RQD Slope stability classification Weathering
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1 RQD Slope stability classification Weathering Robert Hack Engineering Geology, ESA, International Institute for Geoinformation Sciences and Earth Observation (ITC) The Netherlands Dehradun, India, 23 September 2008 Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 1
2 Rock in The Netherlands? Jan van Goyen, View at Leiden, 1650 Museum Lakenhal, Leiden Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 2
3 Dykes have slopes! (Brouwersdam, The Netherlands) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 3
4 Dyke with basalt cover can be modelled as a discontinuous rock mass (sea dyke with basalt cover: photo: Sytske Dijksen; Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 4
5 Also real rock slopes in the Southern part of The Netherlands! (ENCI quarry; photo: Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 5
6 and not very scientific, but highly important: many Dutch civil engineering companies work worldwide with soil and rock Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 6
7 RQD Rock Quality Designation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 7
8 RQD (After Price et al. (2008) Engineering Geology. Publ. Springer, Germany. In print) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 8
9 RQD TCR = total length of core total length drilled * 100 % SCR = length pieces of soild total length drilled core * 100 % RQD = length pieces of intact core with length >10 cm total length drilled * 100 % Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 9
10 RQD (Rock Quality Designation) Originally: A rock mass classification system (Deere, 1964) - Depending on the RQD only a rock mass quality was assigned to a rock mass <25% - Very Poor; 25-50% - Poor; 50-75% - Fair; 75-90% - Good; % -Excellent This function of the RQD is not used anymore RQD at present: A standard in borehole core description Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 10
11 RQD (Rock Quality Designation) RQD at present: - A standard in borehole core description And used in: - rock mass classification schemes for tunnels, slopes, etc. (Qsystem, RMR, SMR, etc) - excavatability classifications - rock mass strength (RMR) - rock mass permeability - etc., etc., etc. Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 11
12 RQD (Rock Quality Designation) RQD at present: Probably the most popular rock mass parameter Used for virtually everything Is this justified Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 12
13 Problems with RQD (1) 1. Arbitrary length of 10 cm 2. Orientation of borehole in relation with discontinuity spacing spacing discontinuities 0.09 m horizontal borehole RQD = 100 % horizontal borehole RQD = 0 % vertical borehole RQD = 0 % Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 13
14 Problems with RQD (2) 3. Weak rock pieces (weathered pieces of rock or infill material) that are not sound should not be considered for determining the RQD (Deere et al., 1967, 1988). To exclude infill material will usually not be too difficult; however, excluding pieces of weathered, not sound rock is fairly arbitrary. 4. The RQD value is influenced by drilling equipment, drilling operators and core handling. Especially RQD values of weak rocks can be considerably reduced due to inexperienced operators or poor drilling equipment. Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 14
15 Problems with RQD (3) 5. No standard core barrel - single, double, or triple barrel? 6. Diameter of boreholes 7. Drilling fractures should be re-fitted, but what are drilling fractures? 8. RQD should be determined per lithology, but where is the lithology boundary if washed away? Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 15
16 RQD without borehole (Palmstrøm, 1) Jv = the volumetric discontinuity count = total number of discontinuities per m3 = the sum of the number of discontinuities per metre length of all discontinuity sets Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 16
17 RQD without borehole (Palmstrøm, 2) IF J v 4.5 IF J v ( ) ===> RQD = 3.3* J < 4.5 ===> RQD = 100 % 3 J v = total number of discontinuities per m (= sum of number of discontinuities per metre length of all discontinuity sets) v % (ISRM, 1978, Palmstrøm,1975) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 17
18 bedding planes: spacing 0.4 m Joint 2: spacing 1.0 m Joint 1: spacing 3.0 m Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 18
19 RQD without borehole (Palmstrøm, 3) Example1: Bedding spacing 0.4 m = 2.5 discontinuity per meter Joint 1 spacing = 3.0 m = 0.33 discontinuity per meter Joint 2 spacing = 1.0 m = 1 discontinuity per meter Jv = = 3.83 discontinuities per m3 JV < 4.5 RQD = 100 % Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 19
20 foliation planes: spacing 0.3 m Joint 2: spacing 0.4 m (perpendicular to slope) Joint 1: spacing 0.4 m Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 20
21 RQD without borehole (Palmstrøm, 3) Example 2: Foliation spacing 0.3 m = 2.5 discontinuity per meter Joint 1 spacing = 0.4 m = 2.5 discontinuity per meter Joint 2 spacing = 0.4 m = 3.3 discontinuity per meter Jv = = 8.3 discontinuities per m3 JV > 4.5 RQD = ( * Jv) = 88 % Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 21
