Lab 6: Minerals and metamorphic rocks
|
|
- Samson Reeves
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Geology 115/History 150 Name(s): Lab 6: Minerals and metamorphic rocks Minerals A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, usually inorganic element or compound with a definite crystal structure and chemical composition which varies only within specific limits. Rocks are merely aggregates of minerals. The mineralogical composition of a rock depends on the conditions under which that rock formed. Igneous rocks tend to have minerals that form at high temperatures; sedimentary rocks contain minerals that are stable at Earthsurface conditions. Metamorphic rocks consist of minerals that form under a range of pressure and temperature conditions within the Earth. Common rock-forming minerals: Minerals in igneous rocks Quartz Orthoclase Plagioclase Biotite Muscovite Amphibole Pyroxene Olivine Minerals in metamorphic rocks Quartz Biotite Muscovite Amphibole Garnet Talc Chlorite Staurolite Kyanite Orthoclase Plagioclase Minerals in sedimentary rocks Quartz Orthoclase Biotite Muscovite Calcite Halite Gypsum Clay minerals Mineral identification The first part of this lab is to identify mineral specimens, using the charts provided in the Geology Lab Manual. Note that most rock samples will not have minerals as large as the ones you will see in this part of the lab, so take notice of diagnostic characteristics that do not depend on mineral size. 1. For instance, consider color, a seeming obvious choice: find the quartz display in the cabinet in the back of the lab room. Quartz is a mineral that also happens to be a gem in some of its forms (e.g., opal, tiger s eye, amethyst). Consider all the different varieties of quartz; is there are unique color for quartz?
2 2. Now consider shape, another fairly obvious characteristic. Again examine the quartz display in the cabinet. Is the shape uniform for both specimens of the same mineral? In fact, if a mineral is left undisturbed as it precipitates, it can develop its crystal growth habit. The shape of such minerals is generally attractive, or, as mineralogists call it, euhedral. Needed: Mineral testing kit (located in the Tub 1 space) and mineral samples M- 1 through M-14 (Tub 2). Please label the minerals with their M-numbers (use the lab tape and a pen) so that they can be returned to their rightful box. Using the charts: So what characteristics are actually useful in identification? It turns out that the chemical composition of a mineral (which distinguishes one mineral from another, usually) manifests itself in certain ways. The most apparent of these is the mineral's luster, which can be metallic or non-metallic. Luster refers to how the mineral reflects light; a metallic luster is how a piece of steel or bronze or copper would reflect light. Compare a piece of metal's luster to the luster of a piece of glass; the glass' luster (vitreous) is not a metallic luster. Of course, if the mineral has a dull or pearly luster, it is a nonmetallic luster. 3. a. Look at minerals M-1, M-3 and M-7. Only one of these samples has a metallic luster. Which one? b. Now examine minerals M-2 and M-10; again, only one of these has a metallic luster. Which one? Hint: you may need to look at different specimens of the same mineral. Why was this question harder to answer than part a? Next, recall how color was problematic. However, we can still use it appropriately in mineral identification by simply determining if the mineral is dark-colored (black or one of the cool colors) or light-colored (white or one of the warm colors). The difference is due to the particular chemical elements that make up the mineral.
3 4. Look at samples M-11 and M-13. Which one is dark-colored? Which is light? Now use the mineral identification charts found in the colored pages in the lab manuals located in the tub labeled Lab Manuals. There are three sheets: yellow, red and blue and they are divided according to the two useful characteristics already mentioned. Since you ll be eventually filling out the table on the next to last page of this lab, you can now enter the two useful characteristics for all of the minerals in this lab (M-1 through M-14) into the table: luster and color. To identify a mineral s name, once you have determined a mineral s luster and color, note that you will be using one of the three colored sheets. Follow the headings of the sheet left to right on the sheet to determine what test to do next. For all minerals, the relative hardness of the mineral may be determined by scratching a corner of the mineral on a piece of glass (or scratching a corner of the glass plate on the mineral). Hardness is the mineral's ability to resist scratching or abrasion. A mineral will scratch all softer minerals and will be scratched by all harder minerals. Certain index minerals define the Mohs Hardness Scale, so you can get a numerical value for hardness. Rather than finding the exact numerical value, you will simply need to determine whether the mineral is harder than glass.
