How do mid-ocean ridges form? How do deep-ocean trenches form? What are three features of a habitable planet? 1) Liquid water. 2) Clear atmosphere

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1 Name/Number th Grade Earth Science Final Exam Review Guide. This review guide must be submitted on the day of the Final Exam. The completed review guide will count as a 4th quarter test grade. Describe at least 4 pieces of evidence that led Wegener to suggest the theory of Continental Drift. Wegner noticed that the continents fit together like a puzzle. He also noticed that if you put the continents together, the mountain ranges, mineral deposits, and ancient animal fossils matched. He also noticed that glacier scars exist in places that are now tropical and that tropical fossils exist in polar places. This indicated that the continents have not always been in the same place. Why was Wegener s theory initially rejected? Wegern s theory was initially rejected because he couldn t describe how or why the continents moved. Describe how the granite of a mountain could change into sandstone, a sedimentary rock, and then into quartzite, a metamorphic rock. In your paragraph, underline the following words: weathering, erosion, deposition, sediment, heat and pressure and cementation. The granite of a mountain undergoes the weathering effects of rain and wind, breaking the granite into tiny bits of sediment which are carried away through erosion and then might be deposited on the floor of an ocean. Over time, as more and more sediment is deposited into the same place, the sediment begins to become squished down or compacted and is eventually cemented together to form sedimentary rock. If this sedimentary rock continues to remain underground and is pressed farther below the surface, it might undergo enough heat and pressure to turn it into quartzite, which is a metamorphic rock. List and describe the three processes that work together to wear down and build up Earth s surfaces. Weathering breaks it down. Erosion carries it away. Deposition drops it down and builds it up.

2 Briefly explain how a nuclear power plant can be used to generate electricity. In your paragraph, underline the following terms: fission, control rods, turbine, steam, energy, The uranium atoms in a nuclear power plant undergo release heat energy when they undergo nuclear fission, which is the splitting of an atom. Control rods slow down the process of fission to help avoid explosions. The heat energy causes water to boil and produce steam. The steam then rises which causes a turbine to spin. The spinning turbine causes magnets to rub together which creates electricity. How do mid-ocean ridges form? Mid-Ocean ridges form when the convections currents in the mantle cause the lithosphere to break apart at a divergent boundary under the ocean. As the plate splits apart at the divergent boundary, magma rises from the mantle, creating underwater volcanic mountains know at midocean ridges. How do deep-ocean trenches form? Deep ocean trenches form when two oceanic plates are pushed together by convection currents in the mantle. When these two plates collide at a convergent boundary, the older, more dense oceanic crust subducts below the newer oceanic crust and forms a deep underwater canyon known as a deep-ocean trench. What are three features of a habitable planet? 1) Liquid water 2) Clear atmosphere 3) Orbit in the goldilocks zone where it is not too hot and not too cold

3 Be ready to answer multiple choice questions related to the following concepts. Hurricanes form over what type of water? Hurricanes form over warm ocean water that is at least 80 degrees F. According to theory of plate tectonics, what causes the plates to move? Convection currents cause tectonic plates to move Where are thunderstorms more likely to occur? Thunderstorms are most likely to occur where a moist warm air mass collides with a cool air mass. Florida has more thunderstorms than California because summers in Florida are humid and summers in California tend to be dry. How might weathering and erosion affect mountains or other land features? Weathering and erosion will cause sharp jagged mountains or edges of craters to become smooth and more rounded over time.

4 Potential Charts and Sketches You will either be asked to complete partially filled charts, or you will be asked multiple choice questions that require you to demonstrate understanding of the information in the charts. Boundary Types and Land Features Chart Subduction Sketch Rock Cycle Processes, Products and Rock Cycle diagram Earth s Interior Sketch Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries Chart and Sketch Geologic Time Scale Chart Phases of the Moon Chart Sketch of Seasons of the Northern Hemisphere Timeline of Understanding of Gravity (be able to match dates and write in the names) Galactic objects chart Moon and Tides Sketch Gravity and Inertia and Earth s Orbit Sketch Fronts Chart Ocean Floor Features Sketch

5 Diagram Type of Boundary Lithosphere is: Land Feature or Geologic Process Formed Actual Example Divergent Formed Oceanic crust Mid-ocean ridge Sea Floor Spreading Continental Crust Rift Valley Atlantic Mid- Ocean Ridge African Rift Valley Convergent Destroyed Oceanic to Oceanic Deep Ocean Trench Volcano Island Arc Earthquakes Oceanic to Continental Deep Ocean Trench Volcanos Earthquakes Mountains Continental to Continental Folded mountains Earthquakes Aleutian Islands Andes Mountains Himalayas Transform Neither formed nor destroyed Earthquakes Shearing San Andreas Fault