22 RQD without borehole (Palmstrøm, 3) More complicated and sophisticated relations exist for RQD without a bore hole However: It will always be a simulation RQD is inherent to the process of drilling Without drilling some features determining the RQD are lost such as: washing out weak layers, fractures due to drilling, etc. Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 22
23 Slope stability Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 23
24 Classification systems for slopes Romana s SMR Haines and Terbrugge Hack s SSPC Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 24
25 Romana s SMR SMR = RMR - ( F 1 * F 2 * F 3 ) + F 4 F 3 SMR = Slope Mass Rating RMR = Rock Mass Rating (same as Bieniawski's RMR) F 1 = factor for parallelism of the strikes of discontinuities and slope face F 2 = factor for discontinuity dip angle = factor for relation between slope face and discontinuity dip F 4 = factor for method of excavation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 25
26 Haines and Terbrugge slope system slope height (m) factor 30 safety = 15 marginal on 35 classification alone classification alone may be adequate factor safety = additional analysis required MRMR Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 26
27 SSPC failure probabilities for orientation independent failure 10 Das hed pr obability lines indi c at e that the number of sl opes us ed f or the devel opment of the SSPC s ys tem f or t hese s ec tions of the graph is limited and the pr obability lines may not be as c ertai n as the pr obability lines dr awn wit h a co nti nuous line. probability to be stable > 95 % 95 % 90 % Hmax / Hslope 1 (example) 10 % 5 % 70 % 50 % 30 % probability to be stable < 5 % ϕ mass / slope dip Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 27
28 Original situation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 28
29 design error Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 29
30 Example 2: Many discontinuity sets with large variation in orientation (too many for the design engineer?) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 30
31 Example 3: Many discontinuity sets with large variation in orientation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 31
32 bedding planes Example 4: Variation in clay content in intact rock causes differential weathering April 1990 Slightly higher clay content Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 32
33 Example 4: Variation in clay content in intact rock causes differential weathering April 1992 mass slid Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 33
34 Slope Stability probability Classification (SSPC) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 34
35 SSPC three step classification system based on probabilities independent failure mechanism assessment Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 35
36 Three step classification system (1) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 36
37 Three step classification system (2) EXPOSURE ROCK MASS (ERM) Exposure rock mass parameters significant for slope stability: Material properties: strength, susceptibility to weathering Discontinuities: orientation and sets (spacing) or single Discontinuity properties: roughness, infill, karst Exposure specific parameters: Method of excavation Degree of weathering Slope specific parameters: Method of excavation to be used Expected degree of weathering at end of engineering life-time of slope SLOPE GEOMETRY Orientation Height Factor used to remove the influence of the method excavation and degree of weathering REFERENCE ROCK MASS (RRM) Reference rock mass parameters significant for slope stability: Material properties: strength, susceptibility to weathering Discontinuities: orientation and sets (spacing) or single Discontinuity properties: roughness, infill, karst Factor used to assess the influence of the method excavation and future weathering SLOPE ROCK MASS (SRM) Slope rock mass parameters significant for slope stability: Material properties: strength, susceptibility to weathering Discontinuities: orientation and sets (spacing) or single Discontinuity properties: roughness, infill, karst SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENT Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 37
38 Excavation specific parameters for the excavation which is used to characterize the rock mass Degree of weathering Method of excavation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 38
39 Slope specific parameters for the new slope to be made Expected degree of weathering at end of lifetime of the slope Method of excavation to be used for the new slope Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 39
40 Intact rock strength By simple means test - hammer blows, crushing by hand, etc. Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 40
41 Spacing and persistence of discontinuities Based on the block size and block form by first visual assessment and then quantification of the characteristic spacing and orientation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 41
42 wavy i = amplitude roughness: 5 9 cm slightly wavy 5 9 cm i = 9-14 Shear curved i = cm strength - roughness slightly curved i = cm large scale straight 1 m (i-angles and dimensions only approximate) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 42