4 5. Use the corner of a glass plate and scratch minerals M-1, M-6 and M-10 and record the results below. Then scratch a corner of each mineral on the flat surface and record the results. Be sure to brush off any flakes of mineral to make sure that you ve actually left a scratch! Then combine the information to draw a conclusion. Hint: there s one of each type. Mineral Does the glass scratch the mineral? Does the mineral scratch the glass? The mineral is harder than, softer than or the same hardness as the glass? M-1 M-8 M-10 Again for all minerals. cleavage is another property that helps narrow down the identity of the mineral. Cleavage is the ability of the mineral to split along closely spaced parallel planes. The planes along which a mineral cleaves (when hit with a hammer, for instance) are the planes where all the weak atomic bonds in the crystal structure exist. Notice that if all bonds are uniformly strong (like in a piece of quartz), the mineral will not cleave along a plane; instead, it will break unevenly and roughly...it will fracture. Cleavage is sometimes confusing because some minerals have good cleavage, some have poor cleavage and still others have no cleavage (they fracture). The table below should help identify different types of cleavages, but ask if this concept is confusing! Also note that we discounted shape a while ago. Cleavage is not the same thing as shape shape is how the mineral crystal grew, whereas cleavage is how the crystal broke. 6. a. How many cleavages does M-7 have? Hint: It s called a sheet silicate for a good reason! b. How many cleavages does M-10 have? Remember not to count parallel faces twice. What angle separates each distinct cleavage? c. Look at the display of the quartz spar crystal. Note that the top of the crystal has a nearly perfect six-sided symmetry; then examine the bottom of the crystal where it was broken off. How many cleavages does this chunk of quartz have? So what cleavage-related property does quartz have?
5 Then there are more specialized tests that are not applicable to all minerals, but for the minerals that the test works on, they are diagnostic! For instance, if the mineral has a metallic luster, determine the mineral's streak color. Streak refers to the color of the powderized mineral, most easily accomplished by rubbing a corner of the mineral sample against the porcelain streak plate provided. 7. a. Use the porcelain streak plate on sample M-4; what color does the streak turn out to be? Is it the same as the color of the mineral? b. Try streaking a few of the nonmetallic luster minerals. What seems to be the problem with the streak test and nonmetallic minerals? For minerals with metallic luster, magnetism may be used to identify the mineral. 8. Use the magnet to determine if M-2, M-3 or M-4 is magnetic. Weakly magnetic, strongly magnetic and not magnetic are acceptable answers. In addition to writing your answer here, enter the information under other properties on the appropriate row of the table.
6 9. Another test is a mineral s reaction to weak acid. Obtain an acid dropper bottle and place one drop of (hydrochloric) acid on a sample of M-1 and M-8. Which one reacts? How can you tell? 10. All right, now put it all together and identify the rest of the mineral samples. To make this simpler, here are the mineral names in alphabetic order: amphibole, biotite, calcite, chalcopyrite, galena, hematite, magnetite, muscovite, orthoclase (potassium feldspar or K-spar), plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, pyrite, quartz. Mineral ID Chart Sample Luster M1 M2 M3 M4 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M13 M14 M17 M41 M42 M43 Streak (if it is useful) Hardness (relative to glass) Cleavage/ Fracture Other Properties Mineral Name
7 11. Mineral summary: Name three physical characteristics you can use to distinguish quartz from calcite. Mining economics Consider the following selected assay results for layers of the Homestake breccia deposits, as reported by Noranda Exploration and Crown Butte Mines (Van Gosen, 2005). Layer number Thickness (meters) Gold tenor (opt) Silver tenor (opt) Copper tenor (opt) Given that the tenor (concentration) of the various metals in each layer is report in troy ounces per ton of rock mined, for layer 1, how many tons of rock would have to be mined to yield 1 troy ounce of gold? The fixed costs of excavation, hauling, crushing and refining run about $480/ton of rock mined; is this layer economically feasible to mine for gold? Why or why not? 13. As of May 9, 2016, gold s spot price in New York is $1266/troy ounce, silver is $17/troy ounce and copper is $0.13/troy ounce. Per ton of rock mined, which layer number is the most economic to mine? Prove it with a calculation. Is the silver and copper ever economic to mine here?
