Metamorphic Rocks. SWHS Geology

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1 Metamorphic Rocks SWHS Geology

2 What are they? From the greek roots meta (change) and morphos (form): Rocks that have been changed in form from the temperature, pressure, and fluids inside the earth.

3 A classic example Gneiss! (Don t take me for granite...)

4 Agents of metamorphism 1. Temp 2. Pressure 3. Fluids 4. Time!

5 1. Temperature High temps (but not enough to melt) can change the structure of minerals - heat can come from the... a) Geothermal gradient - the deeper you go, the hotter it gets! b) Igneous intrusions - can happen at much lower pressures

6 2. Pressure (a.k.a. stress) Pressure can change minerals also - the two main kinds are: a) Confining stress - pressure applied equally on all sides and d) Differential stress - pressure stronger in one direction than the other (could be compressive or shearing)

7 Confining stress

8 Differential stress Compressive Shearing Question: Where would you find differential stress?

9 3. Fluids Fluids (NOT pore fluids from when a sedimentary rock was deposited...) come from intruding magma or the breakdown (dehydration) of minerals. They can change the minerals in a rock - this special case of metamorphism is called metasomatism.

10 4. Time! Some garnets in Vermont grew at a rate of 1.4mm per 1,000,000 years!

11 Can be: Metamorphic rock textures: 1) Foliated: Characterized by parallel planes formed through directed pressure and preferred growth orientations of certain platy minerals. 2) Non-foliated: Don't have those planes, usually because they are made of mineral grains which are cubic or spherical, and therefore have no preferred orientation. Two common examples are marble and quartzite.

12 Foliation:

13 Foliated texture: Can be further divided into: 1) Slaty (low grade). Splits easily along nearly flat, parallel planes - metamorphic minerals still microscopic. Example: Slate!

14 2. Intermediate (between low-grade and medium-grade). Finegrained rock with a silky luster. Often takes on a wavy texture. Minerals still not visible (too small). Example: Phyllite

15 3. Schistose (medium grade). Metamorphic minerals now visible as platy and needle shaped grown from differential stress. Example: Schist

16 4. Gneissic (high grade). Rock has become ductile due to high temps and pressures. New metamorphic minerals segregate themselves into light and dark bands. Example: Gneiss!

17 Examples of a non-foliated texture: Marble Crystalline texture, effervesces in acid (originally limestone). Quartzite Sugary texture, mostly quartz (originally sandstone).

18 Types of Metamorphism 1. Burial 2. Contact 3. Regional

19 1. Burial Metamorphism Low temperature and low pressure Bury rocks deeply enough and they will warm up and change. This form of metamorphism is found anywhere where sediments and rocks are buried deeply, and should strike you as being pretty similar to lithification, which we discussed last time. The line between lithification and burial metamorphism is fuzzy.

20 2. Contact Metamorphism High temp and Low Pressure Caused by high temperatures near magmatic intrusions. Found in volcanic zones! Rarely makes foliations

21 3. Regional metamorphism High temp, high pressure Occurs at considerable depth near mountain building regions and/or subduction zones. Usually always makes foliations (unless starting rock does not have proper composition!)

22 Progressive metamorphism Shale Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss

23 Protoliths All metamorphic rocks can be traced back to their protolith (or parent rock ) - that is, what was the pre-existing rock before metamorphism?

24 For example, A chemical limestone... becomes marble!

25 Or, A conglomerate... becomes a meta-conglomerate!

26 Or, A shale... becomes a slate!

27 P-T diagram

28 Metamorphic facies A facies is like a climatic zone - different combinations of minerals are stable in different facies!

29 Metamorphic index minerals Minerals characteristic of certain grades of metamorphic rock: Low-grade: chlorite, muscovite, biotite Medium-grade: garnet, staurolite High-grade: sillimanite

30 And finally, know this: If you start with two different rocks (say a basalt and a sandstone) and heat them up and squeeze them identically, so that they have gone through the same pressure/ temperature conditions, you will get new minerals. Those minerals will be different for the different rocks, even under identical pressure/temperature conditions. and... If you start with two identical rocks (say two chunks of the same sandstone) and heat them and squeeze them differently, so that they have gone through different sets of pressure/temperature conditions, you will get new minerals. Those minerals will be different for the same rocks under different pressure/temperature conditions.

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