43 stepped amplitude roughness > 2-3 mm undulating planar amplitude roughness > 2-3 mm Shear strength - roughness small scale 0.20 m (dimensions only approximate) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 43
44 Infill: - cemented - no infill - non-softening (3 grain sizes) - softening (3 grain sizes) Shear strength - Infill - gauge type (larger or smaller than roughness amplitude) - flowing material Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 44
45 Orientation dependent stability Stability depending on relation between slope and discontinuity orientation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 45
46 Sliding criterion sliding occurs if : TC < * AP Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 46
47 Sliding probability TC (condition of discontinuity) discontinuity stable with respect to sliding discontinuity unstable with respect to sliding 95 % 70 % 50 % 30 % 5 % AP (deg) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 47
48 Toppling criterion ( ) AP TC < * 90 + dip discontinuity Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 48
49 Toppling probability TC (condition of discontinuity) (-) Fig. 9. Toppling criterion discontinuity stable with respect to toppling discontinuity unstable with respect to toppling 95 % 70 % 50 % 30 % 5 % AP + slope dip (deg) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 49
50 Orientation independent stability Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 50
51 Probability orientation independent failure 10 Das hed pr obabilit y lines indi c at e that the number of sl opes us ed for the devel opment of the SSPC s ys tem for these s ec tions of the graph is limited and the pr obability lines may not be as c ertai n as the pr obability lines dr awn wit h a co nti nuous line. probability to be stable > 95 % 95 % 90 % Hmax / Hslope 1 (example) 10 % 5 % 70 % 50 % 30 % probability to be stable < 5 % ϕ mass / slope dip Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 51
52 number of slopes (%) visually estimated stability stable (class 1) unstable (class 2) unstable (class 3) a: SSPC b: Haines number of slopes (%) 80 visually estimated stability stable (class 1) unstable (class 2) unstable (class 3) Haines safety factor: < > SSPC stability probability (%) Haines' slope dip - existing slope dip (deg) unstable stable unstable stable c: SMR visually estimated stability stable (class 1) unstable (class 2) unstable (class 3) Percentages are from total number of slopes per visually estimated stability class. visually estimated stability: number of slopes (%) class 1 : stable; no signs of present or future slope failures (number of slopes: 109) class 2 : small problems; the slope presently shows signs of active small failures and has the potential for future small failures (number of slopes: 20) class 3 : large problems; The slope presently shows signs of active large failures and has the potential for future large failures (number of slopes: 55) Romana's SMR (points) 'tentative' describtion of SMR classes: completely partially completely unstable stable unstable stable stable Comparison Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 52
53 Poorly blasted slope Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 53
54 Poorly blasted slope New cut (in 1990): Visual assessed: extremely poor instable. SSPC stability < 8% (13.8 m high, dip 70, rock mass weathering: 'moderately' and 'dislodged blocks' due to blasting). Forecast in 1996: SSPC stability: slope dip 45. In 2002: Slope dip about 55 (visually assessed unstable). In 2005: Slope dip about 52 (visually assessed unstable big blocks in middle photo have fallen). Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 54
55 Slope Stability probability Classification (SSPC) Saba case - Dutch Antilles Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 55
56 Landslide in harbour Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 56
57 Geotechnical zoning Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 57
58 SSPC results Pyroclastic deposits Calculated SSPC Laboratory / field Rock mass friction (measured) Rock mass cohesion 39kPa 40kPa (measured) Calculated maximum possible height on the slope 13m 15m (observed) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 58
59 Failing slope in Manila, Philippines Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 59
60 Failing slope in Manila (2) tuff layers with near horizontal weathering horizons (about every 2-3 m) slope height is about 5 m SSPC non-orientation dependent stability about 50% for 7 m slope height unfavourable stress configuration due to corner Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 60
61 Widening existing road in Bhutan (Himalayas) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 61
62 Bhutan (5) Method of excavation Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 62
63 Widening existing road in Bhutan (Himalayas) (2) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 63
64 Widening existing road in Bhutan (Himalayas) (3) Above road level: Various units Joint systems (sub-) vertical Present slope about 21 m high, about 90 or overhanging (!) Present situation above road highly unstable (visual assessment) Below road level: Inaccessible seems stable Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 64