8 Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks have been subjected to sufficient heat and/or pressure to melt some of their constituent minerals, but not all of them. As a result of this selective mobilization of chemicals, only certain chemical reactions can occur, and so a whole new set of metamorphic minerals are crystallized. Throw in the presence of fluids such as water and carbon dioxide (yes, at these pressures, even carbon dioxide can be a liquid), and nature has the means to create even more metamorphic minerals and therefore metamorphic rocks. Note that metamorphic rocks must be formed at depth; metamorphism is not a surface process, and so is distinguishable from mere sedimentation. Rocks that have foliation (a sort of wavy layering, though it can resemble horizontal layering) are metamorphic rocks; the foliation indicates that directional pressure was applied to the rock while the mineralogical changes were occurring. On the other hand, some metamorphic rocks are not foliated; they appear crystalline, like coarse-grained igneous rocks. These metamorphic rocks were subjected to isotropic, or nondirected, pressure. Because there are so many metamorphic minerals (of which you have seen but a few), there are all sorts of ways to name metamorphic rocks. We will concentrate on naming rocks by their metamorphic grade (that is, by the maximum degree of heat and pressure they were subjected to, and not their mineral composition), or, in some unusual cases, by their apparent composition (for instance, rocks like marble, quartzite or metaconglomerate, from which you cannot determine the metamorphic grade). The parent rock of a metamorphic rock is the original rock that was metamorphosed into what you see today. As you can see from Table 6.1, the parent rock s minerals really do determine the resulting metamorphic rock s composition. Note the differences in mineralogy even at the same grade. Table 6.1 Mineralogy of metamorphic rocks related to parent rock and grade Metamor- Facies Parent rock phic grade Basalt Shale Low Zeolite Calcite, chlorite, zeolite Zeolite, sodium-rich micas Greenschist Chlorite, amphibole, plagioclase, epidote Chlorite, muscovite, plagioclase, quartz Medium Amphibolite Amphibole, garnet, plagioclase, quartz Garnet, biotite, muscovite, quartz High Granulite Pyroxene, plagioclase, garnet Biotite, orthoclase, quartz, andalusite
9 A metamorphic facies is a name of a set of metamorphic minerals which is uniquely created at a particular pressure and temperature. So, in addition to a metamorphic grade, a rock can belong to a particular metamorphic facies as well! Confused? You bet! However, realize that these terms all have their uses. Note that not all minerals in a given cell in the table above will show up in every specimen of that grade/facies/parent rock, but all minerals in the specimen will be named in the cell! One other consideration: there are three different types of metamorphism, related to the particular tectonic setting of the metamorphism. As you are aware, the deeper rocks are drawn into the lithosphere, the higher the temperatures and pressures the rocks are subjected to. This is called regional metamorphism. However, there are two other sets of conditions. Blueschist-type metamorphism occurs under high-pressure but lowtemperature (high P, low T) conditions. Contact metamorphism occurs under high-temperature but low-pressure (high T, low P) conditions. This means that, depending on the tectonic setting, three different metamorphic rocks could arise from the same parent rock. Table 6.2 summarizes these types. Table 6.2 Mineralogy of metamorphic rocks related to parent rock and grade Meta. Facies Parent rock type Basalt Shale Regional See table 6.1 Dynamic (low grade) Blueschist Blue amphibole, chlorite, Ca-silicates Blue amphibole, chlorite, quartz Dynamic Eclogite Pyroxene, garnet, not observed (high grade) kyanite Contact Hornfels Pyroxene, plagioclase Andalusite, biotite, orthoclase, quartz Needed: Samples M18 and M 19 (Tub 37), R34 through 45 (Tubs 38 49) 14. Some minerals are made under metamorphic conditions. You have seen some of them previously in this lab. Two other metamorphic minerals are kyanite and chlorite; write their characteristics below (similar to terms in the tables) Mineral Characteristics (luster, color, hardness, cleavage, other features) kyanite chlorite
10 15. a. Look at rock sample R34, a regionally-metamorphosed shale. Name two minerals that are in this rock. Hint: there s a dark one and a light one. b. Given that muscovite is present in R34 but hard to see, what grade of metamorphism does this mineralogy imply (use table 6.1)? c. Still using that table, what metamorphic facies is R34? d. So what is the name of the rock? To find this, use the diagram below. One way that metamorphic petrologists try to quantify the conditions of metamorphism for various rocks is to draw a pressure/temperature (P/T) diagram as shown in the figure on the next page. The field of the graph shows the ranges of various metamorphic facies. The vertical axis shows the depth of the metamorphism and the equivalent pressure in kilobars (kb). 1 bar is approximately 1 atmosphere of pressure, and therefore 1 kb is about 1000
11 atmospheres of pressure. The horizontal axis shows the temperature of the metamorphism in degrees Celsius. 16. a. Use the facies from question 4 to determine the range of possible maximum pressures and the range of possible maximum temperatures at which R34 formed. Use units of C for temperature and kbar for pressure. b. Suppose another area where the parent rock was found was subjected to less than 1 kbar of pressure but the same temperature range during metamorphism. Name one other mineral (besides the ones you named in the previous question) you would expect to find. As you have seen, some minerals are quite useful in determining the grade or type of metamorphism because they can only form under certain metamorphic conditions. These are called index minerals.
