal, bony, hard 0 8 Coal, blocky, cleated, thin bedded, Redstone 1 11 Clay, sandy, cross-bedded, light-gray Shale, fissile sandy, dark blue-gray with limestone concretions 6 6 Limestone nodules, dark blue carrying resinous almost black calcite veins Redstone Limestone Clay, blocky, medium-gray and yellow-brown 3 6 Sandstone, thin-bedded blue-gray, micaceous, medium texture with thin beds of dark-gray shale Shale, dark-gray, silty with scattered ironstone nodules 10 0 Covered U 0 Sandstone, fine-text\^re, dark blue-gray, micaceous Semi-flint clay, dark-red and dark-gray with limestone nodules and calcite vein filling Upper Pittsburgh Limestone 6 6 Semi-flint clay, dark-red and dark-gray with occasional sandstone lenses 11 0 Sandstone, dark blue-gray, very fine-grained 2 0 Shale, da±*k green-gray, Upper Little Pittsburgh? Siltstone and clay, blocky dark green-gray and red.. U 0 Covered... J4 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained and siltstone, yellow-brown with ferruginous limestone nodules up to 2 inches in diameter, Summerfield limestone Sandstone, thin slabby blue-gray, fine to medium texture, micaceous, weathers yellow-brown Ij. 6 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM PERRY TOWNSHIP \ Sec. 17 from valley of Wolf Run northward up hill past Nebo Church Sandstone and siltstone, yellow-brown, very fine grained, thinly bedded with dark brown limestone nodules in middle portion, Bloomfield U5 0 11U.

119 Ft. In. Limestone, dark-gray, massive, Cambridge Shale, ed-brown... ~ Sandstone, dirty-brown, highly calcareous... 0 o Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine-grained Limestone, dark red-gray, sandy, fossiliferous, Upper Brush Creek. 3 6 Shale, sandy very dark yellow-brown and green-yellow hs 6 Coal Shale, dark-gray Coal, Mason Coal and dark-gray clay mixed Clay, light-gray, sandy 0 1 Sandstone, green-gray to dark yellow-brown very fine-grained, iron-stained Sandstone, medium-textured, highly friable, micaceous, cross-bedded 27 6 Shale and very fine-grained sandstone, yellowbrown.... o Sandstons, green-yellow and rusty brown, highly calcareous, nodular. 0 6 Siltstone and very fine-grained sandstone, green-brown, thinly laminated Clay, light-gray, sandy, Piedmont 2 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained, silty, dark yellow brown, very thin bedded 20 0 Along Ohio llj.1 from valley of Syrames Creek up Gage Hill E., Sec. 28 Siltstone and medium-textured yellow-brown sandstone 10 0 Shale, red with green-gray, fossiliferous limestone nodules, Portersville Shale, green-gray silty upper part sandy Siltstone, dark blue-gray, thinly bedded Shale, silty, dark blue-gray, weathers yellow brown Limestone, dark blue-gray, cherty, fossiliferous, Cambridge Shale, yellow-brown, sandy Sandstone, massive, medium to coarse-grained, yellow-brown, micaceous Sandstone, friable, light-yellow, mostly covered STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM RACCOON TOWNSHIP NW ^ Sec. 16 from cross-road in valley of Indian Creek up hill to northeast to road fork at top of hill. 115.

120 Sandstone, very friable, fine-grained, micaceous, yellow-brown.... Clay, light-gray, Mason... Clay, red blocky and light-green.... Sandstone, light yellow-brown, fine-grained, micaceous, thinly bedded... Clay, light-gray, Mahoning Clay, blocky, red and yellow-brown Sandstone, medium-textured, friable, pale yellow-brown, finer textured, harder ne a.r top.... Clay, light-gray with fine carbonaceous shale bands, Piedmont Clay, red, blocky... Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown thin-bedded... Coal, powdery, Upper Freeport Clay, yellow-gray, red and red-gray, sandy... Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown very thin-bedded, top hard Clay, dark green-gray, silty... Shale, fissile dark-brown to dark-red... Clay, yellow-green-brown, lumpy... Clay, blocky, yellow-green with brown nodules... Sandstone, green-yellow, fine-grained, thinbedded to lumpy.... Shale, silty, light yellow-brown... Clay, blocky, yellow, green and dark-gray Bolivar Sandstone, fine to medium texture, light yellow-green, micaceous... Shale, sandy light yellow-brown and light-gray... Coal, powdery, Lower Freeport.... Clay, light-blue... Clay, sandy, blocky, iron-stained, green-gray and yellow Limestone, sandy nodular, ferruginous, Lower Freeport Limestone... Sandstone, fine to very fine-grained, micaceous, green-gray... Clay, blocky yellow-brown and dark-gray... Clay, light-gray, Middle Kittanning... Clay, blocky, sandy, yellow... Sandstone, dirty green-gray, fine-grained, calcareous... Sandstone, hard lun >y, fine to very fine grained... Covered to cross-road.... Ft. In Trace Trace a U a Trace.a