65 Widening existing road in Bhutan (Himalayas) (4) Above road level: Following SSPC system about m for a 75 slope (depending on unit) (orientation independent stability 85%) Below road level: Inaccessible different unit? and not disturbed by excavation method Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 65
66 Future degradation of soil or rock due to weathering, ravelling, etc. no reliable quantitative relations exist to forecast the future geotechnical properties of soil or rock mass Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 66
67 Future degradation (2) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 67
68 Future degradation (3) z [m] y [m] Excavated 1999 May 2001 May 2002 Reduction in slope angle due to weathering, erosion and ravelling (after Huisman) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 68
69 Degradation processes Main processes involved in degradation: Loss of structure due to stress release Weathering (In-situ change by inside or outside influences) Erosion (Material transport with no chemical or structural changes) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 69
70 Significance in engineering When rock masses degrade in time, slopes and other works that are stable at present may become unstable Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 70
71 Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 71
72 Erosion Essentially: migration of solid or dissolved material Weathering occurs usually before and possibly during erosion Transporting agents: - Water - Gravity - Ice - Wind - Man! Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 72
73 Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 73
74 Quantify weathering: SSPC Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 74
75 Weathering in time The susceptibility to weathering is a concept that is frequently addressed by the weathering rate of a rock material or mass. Weathering rates may be expected to decrease with time, as the state of the rock mass becomes more and more in equilibrium with its surroundings. Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 75
76 Weathering rates Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 76
77 Weathering rates ( ) = app log ( 1+ ) WE t WE R t init WE WE(t) = degree of weathering at time t WE init = (initial) degree of weathering at time t = 0 R app WE = weathering intensity rate WE as function of time, initial weathering and the weathering intensity rate Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 77
78 Weathering rates Material: Gypsum layers Gypsum cemented siltstone layers Middle Muschelkalk near Vandellos (Spain) Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 78
79 Weathering intensity rate SSPC system with applying weathering intensity rate: - original slope cut about 50º (1998) - in 15 years decrease to 35º Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 79
80 Conclusions classification works for slope stability classification can incorporate uncertainty classification can be improved by using more elaborate relations be not afraid to abandon inherited methodologies and parameters Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 80
81 Future definition of heterogeneity classification systems for earthquake areas influence of snow and ice submersed marine slopes? Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 81
82 References Barton N.R., Lien R. & Lunde J. (1974). Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support. Rock Mechanics. 6. publ. Springer Verlag. pp Barton N.R. (2000) TBM Tunnelling in Jointed and Faulted Rock. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2000 ISBN , pp. Hack HRGK, Price, D & Rengers N (2003) A new approach to rock slope stability - a probability classification (SSPC). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. Springer Verlag. Vol. 62: article: DOI /s pp & erratum: DOI /s pp Haines A. & Terbrugge P.J. (1991). Preliminary estimation of rock slope stability using rock mass classification systems. Proc. 7th Cong. on Rock Mechanics. ISRM. Aachen, Germany. 2, ed. Wittke W. publ. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp Huisman M, Hack HRGK & Nieuwenhuis JD (2006) Predicting rock mass decay in engineering lifetimes: the influence of slope aspect and climate. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience. Vol XII, no. 1, Feb. 2006, pp ISRM (1978). Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses. Int. Journal Rock Mechanics, Mining Sciences & Geomechanical Abstr. 15, pp Deere D.U. (1964). Technical description of rock cores. Rock Mechanics Engineering Geology 1. pp Deere D.U. (1989). Rock quality designation (RQD) after twenty years. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Contract Report GL Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, 67. Palmstrøm A. (1975). Characterization of degree of jointing and rock mass quality. Internal Report. Ing.A.B. Berdal A/S, Oslo, pp Romana M. (1991). SMR classification. Proc. 7th Cong. on Rock Mechanics. ISRM. Aachen, Germany. 2. ed. Wittke W. publ. Balkema, Rotterdam. pp Dehradun, India - RQD - Slope Stab Class - Weathering - Robert Hack 82
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