12 17. You are given the following information about a metamorphic rock: Mineral composition: pyroxene, garnet, kyanite Chemical composition: silicon dioxide 50.24%, aluminum oxide 13.32%, calcium oxide 10.84%, iron oxide 9.85%, magnesium oxide 8.39% Which type of composition is more useful in determining the grade and parent rock of metamorphism and why? Or do both lists give equivalent information? 18. a. Now look at R35, which is the same metamorphic grade as R34. What are the mineralogical differences? (In other words, what minerals show up in R34 but not R35? In R35 but not R34?) b. But what is the name of this rock, anyway? Hint: kind of a trick question. 19. In fact, for many metamorphic rocks, the most common mineral in the rock is used as an adjective in front of the rock name. Fill in the appropriate mineral name for the samples below, using the suggested test given: Sample # Test Rock name R34 Cleavage schist R35 Obvious mineral schist R36 Color schist R37 Scratch schist
13 Parent rock Intensity of metamorphism Low grade grade High shale slate phyllite rhyolite granite basalt limestone sandstone conglom. metaconglomerate schist marble quartzite gneiss amphibolite 20. What changes in foliation thickness and mineral grain size would you expect to see in a shale as it is subjected to greater temperatures and pressures during metamorphism? (Hint: compare, in order, R38, R39, R34, R40) 21. So fill in the following rock names, using your answer to the previous question and the fact that each sample represents a different metamorphic grade: Sample # Metamorphic grade Rock name R38 R39 R R41 and R42 are nonfoliated metamorphic rocks (they are sometimes called granoblastic rocks ); both of these rocks achieved the same grade of regional metamorphism as R34 and R35 did. Identify the rock names using the hints suggested in the characterization column; identify their parent rocks from the table above. Sample # Characterization Rock name Rock parent rock R41 Glass plate R42 Acid bottle
14 Plate Tectonics and Metamorphic Rocks 23. R43 is blueschist, a unique type of metamorphic rock that forms under conditions of high pressure and low temperature. Label the area on the crosssection below where you might expect blueschist to crystallize. 24. So, if you were to find blueschist as you walked along the Appalachian Trail in North Carolina, what could you infer about the history of the East Coast of the US? 25. R44 is serpentinite, which blueschist often becomes over time. A key mineral in blueschist is forsterite, a form of olivine, with the chemical formula Mg2SiO4. A key mineral in serpentinite is (surprise) serpentine (chemical formula: Mg3Si2O5(OH)4). How does serpentinite form from blueschist? (Hint: consider readily available simple molecules at metamorphic depths and the difference between the two chemical formulae) 26. R45 is hornfels, a unique type of metamorphic rock that forms under conditions of low pressure and high temperature. Label the area on the crosssection below where you might expect hornfels to crystallize. 27. What is hornfels' parent rock? Or is there a unique parent rock? 28. Why is contact metamorphism such an appropriate term for this type of metamorphism?
15 Geologic Map of Wyoming (1985) 29. Yellowstone NP is located in the northwest corner of the map; find a chunk of Ti rock (it s a magenta color) located at about 44.8 N, W. Write the description of the Ti rock, and, even though the explanation does not explicitly state it, determine what the radiating lines of that Ti color are, geologically. Finally, explain why contact metamorphism is likely in this area. 30. Recall that replacement of the skarn minerals is where the gold and other metals will end up. To produce skarn, you need some carbonate rocks nearby rocks like limestone or dolomite. Look around at nearby formations from the Ti outcrop, and, using the explanation sheet, determine the name(s) of the potential carbonate formation(s) and the name(s) of the rock(s) they contain that will metamorphose to skarn.
Table 7.1 Mineralogy of metamorphic rocks related to protolith and grade
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 7: Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks have been subjected to sufficient heat and/or pressure to melt some of their constituent minerals, but not all of them. As a result of this
More informationLab 3: Minerals and the rock cycle. Rocks are divided into three major categories on the basis of their origin:
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 3: Minerals and the rock cycle Rocks are divided into three major categories on the basis of their origin: Igneous rocks (from the Latin word, ignis = fire) are composed of minerals
More informationLab 5: Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. More sedimentary rocks Needed: Samples R18 R28 (Tubs 21 31), R33 (Tub 36) and S1 (Tub 94)
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 5: Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks More sedimentary rocks Needed: Samples R18 R28 (Tubs 21 31), R33 (Tub 36) and S1 (Tub 94) 1. a. Sedimentary rocks are held together by cement,
More informationLab 3: Minerals, the rock cycle and igneous rocks. Rocks are divided into three major categories on the basis of their origin:
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 3: Minerals, the rock cycle and igneous rocks Rocks are divided into three major categories on the basis of their origin: Igneous rocks (from the Latin word, ignis = fire) are
More informationLab 2: The rock cycle, minerals and igneous rocks. Rocks are divided into three major categories on the basis of their origin:
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 2: The rock cycle, minerals and igneous rocks Rocks are divided into three major categories on the basis of their origin: Igneous rocks (from the Latin word, ignis = fire) are
More informationReview - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals
Review - Unit 2 - Rocks and Minerals Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral.
More informationESS Minerals. Lee. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals.
Name: ESS Minerals Pd. 1. The table below shows some properties of four different minerals. The minerals listed in the table are varieties of which mineral? (A) garnet (B) magnetite (C) olivine (D) quartz
More informationUnit 2: Minerals and Rocks Practice Questions
Name: Date: 1. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage? 6. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the photograph of a sample of gneiss below.
More information4. The diagram of Bowen's Reaction Series below indicates the relative temperatures at which specific minerals crystallize as magma cools.
Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the diagram below, which shows the results of three different physical tests, A, B, and C, that were performed on a mineral. 1. The luster of this mineral could
More informationLab 6: Metamorphic Rocks
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationLab 6 - Identification of Metamorphic Rocks
Lab 6 - Identification of Metamorphic Rocks Page - Introduction Metamorphic rocks are the third great rock group. The term meta means to change and morph means form. Metamorphic rocks are rocks who have
More informationPhysical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification
Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is to learn the characteristics of minerals,
More information1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite B) fluorite C) galena D) talc 2. Which material is made mostly of the mineral quartz? A) sulfuric acid B) pencil lead C) plaster of paris D)
More informationPractice Test Rocks and Minerals. Name. Page 1
Name Practice Test Rocks and Minerals 1. Which rock would be the best source of the mineral garnet? A) basalt B) limestone C) schist D) slate 2. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? A) hematite
More informationName: Minerals and more minerals
1. The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks when hit with a rock hammer. 6. The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. This mineral breaks in smooth, flat surfaces
More informationMinerals Please do not write on this test packet.
Please do not write on this test packet. 1. The diagram below shows the index minerals of Mohs hardness scale compared with the hardness of some common objects. 2. Base your answer to the following question
More informationIntroduction to Geology Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Regional metamorphism
More informationUnit 2 Exam: Rocks & Minerals
Name: Date: 1. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the 2001 edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables, the map and cross section below, and your knowledge of Earth science. The shaded
More informationMinerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2. Based on: Earth Science, 10e
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2 Based on: Earth Science, 10e Minerals: the building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral Solid Inorganic Natural Crystalline Structure - Possess an orderly
More informationWhich sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D
1 Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of (1) white quartz (3) pink feldspar (2) aluminum (4) iron 2 The diagram below shows how a sample of the mineral mica breaks
More informationMineral Properties and Identification
Mineral Properties and Identification Introductory Geology Lab GEOL 101 Ray Rector - Instructor http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/mineral_id/index.html MINERAL INQUIRY I. What are Minerals? How do minerals
More informationRR#7 - Multiple Choice
1. Which mineral is mined for its iron content? 1) hematite 2) fluorite 3) galena 4) talc 2. Which rock is composed of the mineral halite that formed when seawater evaporated? 1) limestone 2) dolostone
More information5. The table below indicates the presence of various minerals in different rock samples.
1. Which mineral is composed of Calcium and Fluorine? A) Amphiboles B) Calcite C) Hematite D) Fluorite 2. The photograph below shows a broken piece of the mineral calcite. The calcite breaks in smooth,
More informationMINERALS TAKE HOME QUIZ
NAME 1. Which is an accurate statement about rocks? A) Rocks are located only in continental areas of the Earth. B) Rocks seldom undergo change. C) Most rocks contain fossils. D) Most rocks have several
More informationLab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
Introduction The Earth s crust is in a constant state of change. For example, plutonic igneous rocks are exposed at the surface through uplift and erosion. Many minerals within igneous rocks are unstable
More informationThe most common elements that make up minerals are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium
Mineralogy: The Study of Minerals and their Properties A Mineral! Occurs! Is a! Is a substance (element or compound)! Has atoms arrange in an orderly pattern ( )! Is (not formed by any process involving
More informationMinerals. What are minerals and how do we classify them?
Minerals What are minerals and how do we classify them? 1 Minerals! Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks! Rock - is any naturally formed solid that is part of Earth
More informationPhysical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals
Student Name: College: Grade: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS II Silicate and Carbonate Rock-Forming Minerals I. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is you will improve your mineral identification
More informationMatter and Minerals Earth: Chapter Pearson Education, Inc.
Matter and Minerals Earth: Chapter 3 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is: Naturally occurring An inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition
More informationIgneous Rocks. Sedimentary Rocks. Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form from the solidification of magma either below (intrusive igneous rocks) or above (extrusive igneous rocks) the Earth s surface. For example, the igneous rock
More informationPeriods on the Periodic Table
Minerals Chapter 2 Matter Matter includes anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). It exists in 3 main states on Earth solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can be classified based on its physical
More informationMinerals and Rocks. Test Review Activity. Begin
Minerals and Rocks Test Review Activity Begin What type of rock is this? How can you tell? Question #1 If the crystals Sample in this felsic Digneous rock are 3-6 mm in size, what rock is it? Last Question
More information1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire
UNIT 3 EXAM ROCKS AND MINERALS NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below. Old Man s Loss Felt in New Hampshire FRANCONIA, N.H. Crowds
More informationMatter and Minerals. Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more).
1 2 Matter and Minerals Earth 9 th edition Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Also crystalline,
More informationVersion 1 Page 1 Barnard/George/Ward
The Great Mineral & Rock Test 1. Base your answer to the following question on the table below which provides information about the crystal sizes and the mineral compositions of four igneous rocks, A,
More informationObjectives of this Lab. Introduction. The Petrographic Microscope
Geological Sciences 101 Lab #9 Introduction to Petrology Objectives of this Lab 1. Understand how the minerals and textures of rocks reflect the processes by which they were formed. 2. Understand how rocks
More informationCHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS
CHAPTER 3.3: METAMORPHIC ROCKS Introduction Metamorphism - the process of changes in texture and mineralogy of pre-existing rock due to changes in temperature and/or pressure. Metamorphic means change
More informationGEOL Lab 11 (Metamorphic Rocks in Hand Sample and Thin Section)
GEOL 333 - Lab 11 (Metamorphic Rocks in Hand Sample and Thin Section) Introduction - Metamorphic rock forms from any pre-existing rock that undergoes changes due to intense heat and pressure without melting.