6 Era Dominant Life Forms Cenozoic Humans develop Age of Mammals Extinction of dinosaurs Mesozoic First flowering plants First Birds Dinosaurs dominant Paleozoic Extinction of tribolites and other marine animals First reptiles Large coal forests Abundant large amphibians first fish first insects first shell organisms Precambrian First multi-celled organisms First one-celled organisms

7 Boundary Type Convergent Boundary Mid-Plate Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Crust Type Oceanic to Oceanic Oceanic or Continental Oceanic Crust Oceanic to Continental Continental Geological Feature Deep-Ocean Trench Volcanic Island Arc Hot-Spot Mid-Ocean Ridge Deep Ocean Trench, Continental Mountains and Volcanoes Rift Valley Example Aleutian Trench Hawaii and Yellowstone Mid- Atlantic Ridge Andes Africa Rift Valley The sketch above will not be on the exam. You will need to be able to complete the chart without the help of the diagram. I have provided examples for you, but on the exam you should be prepared to write in an example on your own.

8 Draw the Moon and Tides sketch. Show spring and neap tides. Show the positions of the sun, moon and earth at the two spring tide positions and the two neap tide positions. What kind of tide will occur when the moon is at positions A, C, D, and F? A and D - Spring Tide C and F - Neap Tide Draw the sketch showing how gravity and inertia work together to keep a planet in orbit.

9 45 BCE Julian Calendar introduced by Julius Caesar 1453 Hundred Years War Ends Constantinople Falls to the Turks The Renaissance begins Gutenberg perfects the printing press 1514 Pope Leo X asks Europe s rulers to fix the Julian calendar 1514 Copernicus writes his first manuscript describing a heliocentric universe 1543 Copernicus publishes, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Tycho Brahe sees a supernova, proving the universe can change 1577 Tycho Brahe sees a comet and records its path, proving there are no crystal spheres 1609 Kepler publishes the first two Laws of Planetary Motions 1618 Kepler publishes the third Law of Planetary motion 1610 Galileo discovers moons of Jupiter 1632 Galielo describes relative motion 1666 Annus mirabilis - Year of Wonders, in which Newton discovered the law of universal gravity, laid the foundation for calculus, developed a theory of colors and began work on the laws of motion Einstein prediction that light curves due to sun s gravity proven correct during solar eclipse

10 5 Processes that Cause Rocks to Change 1. Weathering and Erosion (W&E) 2. Heat and Pressure (H and P) 3. Melting (M) 4. Cooling (C) 5. Compaction and Cementation 5 Products 1. Metamorphic Rock 2. Igneous Rock 3. Magma 4. Sediment 5. Sedimentary Rock Rock Cycle Diagram How the processes and Products are connected H & P Metamorphic Rock M W &E H & P Sedimentary Rock Magma C & C W & E M C W & E Sediment Igneous Rock

11 F G E C A - Melted Crust B Volcano C Magma D Oceanic Crust E Mantle F Deep Ocean Trench G Mid Ocean Ridge (draw and label this feature to the left of the above In the space below, draw and label a subduction sketch.

12 Galactic Objects - Teacher Key Universe Galaxy Nebula Star Planet Moon Comet Meteroite Largest Smallest all spacetime, matter, and energy, including the solar system, all stars and galaxies a system of millions of billions of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity massive cloud of gas and dust that can be seen in night sky. Stars can form in a nebula An object in the sky that sends out its own light, generate d by nuclear reactions in its center. orbits a star, large enough to be rounded by its own gravity, cleared the area of its orbit A natural satellite that orbits a planet Cold mixture of light and dust that gives off a long trail of light as it approache s the sun small streak of light that occurs when an objet burns upon entering Earth s atmospher e

13 Phases of the moon chart - copy from your binder. Include the chart and the sketch with the Earth, moon and sun. Phases of the Moon - Teacher Version New Moon Waxing Crescent Waxing Quarter Waxing Gibbous Full Moon Waning Gibbous Waning Quarter Waning Crescent Approximate days from new moon 0 7 days 14 days 21 days

14 Draw the sketch of the Seasons of the Northern Hemisphere. Include labels for: winter solstice, summer solstice, autumnal equinox, spring equinox, longest day, longest night, and months Clearly show the angle of the axis on each of four earth positions as it orbits the sun. Draw and label the six features of the ocean floor. Continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, sea mount, mid-ocean ridge, deep ocean trench

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