Lightning Analysis: creating geo-frameworks
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1 Lightning Analysis: creating geo-frameworks Southern Utah Rock Club 02 March 2017 H. Roice Nelson, Jr. Dynamic Measurement LLC 02 March 2017 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 1
2 Career as geophysicist spent looking underneath the surface of the ground 2003 The Leading Edge 1983 NTEG Translated to Chinese 1984 World Oil Cover 1991 O&G Journal Cover 2008 CSEG Recorder Southern Utah Rock Club 2
3 DML Started with 2 Questions: 1. Can lightning hit twice at the same place? 2. Does this mean there is oil on my property? Strikes from 1 storm (colors Peak Current ) 27 Sep 2011, Hockley Dome, Harris County, TX 02 March 2017 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 3
4 The Answer to Both Questions is Yes! The answer to the first question is yes, lightning strikes cluster and the clusters are consistent over time. The answer the second question is there is oil here, as shown by the tanks now at the location of the lightning strikes raising the questions. Southern Utah Rock Club 4
5 Presentation Outline Milam County Texas apparent-resistivity Volume 1. Lightning Occurs Everywhere 2. Lightning Database Analytics 3. Lightning Analysis & Attributes 4. Rock Property & Attribute Maps & Volumes 5. Arizona, Louisiana, Michigan, & Texas Examples 02 March 2017 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 5
6 1. Lightning Occurs Everywhere 5+ years of data in GLD-360 database Southern Utah Rock Club 6
7 The U.S. has the most complete database 18+ Years of Data in the NLDN Data Base Originally Collected for Insurance, Meteorology, and Safety Reasons Southern Utah Rock Club 7
8 Sensors Measure Direction to Strike & Lightning Attributes Strike Triangulated & Measurements Reconciled Vaisala: Martin Murphy 2016 Webinar used with permission Southern Utah Rock Club 8
9 Vaisala s NLDN Lightning Detection Network In Texas sensors record each lightning strike Location Accuracy: feet Lineament Accuracy: feet From 2016 Vaisala Webinar: Martin Murphy, used with permission Geophysicists have used passive gravity, magnetic, and seismic measurements to understand the subsurface of the earth for decades. Using existing lightning strike databases expands this work. 02 March 2017 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 9
10 2. Lightning Database Analytics Typical projects have millions of lightning strikes. To date all projects have tied subsurface control. Attributes are measured or calculated for lightning strike locations, then contoured or gridded. Lightning strike density and attribute values cluster, and these clusters are somewhat consistent over time, allowing the data to be stacked. Lineaments, like fault scarps, have been mapped with 30 foot horizontal location accuracy. Southern Utah Rock Club 10
11 Lightning Measurements Other attributes calculated from these measurements. The time of the lightning strike is correlated with solar and lunar tides. Measurements separated by time. Southern Utah Rock Club 11
12 3. Lightning Analysis & Attributes 1. Analysis area selected. 2. Patented and Patent-Pending Processes produce maps and volumes of derived rock properties and lightning attributes. 3. Existing geology and geophysics integrated with new data. Lightning Attribute: Rate of Rise-Time Milam County, Texas Southern Utah Rock Club 12
13 Dynamic Measurement LLC Patent 1 Method for locating sub-surface natural resources Natural Resources defined as: Diamonds; Other Gemstones; Gold; Silver; Copper; Other Minerals; Geothermal Deposits; Oil; Gas; Water; & Other sub-surface natural resources sharing inherent similarities. Southern Utah Rock Club 13
14 Dynamic Measurement LLC Patent 2 Method for determining geological surface and subsurface resistivity Southern Utah Rock Club 14
15 4. Rock Property & Attribute Maps & Volumes Key Assumptions: 1. Lightning occurs when there is sufficient charge to bridge the capacitor. 2. Lightning is affected by geology to a depth proportional to cloud height, as derived from Peak Current Southern Utah Rock Club 15
16 Relaxation Oscillator Physics and Lightning (a giant neon tube) The atmospheric capacitor is like a relaxation oscillator Just an additional resistance (R 2 ) limiting the current R 2 is the resistance between the lightning strike point and the bottom plate of the capacitor Southern Utah Rock Club 16