More information2. What is sample 1B? a. chalcopyrite b. plagioclase feldspar c. muscovite d. copper e. magnetite f. galena g. pyrite
HSAG Mineral and Rock Exam 2014 Note: Most sample numbers do NOT match question numbers so be careful. Team: 1. What is sample 1A? a. magnetite b. galena c. pyrite d. chalcopyrite e. copper f. graphite
More information1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves
1. Which mineral shows no cleavage, has a hardness of 7, and a composition of SiO2? A) Graphite B) Garnet C) Halite D) Quartz 2. Which mineral leaves a green-black powder when rubbed against an unglazed
More informationMinerals: Minerals: Building blocks of rocks. Atomic Structure of Matter. Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline
Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 3 Outline Does not contain complete lecture notes. To be used to help organize lecture notes and home/test studies. Minerals: Building blocks of rocks Definition
More informationChapter 4. Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History
Chapter 4 Rocks and Minerals: Documents that Record Earth's History What can Minerals Tell Us? 1. Minerals may contain radioactive elements that can be used for radiometric age dating. 2. Minerals that
More informationAtoms: Building Blocks of Minerals. Why Atoms Bond. Why Atoms Bond. Halite (NaCl) An Example of Ionic Bonding. Composition of Minerals.
Matter and Minerals Earth Chapter 3 Minerals: summary in haiku form "Mineral" defined: natural, inorganic, solid (and two more). continued... Also crystalline, chemically specific. There! I fit it in!
More informationIntroduction. Introduction. Chapter 7. Important Points: Metamorphism is driven by Earth s s internal heat
Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Introduction Metamorphism - The transformation of rocks, usually beneath Earth's surface, as the result of heat, pressure, and/or fluid activity, produces metamorphic
More informationMetamorphism (means changed form
Metamorphism (means changed form) is recrystallization without melting of a previously existing rock at depth in response to a change in the environment of temperature, pressure, and fluids. Common minerals
More informationThe Use of Minerals. Chapter 3
Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals The Use of Minerals Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft,
More informationChapter 8 Lecture. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Twelfth Edition. Metamorphism. Rocks. Tarbuck and Lutgens Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 8 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Twelfth Edition Metamorphism and dmetamorphic Rocks Tarbuck and Lutgens Chapter 8 Metamorphic Rocks What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
More informationNAME: Log onto YouTube and search for jocrisci channel.
NAME: Log onto YouTube and search for jocrisci channel. MINERALS (Video 3.1 ESRT 16) 1. A student claimed that an object in his hand was a rock. The teacher said it was a mineral. What tests would have
More informationAbout Earth Materials
Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 3: EARTH MATERIALS Minerals and Rocks 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company About Earth Materials All Earth materials are composed of atoms bound
More informationALLEGHENY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY STUDENT HANDBOOK
ALLEGHENY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY STUDENT HANDBOOK This handbook is designed as a resource for all geology majors and minors. The material contained in the handbook includes foundation principles
More informationMinerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms. From:
Minerals II: Physical Properties and Crystal Forms From: http://webmineral.com/data/rhodochrosite.shtml The Physical Properties of Minerals Color Streak Luster Hardness External Crystal Form Cleavage The
More informationPhysical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification
Student Name: College: Physical Geology 101 Laboratory MINERALS I Properties, Classification and Identification Grade: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this lab is to learn the characteristics of minerals,
More informationLab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
Lab #4: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks By definition a mineral is/has Naturally occurring Inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition
More informationUnderstanding Earth Fifth Edition
Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Press Siever Chapter 6: METAMORPHISM Modification of Rocks by Temperature and Pressure Lecturer: H Mohammadzadeh Assistant professors, Department of
More informationEESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS MINERALS LAB 1 HANDOUT
EESC 4701: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology IGNEOUS MINERALS LAB 1 HANDOUT Sources: Cornell EAS302 lab, UMass Lowell 89.301 Mineralogy, LHRIC.org The Petrographic Microscope As you know, light is an electromagnetic
More information*Theory= If all available testing support a hypothesis. *Law= Theory that continually passes all tests over long periods of time.
Rodrigo Rivera-Reyes GEOL 1104/1114 Updated October 2012 GEOL LAB Midterm 1 Study Guide 1. Scientific Method. O Observation.- Something is noticed and causes a question to be asked. H Hypothesis.- Proposed
More informationLecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued. and Metamorphic rocks!