121 Along road in NW \ 3 Sec. 32 up hill to cross-road at center of section. Ft. In. Siltstone, yellow-brown Shale, red with scattered small limestone nodules and a few large nodules, Bloomfield Siltstone, yellow-brown 30 0 Limestone, gray, sandy, fossiliferous, Cambridge Siltstone, red and gray, poorly exposed 13 6 Sandstone, hard, gray calcareous, yellow-brown Upper Brush Creek Sandstone, soft friable, medium textured, highly micaceous, yellow-brown, cross-laminated Siltstone, dark-gray green, iron-stained, Siltstone, sandy, yellow-brown Clay, very light-gray, Masoning Clay, blocky red, and dark-brown Sandstone, fine-grained, thin-bedded, light yellow-brown, micaceous Section up stream gulley SW ^ Sec. 35 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-brown, silty Limestone, dark-gray, fossiliferous Shale, red, blocky and light green-gray Covered 3 0 Limestone, dark-gray, laminated, Upper Brush Creek Sandstone, fine-grained, green, yellow-brown, micaceous, thin-bedded... 3k 0 Clay, light-gray, Brush Creek... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, green-yellow, micaceous 19 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, very fine-grained Shale, hard, carbonaceous, Mahoning 2 0 Clay, light-gray 2 0 Sandstone, yellow-brown, friable, medium-textured with hollow limonite concretions, base conglomeratic with pebbles up to 2 inches in diameter Clay, dark-green, blocky with iron stain, Bolivar Sandstone, blue-gray, fine-grained with darkbrown limestone, nodules

122 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP From gulley in SE \ Sec. 10 to church at top of Prospect Hill. Ft. In. Sandstone, friable, micaceous, medium:-textured cross-bedded Clay, light-gray, Redstone... Trace Sandstone, very fine-grained, light-brown micaceous with scattered ironstone nodules... 1U 6 Clay, light-gray Upper Pittsburgh.... Trace Sandstone, very fine-grained, light-brown, micaceous alternating with medium textured brown sandstone......» 18 0 Sandstone, fine-grained, green-yellow, lumpy with clay and coal streak at top Sandstone, gray-yellow, very fine-grained, with coal streaks Pittsburgh Clay, light-gray with thin ferruginour bands 0 1 Coal in thin bands with thin clay and ferruginous bands Clay, light-gray red and yellow 11 6 Sandstone, yellow-brown, fine to medium texture Clay, light-gray and coal fragments, Upper Little Pittsburgh Clay, green to dark-gray, very sandy with lumpy brown limestone nodular bed near the bottom 8 0 Sandstone, light-gray to yellow, fine-grained micaceous, cross-bedded sandstone Clay, light-gray, Lower Little Pittsburgh 0 1 Clay, red, blocky, sandy 3 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, green-brown, limestone nodular bed, Summerfield Sandstone, dark green-gray, fine-textured, micaceous, hard, thin-bedded Sandstone, yellow, fine to very fine-grained, thin-bedded, bottom gray-green and red Limestone, dark-gray, nodular breccia Clay, blocky red, yellow and purple with ironstone and limestone nodules.. 27 O Clay, light-gray 0 2 Limestone breccia, nodular, sandy along? outcrop, Clarksburg Sandstone, light-gray, hard, calcareous, fine-grained Clay, green-gray and red, sandy, micaceous Sandstone, light-gray, hard calcareous, f ine-textured... 1 O 118.

123 Sandstone, fine-textured, yellow-green micaceous, thin-bedded Clay, dark red and green-gray, sandy, blocky Ft. In Westward up hill from cross-roads, E center Sec. 9 Clay, red and green-gray, sandy, blocky with many small limestone nodules.... Sandstone, yellow-green, thin-bedded, fine-textured... Sandstone, gray-green, fine-grained, highly calcareous, micaceous.... Clay, very dark-red to purple, sandy with many deep red limestone nodules in middle portion, Gaysport... Clay, dark-red to pale-yellow, blocky, sandy... Limestone, very irregular almost nodular, light gray-green, fine-textured, sandy Ames... Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, thin-bedded..... Limestone, nodular, sandy, Ewing... Clay, light-gray, yellow and red, sandy, blocky.. Limestone, nodular, Portersville... Sandstone, fine-textured, blocky irregular, green-yellow Clay, yellow and yellow-brown, sandy.... Clay, light-gray, Anderson... Clay, pink to gray, blocky, sandy, bottom covered U 0 l h h h 0 l 9 0 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTIONS FROM WALNUT TOWNSHIP From valley of Symmes Creek westward up hill in N. part of sections 5 and 6. Shale, red Limestone, nodular: breccia in red shale, KLoomfield... 0 Clay, light gray... Trace Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-brown, thinly laminated O Shale, fissile, red and brown Limestone, dark blue-gray, Cambridge Clay, light blue-gray, blocky