17 Lightning and the Induced Polarization Effect By treating this steep onset as charging a capacitor (C2) through a resistor (R3), an apparent capacitance can be calculated. From the apparent capacitance a value for apparent permittivity can be calculated Lightning does not have a square waveform But it does have a very steep onset Variations in the onset as measured (rise-time) show the IP Effect Southern Utah Rock Club 17
18 5. Study Area around Corpus Christi, Texas Stratton Field Levey et.al (1994), Hardage, 1996 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 18
19 Stratton Apparent-Resistivity Sections Working on calibrating depth and calculated vs. measured resistivity Southern Utah Rock Club 19
20 Study Area - Geology and Structure Corpus Christi from Ewing (1986) 02 March 2017 From Levey, et al,1994 Bebout and others,1982 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 20
21 2016 Lightning-Derived Resistivity Cross-Sections Match Geology on 1986 Ewing Interpretation Overlay Southern Utah Rock Club 21
22 D-D Close-Up on Graben on A-A without overlay Red and Green Faults were major faults on Ewing s maps. Note high apparent-resistivity events (bright) appear to have plumes above these faults. Southern Utah Rock Club 22
23 D-D Close-Up on west Graben Interpretation 1986 by Tom Ewing, Apparent Resistivity 2016 from Lightning Databases Note: interpretation by Tom Ewing in The resistivity section calculated from lightning in Co-located sections show breaks where faults were interpreted. There are resistivity plumes tied to faults. Southern Utah Rock Club 23
24 E-E on the Northwest End of Ewing s C-C E E Note offsets in adjacent Packages of Higher Values of Apparent Resistivity Southern Utah Rock Club 24
25 Lightning Attributes - Peak Current 3 of March 2017 (kiloamperes) Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 25
26 Lightning Attributes - Spike - 2 of 20+ Attributes 02 March 2017 (position of strike) Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 26
27 5. One Last Texas Example 2-D Resistivity Survey ties Lightning-Derived Resistivity Cross-Section Southern Utah Rock Club 27
28 5. Louisiana Example Density Map & Rate-of-Rise-Time Map Southern Utah Rock Club 28
29 5. Michigan Example High Resistivity to SW on B-2 Horizontal-Slice with Oil & Gas Wells in Analysis Area posted (note lineaments) Southern Utah Rock Club 29
30 5. Arizona Examples: Resolution Copper NLDN Peak Current & Rise-Rate Southern Utah Rock Club 30
31 Three Example SPOT SM Apparent-Resistivity Cylinders 3.14 sq. mi. $5, square miles $9, square miles $3,000 Southern Utah Rock Club 31
32 Integrating Resistivity in Three-Dimensions 80 square miles $67,630 Southern Utah Rock Club 32
33 Comparing NLDN and GLD-360 data NLDN Density & GLD-360 Density Southern Utah Rock Club 33
34 California Apparent Resistivity Map Southern Utah Rock Club 34
35 5. California Apparent Resistivity Sections Southern Utah Rock Club 35
36 Imagine August Parties when there is a rain storm Watching Lightning over the Cedar Iron Mines Southern Utah Rock Club 36
37 Not-Yet-Initiated Southern Utah Plans to use this technology (because of cash flow): Define aquifers; Explore for undiscovered mineral deposits; Map potential new geothermal deposits; Predict where lightning strikes could start a forest fire among all of the dead trees on Cedar Mountain; Optimize real estate development to avoid lightning strike concentrations; Find areas needing cathodic protection along natural gas pipelines; Identify areas where telluric and terralevis (shallow earth) currents are bleeding electricity off of high power transmission lines; Locate places to look for unique rocks; Etc. Southern Utah Rock Club 37
38 Lightning is tied to all aspects of the Earth s Electrical System Top Plate Just as Geo-Magnetic-Hot-Zones attract more lightning strikes, they pull on electrical current during power transmission, which leads to Leakage Powerline Leakage Geo-Magnetic-Hot-Zones are where concentrated sub-surface currents interact with pipelines speeding up corrosion and impacting integrity. Pipeline Corrosion Base Plate Southern Utah Rock Club 38
39 Beaver County Iron County D.NSEM Prices Beaver Area Price Per Unit Acres 1,805,485 $232,350 $0.13 Sq.Km. 7,306 $31.80 Sq.Mi. 2,821 $82.36 Iron Area Price Per Unit Acres 3,093,510 $280,000 $0.09 Sq.Km. 12,519 $22.37 Sq.Mi. 4,834 $57.93 Washington County Wash. Area Price Per Unit Acres 2,102,048 $244,920 $0.12 Sq.Km. 8,507 $28.79 Sq.Mi. 3,284 $74.57 TOTAL Area Price Per Unit Acres 7,000,614 $371,560 $0.05 Sq.Km. 28,331 $ March 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 39 Copyright 2017 Sq.Mi. 10,938 $33.97