Lecture 5 Sedimentary rocks Recap+ continued and Metamorphic rocks! Metamorphism Process that leads to changes in: Mineralogy Texture Sometimes chemical composition Metamorphic rocks are produced from
More informationMetamorphic Rock Origin and Identification
Metamorphic Rock Origin and Identification Physical Geology GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/meta/meta.html
More informationApplications and Investigations in Earth Science Seventh Edition
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Applications and Investigations in Earth Science Seventh Edition Tarbuck Lutgens Pinzke Exercise One The Study of Minerals MATERIALS
More informationGY 111 Lecture Notes Metamorphism 2: Regional Metamorphism
GY 111 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2008-09) 1 Lecture Goals: A) Foliated rocks part 1 B) Folitaed rocks part 2 c) Non-foliated rocks GY 111 Lecture Notes Metamorphism 2: Regional Metamorphism Reference:
More informationMetamorphic Rock Origin and Identification
Metamorphic Rock Origin and Identification Geology Laboratory GEOL 101 Lab Ray Rector - Instructor http://www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/rockkey/index.html http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/meta/meta.html
More informationWhich rock is shown? A) slate B) dunite C) gneiss D) quartzite
1. Which metamorphic rock will have visible mica crystals and a foliated texture? A) marble B) quartzite C) schist D) slate 2. The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure
More informationMineral List : Rock List:
Team Name Mineral List : A. Lepidolite B. Calcite C. Dolomite D. Feldspar E. Halite AB. Quartz AC. Apatite AD.Hematite AE. Magnetite BC. Galena BD. Pyrite BE. Gypsum CD. Chalcopyrite CE. Staurolite DE.
More informationLaboratory #6: METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Name: Lab day (circle one): Tuesday Wednesday Thursday CEEES/SC 10110L-20110L Planet Earth Laboratory Laboratory #6: METAMORPHIC ROCKS Note: In order for these labs to be marked and returned to you before
More informationPage 1. Name:
Name: 1) What is the approximate density of a mineral with a mass of 262.2 grams that displaces 46 cubic centimeters of water? A) 6.1 g/cm 3 C) 1.8 g/cm 3 B) 5.7 g/cm 3 D) 12.2 g/cm 3 2) In which two Earth
More informationEngineering Geology Laboratory Manual
Engineering Geology Laboratory Manual Civil Engineering Department BRCM College of Engg. & Tech. Bahal-127 028, Bhiwani Haryana Prepared by: Urmil Yadav 2015 Civil Engineering Department Sr. No. LIST OF
More information2 Igneous Rock. How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture of igneous rock? BEFORE YOU READ. Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
CHAPTER 4 2 Igneous Rock SECTION Rocks: Mineral Mixtures BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: How do igneous rocks form? What factors affect the texture
More information6/20/2018. Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) 6 th Grade. Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks. density =
6 th Grade Earth s Structure Chapter 2: Minerals and Rocks Mineral Lesson 1 (Properties of Minerals) a mineral must meet all four of the following requirements: 1. must be naturally-occurring (formed by
More informationROCKS & MINERALS UNIT. 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science
ROCKS & MINERALS UNIT 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Characteristics of Minerals 8 th Grade Earth & Space Science Class Notes Mineral Characteristics Naturally occurring formed by natural processes Inorganic
More informationThe Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification THE SILICATE MINERALS
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS NAME: The Study of Minerals (Chapter 1) Introduction to Mineral Identification THE SILICATE MINERALS For this assignment you will require: a streak
More informationRocks and Minerals. Tillery, Chapter 19. Solid Earth Materials
Rocks and Minerals Tillery, Chapter 19 Science 330 Summer 2007 No other planet in the solar system has the unique combination of fluids of Earth. Earth has a surface that is mostly covered with liquid
More informationCHAPTER 2 MINERALS. Group Presentation Notes
CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition. CHARACTERISTICS
More informationA mineral is a- In order for a substance to be called a mineral, it must have of the characteristics described in this definition.