124 Clay, dark yellow-brown, blocky with, _ calcareous ironstone nodules... 5 Sandstone, fine-grained, finely laminated brown yellow, medium to coarse-grained Coal, blocky, Mason Shale, carbonaceous Clay, gray, blocky... *... Clay, gray, yellow-brown and red blocky with occasional ferruginous limestone nodules. 10 Ft. Clay, light-gray... Sandstone, slabby, cross-bedded, yellow-brown fine-grained, micaceous Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained, massive light yellow-gray, micaceous Coal, thin papery streak Clay, blocky, yellow-brown, dark-purple red In. 0 3 O Trace and gray-green... b 6 Sandstone, fine-grained, yellow-green, irregularly bedded' with iron stain and ironstone nodules in the upper portion Sandstone, very fine to fine-grained, light yellow-brown, blocky, thin-bedded, iron-stained Clay, light-gray, Upper Freeport day, yellow-brown to red, blocky 1 0 Along road from SW \ Sec. 3 to NW Sec. 10 Sandstone, light gray-green to yellow, finetextured, cross-bedded Clay, red and gray-green, sandy, blocky, Limestone, poorly exposed, Skelly... Trace Sandstone, yellow, medium-textured, friable 17 6 Clay, mostly red but some light-gray and gray-green, blocky, sandy with many small 4 to 3 inch limestone nodules, Qaysport... lit 0 Sandstone, very fine-grained, yellow-green, thin-bedded 3 6 Sandstone, light yellow-green, fine-grained, thin-bedded Clay, light-gray 2 6 Clay, blocky red, green and gray with scattered calcareous nodules Coal, Barton Sandstone, green-yellow, fine-grained Sandstone, calcareous, fine-grained, massive, gray-green, Ewing... 1 o Sandstone, dark gray-green, fine-grained, lumpy Sandstone, light yellow-green, very fine-grained thin-bedded

125 Ft. In. Limestone, nodular, Portersville Shale, dirty gray-brown to purple with large limestone nodules 3 0 Sandstone, light green-yellow, thin-bedded very fine-grained sandstone with sandy limonite nodules 2 0 Clay, dark-gray Clay shale, dark-gray Clay, dark-gray green, slightly sandy breaking up into big blocks Clay, sandy, lumpy clay, yellow-brown, green and red with limestone nodules iron-stained 16 0 Limestone, nodular, Cambridge Sandstone yellow-green, fine-grained, calcareous near the top... U 6 Sandstone, thin, cross-bedded, yellow-brown f ine-textured....; Sandstone, medium to coarse-grained dark yellow-brown, massive, cross-bedded

126 Plate No. 1. All figures X 1 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1. Chonetes granulifers var armatus Girty a. Ventral view b. Ventral interior c. Dorsal interior 2. Ghonetina flemingi (Norwood and Pratten) a. Ventral view b. Ventral interior 3. Composita subtilita ( Hall) a. Ventral view b. Anterior view iu Derbya crassa (Meek and Hayden) a. Ventral view b. Ventral interior 0. Neospirifer latus (Dunbar and Condra) a. Internal mold b. Detail of ventral fragment 6. Weathered Cambridge limestone surface, showing individual limestone fragments that are cemented by calcite to make up the rock. 7. Dictyoclostus portlockianus var crassicostatus (Dunbar and a. View of the beak and umbonal area Gondra) b. Ventral view 8. Aviculopinna sp. 9. Section of drill core through blocky clay material showing impression of Stigmaria. 10. Section of drill core in silty material showing slump structure.

127 Plate No- (

128 Plate No. 2. All sections X 60 Figure 1 Figure 2 Fine-grained sandstone, showing nature of matrix. Crossed nicols. Seme view as figure 1. without crossed nicols, showing shape and alignment of quartz fragments. Figure 3 Microcline, showing clear unaltered edges. Crossed nicols Figure U Figure Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Quartz fragments cemented by calcite. Plagioclase in lower right showing clear unaltered edges. Crossed nicols Cambridge limestone showing very fine texture and numerous fossil fragments. Cambridge limestone, showing fine-textured limestone cemented by interstitial calcite. Swing limestone, composed of Spirorbis remains filled and cemented by calcite. Quartz pebbles from transported Pittsburgh coal.

129 1111j [ it111 ijin11 IINCHES Plote No.