40 Identifying Places to Collect Unique Rocks, A Suggested Process: 1. Start with existing state geologic quads (this is the St. George Quad); 2. Purchase lightning data maps and volumes; 3. Map faults with potential hydrothermal alteration; 4. Integrate data types and local knowledge; 5. Go exploring in the field. Southern Utah Rock Club 40
41 Lightning Density Maps show where to look for Lodestone Southern Utah Rock Club 41
42 Lodestone Examples Utah is a major source of iron ore and in particular, natural magnetic ore called lodestone or magnetite. These particular specimens both very rich in iron, making them magnetic. Southern Utah Rock Club 42
43 Fulgurites are fused sand from lightning strikes Southern Utah Rock Club 43
44 Smoky Quartz vugs tie hydrothermal alteration Southern Utah Rock Club 44
45 Sunstones and Topaz deposits are associated with lightning mappable underground geologic processes Southern Utah Rock Club 45
46 Predicting sites of volcanics, mineralization, & alteration Southern Utah Rock Club 46
47 Where sedimentary rocks with fossils outcrop can be predicted from lightning volumes Southern Utah Rock Club 47
48 Red & Green Beryl are a direct result of hydrothermal alteration Southern Utah Rock Club 48
49 Acknowledgements: Les Denham, DML Chief Geophysicist. Kathy Haggar, DML Geologist. Louie Berent, DML Geophysicist. BYU Interns Dustin Northrop and R. Corbin Lewis. Tom Ewing (BEG) for regional South Texas geology. Bob Hardage (BEG) for Stratton seismic survey. Andrea Nelson, for enduring the startup phase. Thank You! 02 March 2017 H. Roice Nelson, Jr., Geophysicist cell: Baker Road #382 Barker, TX Office: West 700 South #31 Cedar City, UT Fax: Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 49
50 Abstract Lightning Analysis: creating geo-frameworks 02 March 2017, 6:15, at the Cedar City Recreation Center on the Hill, H. Roice Nelson, Jr., a geophysicist from Cedar, B.S. Geophysics 1974 University of Utah, with over 45 years working in oil, gas, & mineral exploration, will speak at the Southern Utah Rock Club Meeting. Geophysicists have used passive gravity, magnetic, and seismic measurements to understand the subsurface of the earth for decades. Dynamic Measurement has expanded these capabilities, developing and patenting ways to data mine electrical information in existing lightning strike databases in order to map faults, creating geo-frameworks of subsurface geology anyplace onshore and out to at least 100 meter (330 foot) water depths. This presentation will review Dynamic s lightning technologies, and show examples from lightning analysis projects in Texas, Louisiana, Michigan, Arizona, and California. Because Roice and Andrea moved back to Cedar City a couple of years ago, there will also be a review of plans to use this technology in Southern Utah to map mineral deposits, define aquifers, predict where lightning strikes could start a forest fire among all of the dead trees on Cedar Mountain, optimize real estate development to avoid concentrations of lightning strikes, predict areas needing additional cathodic protection along natural gas pipelines, identify areas where telluric and terralevis (shallow earth) currents are bleeding electricity off of high power transmission lines, and, most importantly, identify new places to collect unique rocks. Southern Utah Rock Club 50
51 A A Apparent-Resistivity extension of Ewing (1986) A-A through Stratton seismic data 02 March 2017 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 51
52 3 of 18 Lightning Attributes - Energy A A A A (milliampere-seconds) Southern Utah Rock Club 52
53 4 of 18 Lightning Attributes - Frequency A A A A (kilohertz) Southern Utah Rock Club 53
54 9 of 18 Lightning Attributes - Apparent Permittivity A A A A (microfarads per meter) Southern Utah Rock Club 54
55 11 of 18 Lightning Attributes - Rise Time A A A A (microseconds) Southern Utah Rock Club 55
56 17 of 18 Lightning Attributes - Tide Gradient A A A A (first derivative of Tide) Southern Utah Rock Club 56
57 18 of 18 Lightning Attributes - Total-Wavelet Time A A A A (microseconds) 02 March 2017 Copyright 2017 Southern Utah Rock Club 57
58 Southern Utah has some of the best rock hounding available on planet Earth 27,270 year old volcanic flows in Santa Clara Southern Utah Rock Club 58
59 There are all types of rock waiting to be found Southern Utah Rock Club 59
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