Fault-Zone Properties arid Earthquake Rupture Dynamics

Transcription

1 Fault-Zone Properties arid Earthquake Rupture Dynamics Eiichi Fukuyama National Research Institute for Earth Science,and Disaster Prevention Tsukuba, Japan i ':-> i' ' -':'.." \,' " '' L VH ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK-OXFORD-PARIS-SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

2 Contents Preface.. xi Foreword xiii List of Contributors, xv 1. Introduction: Fault-Zone Properties and Earthquake Rupture Dynamics. 1 Eiichi Fukuyama 2. Geometry and Slip Distribution of Coseismic Surface Ruptures Produced by the 2001 Kunlun, Northern Tibet, Earthquake 15 Aiming Lin 1. Introduction Tectonic Setting ' Deformation Characteristics of the 2001 Coseismic Surface Rupture , Geometric Distribution and Deformational Structure Coseismic Slip Distribution Measurement Method of Strike-Slip Offset ' Field Observations Analysis of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Seismic Inversion Results Discussion, Relationship between the Coseismic Surface Rupture and Preexisting Fault Coseismic Strike-Slip Displacement Conclusions " Aseismic-Seismic Transition and Fluid Regime along Subduction Plate Boundaries and a Fossil Example from the Northern Apennines of Italy 37 Paola Vannucchi, Francesca Remitti, Jason Phipps-Morgan and Giuseppe Bettelli 1. Introduction " Deformation and Seismogenesis at Accretionary and Erosive Subduction Margins Seismogenic Zone^ Definition, Slow Slip Events and Seismic Tremors Seismically Produced Structures - 48

3 i) Contents 6. The Up-Dip Limit of Seismogenesis in a Fossil Erosive Subduction Channel ' Subduction Channel Architecture Subduction Channel Internal Structure: A Low-Friction Plate Boundary Discussion and Comparison between Erosive and Accretionary Seismogenic Zones, " -'58-8. Conclusions and Future Perspective 59 4 Fault Zone Structure and Deformation Processes along an Exhumed Low-Angle Normal Fault: Implications for Seismic Behavior 69 Cristiano Collettini, Robert E. Holdsworth and Steven A. F. Smith 1. Introduction f Regional Setting.,. ' / Fault Zone Architecture..' j Geometry and kinematics c Fault Rock Distribution and Microstructures Discussion ' ' Fault Rock Evolution '. The Mechanical Paradox of Low-Angle Normal Faults A Slip Model for Low-Angle Normal Faults (Evidences That ZF Was Active as LAN F) Conclusions " 82 5 Pseudotachylytes and Earthquake Source Mechanics 87 Giulio Di Toro, Giorgio Pennacchioni and Stefan Nielsen 1. Introduction Pseudotachylytes Mesoscale Geometry of Pseudotachylyte Microstructures and Geochemistry in Pseudotachylytes Temperature Estimate of Frictional Melts Distribution of Tectonic Pseudotachylytes Production of Pseudotachylytes ~ The Role of Water A Natural Laboratory of an Exhumed Seismogenic Source Rupture Dynamics -.. ' Transient Stress Pattern Examples of Transient Stress Markers Observed Dynamic Fault Strength ' Field Estimates, r 111 " 5.2. Experimental Results >...' Theoretical Estimates ' 116 6". Discussions and Conclusions A New Approach to the Study of Exhumed Pseudotachylyte-Bearing Faults 123

4 Contents. ( vii ) 6. The Critical Slip Distance for Seismic and Aseismic Fault Zones of Finite Width 135, Chris Marone, Massimo Cocco, Eliza Richardson and Elisa Tinti 1 1. Introduction Friction Laws and the Transition from Static to Kinetic Friction Contact.Model for the Critical Slip Distance of Solid Surfaces and Shear Zones Model for a Shear Zone of Finite Thickness Results Implications for Scaling of the Dynamic Slip Weakening Distance 151 h 7. Discussion Scaling of Slip Weakening Distance with Final Slip *' during Dynamic Earthquake Rupture 163 Massimo Cocco, Elisa Tinti, Chris Marone and Alessio Piatanesi "' ' 1. Introduction Rupture History from Kinematic Source Models Inferring Traction Evolution f69 4. Measuring D c 'from Peak Slip Velocity Measuring D c from Inferred Traction Evolution Curves Scaling between D c and Final Slip Discussion and Concluding Remarks Rupture Dynamics on Bimaterial Faults and Nonlinear Off-Fault Damage ' N 187 Teruo Yamashita 1. Introduction Formation of Damage Zone due to Dynamic Fault Growth Inference about Orientation and Distribution of.secondary Fractures ' Modeling of Generation of Tensile Microfractures Modeling of Dynamic Generation of Mesoscopic Shear Branches Effects of Damage on Earthquake Rupture in a Poroelastic Medium Rheology of Damage Zone, Fault Growth on a Bimaterial Interface Field Observation of Faults Quasi-Static Features of In-Plane Tensile Crack Theoretical and Numerical Studies of Dynamic Fault Slip Regularization of an Ill-Posed Problem Poroelastic Bimaterial Effects on Fault Slip - 206

5 Contents - 3.6; How Much Are Earthquake Ruptures Influenced by Bimaterial Effects? : Macroscopic Parameter Affected by the Existence of Fault at Bimaterial Interface, Concluding Remarks Boundary integral Equation Method for Earthquake Rupture Dynamics / 217 Taku Tada 1. Introduction Basic Equations General Description 218, 2.2. Planar Fault of Two-Dimensional Nature Three-and Two-DimensiohaL Green's Functions Planar Fault of Three-Dimensionaf Nature RegularizatioVi. ' ^ Hypersingularities in the Integration Kernels Planar Two-Dimensional Antiplane Fault Planar Three-Dimensional Fault Planar Two-Dimensional In-Plane Fault! Isolating the Instantaneous Response Term 232 -r 4. Spatiotemporal Discretization Boundary Elements and Time Steps Discretizing the Equations Implicit Time-Marching Scheme Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy Condition and the Explicit Time-Marching Scheme Evaluating Discrete Integration Kernels Planar Two-Dimensional Antiplane Fault Planar Two-Dimensional In-Plane Fault Planar Three-Dimensional Fault Interface with the Two-Dimensional Theory Dealing with Nonplanar Faults Overview Evaluating Discrete Integration Kernels Inventory of Available Stress Response Functions Linear Fault Element in a Two r Dimensional Medium^ Rectangular Fault Element in a Three-Dimensional. Medium. 253' Triangular Fault Element in a Three-Dimensional Medium Numerical Modeling Studies in the Literature Numerical-Stability Related Topics Fracture Criterion, Formulation in the Fourier and Laplace Domains.. 257

6 Contents ' ( fa 8.3. Displacement Discontinuity BIEM Fault Opening Faults in a Half-Space Galerkin Method Conclusion Dynamjc Rupture Propagation of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, Earthquake ' 269 Eiichi Fukuyama 1. Introduction - : 269 ^2. Computation Method Fault Model ' Computation Results Discussion and Conclusion. 277 List of Abbreviations 285 Index 289