Section 1 Minerals Minerals A mineral is a- In order for a substance to be called a mineral, it must have of the characteristics described in this definition. Inorganic A mineral must be inorganic, or
More informationLab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009
Name: Lab 4: Mineral Identification April 14, 2009 While about 3000 minerals have been recognized as valid species, very few of these are commonly seen. Comprehensive mineralogy texts typically deal with
More informationMetamorphism: summary in haiku form
Metamorphism & Metamorphic Rocks Earth, Chapter 8 Metamorphism: summary in haiku form Shape-shifters in crust. Just add heat and/or pressure. Keep it solid please! What Is Metamorphism? Metamorphism means
More informationMetamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
Page 1 of 13 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks This page last updated on 25-Sep-2017 Definition of Metamorphism The word "Metamorphism"
More informationThe Nucleus. Protons. Positive electrical charge The number of protons in the nucleus determines the atomic number
Matter Atoms The smallest unit of an element that retain its properties Small nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The Nucleus Protons Positive electrical
More informationRock Identification. Aphanitic Texture (fine grained) Individual crystals are so small that they are not visible to the naked eye
The Identification of Rocks This lab introduces the identification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks based on mineralogy (composition) and texture. I. Classification of Igneous Rocks Textures
More informationMinerals. Atoms, Elements, and Chemical Bonding. Definition of a Mineral 2-1
Minerals In order to define a what we mean by a mineral we must first make some definitions: 2-1 Most of the Earth s surface is composed of rocky material. An element is a substance which cannot be broken
More informationCOMPOSITIONAL TERMS: FELSIC : light colored INTERMEDIATE : medium shades MAFIC : dark colored ULTRAMAFIC : rare (composition of the mantle)
GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory NAME: Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS SECTION: Common Rocks (Chapter 2) For this assignment, you will require: a streak plate, glass plate, magnet, dilute hydrochloric (HCl) acid,
More informationMonday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro
Monday, April 21, 2014 Minerals Intro Warm Up: 1) Update Planners! 2) Reminders: STAAR Math tomorrow STAAR Reading Wednesday Do you know your testing room? Apr 21 7:21 AM Minerals Naturally occurring and
More informationA Study Guide for Learning. Rock Identification. Geology Department Green River Community College
A Study Guide for Learning Rock Identification Geology Department Green River Community College FORMAT: This Lab Study Guide consists of the following parts: PART I PART II PART III PART IV PART V (A-F)
More informationMETAMORPHIC ROCKS CHAPTER 8
Lecture 6 October 18, 20, 23 October 19, 24 METAMORPHIC ROCKS CHAPTER 8 This is only an outline of the lecture. You will need to go to class to fill in the outline, although much of the relevant information
More informationStation A. 3. The amount of time it takes molten rock to cool and harden mainly affects the rock s. A. Color B. Mass C. Crystals D.
Station A 1. Specimen AA is. A. Limestone B. Quartzite C. Basalt D. Slate 2. Specimen AA is. A. Metamorphic B. Igneous C. Sedimentary D. None of the above 3. The amount of time it takes molten rock to
More informationChapter 10. Chapter Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Rocks. Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Chapter 10 Rocks 1 Chapter 10 Section 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle 2 10.1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Magma is the parent material for all rocks. Once the magma cools and hardens, many changes can occur. Geology:
More informationIntroduction to Prospecting. Session Three Minerals
Introduction to Prospecting Session Three Minerals Mineral: Solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence with a specific elemental composition and crystal structure. Rock: An aggregate of minerals.
More informationComposition of the Earth: Minerals and Rocks
Composition of the Earth: Minerals and Rocks Objectives: Students will demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between minerals and rocks. Students will identify common minerals and rocks found
More informationLesson Seven: Metamorphic Rocks
Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Seven: Metamorphic Rocks Background Reading: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic Rocks These are rocks that have been changed
More informationRock & Minerals Regents Review
Name Rock & Minerals Regents Review Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below, which represents a part of the rock cycle. The igneous rock granite, and the characteristics of sedimentary
More informationAs compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D
1. A student obtains a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and allowed to evaporate. The mineral residue from the saltwater solution cements the sand grains together,
More informationPHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY
PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. Engineering Geology Part one 1 2nd semester 2018/2019 Eng. Amany Assouli 1 INTRODUCTION: What is the engineering
More informationMinerals and Rocks Chapter 20
Minerals and Rocks Chapter 20 Emily and Megan Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth
More informationMetamorphic Rocks. Metamorphic rocks. Formed by heat, pressure and fluid activity
Metamorphic Rocks Most figures and tables contained here are from course text: Understanding Earth Fourth Edition by Frank Press, Raymond Siever, John Grotzinger, and Thomas H. Jordan Metamorphic rocks
More informationMetamorphic Rocks. SWHS Geology
Metamorphic Rocks SWHS Geology What are they? From the greek roots meta (change) and morphos (form): Rocks that have been changed in form from the temperature, pressure, and fluids inside the earth. A
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationEmily and Megan. Earth System Science. Elements of Earth by weight. Crust Elements, by weight. Minerals. Made of atoms Earth is mostly iron, by weight
Emily and Megan Chapter 20 MINERALS AND ROCKS Earth System Science Interconnected Rocks and minerals Interior processes Erosion and deposition Water and air Elements of Earth by weight Made of atoms Earth
More informationChapter: Earth Materials
Table of Contents Chapter: Earth Materials Section 1: Minerals Section 2: Igneous Rocks Section 3: Sedimentary Rocks Section 4: Metamorphic Rocks and the Rock Cycle 1 Minerals Common Elements Composition
More informationMinerals. Gypsum Crystals - Mexico
Minerals Gypsum Crystals - Mexico Rocks Rocks are Earth materials made from minerals. Most rocks have more than one kind of mineral. Example: Granite Potassium feldspar. Plagioclase Feldspar. Quartz. Hornblende.
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Materials
Sedimentary Rocks Overview: Sedimentary rocks are broken into three different types: organic, chemical, and clastic. The Acid Test determines which rocks are clastic because they don t react with the acid.
More informationRocks. Rocks are composed of 1 or more minerals. Rocks are classified based on how they formed (origin). 3 classes of rocks:
ROCKS Rocks If a mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composi:on and a crystalline structure then what is a rock? Rocks Rocks are composed
More information