Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology
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1 W. W. Norton & Company Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen
2 Chapter 8 Clark Spencer Larsen Our Origins DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY C. Milner-Rose Chapter 8 Fossils and Their Place in Time and Nature 2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
3 Fossils: Memories of the Biological Past What are fossils? Fossils are the remains of organisms chemically changed into rock. Fossils include hard parts of animals with calcium replaced by harder minerals impressions of plant structure, feathers or other soft parts pressed into clay hardened into rock track ways of animals footprints hardened into rock microfossils
4 Figure 8.3d Kinds of Fossils-Trilobite
5 Chapter Opener
6 Figure 8.3e Kinds of Fossils-Ferm
7 Figure 8.3a Kinds of Fossils-250 Million Year Old Bacteria
8 Figure 8.3b Kinds of Fossils-Stromatolites
9 Figure 8.3c Kinds of Fossils-Ammonite
10 Figure 8.3f Kinds of Fossils-Crab
11 Figure 8.3g Kinds of Fossils-Soft Shelled Turtle
12 Figure 8.3h Kinds of Fossils-Fish
13 Figure 8.7a What Did They Look Like?: Bringing Fossils to Life
14 Figure 8.7b What Did They Look Like?: Bringing Fossils to Life
15 Fossils: Memories of the Biological Past Taphonomy and Fossilization Taphonomy is the study of what happens to an organism s remains after death. Describes what circumstances are necessary for fossilization to occur Fossilization requires an anoxic environment, where decomposition is limited.
16 Figure 8.4 What Is in a Fossil?: The Making of the Biological Past
17 Figure 8.6a Ancient Footprints at Laetoli
18 Figure 8.6b Ancient Footprints at Laetoli
19 Figure 8.5 South African Cave Taphonomy
20 Fossils: Memories of the Biological Past Types of Fossils Fossils are found in different types of rock. Sedimentary Volcanic Sometimes vestiges of DNA can be found within fossils. Chemical segments of bone can also be analyzed.
21 Figure Geologic Map of England, Wales, and Part of Scotland, by William Smith
22 Fossils: Memories of the Biological Past Limitations of the fossil record: Representation is important The fossil records present a snapshot of life in the past. Recognition of this limitation is critical in interpreting the fossil record.
23 Figure 8.9 Evolution of Life
24 How Old is the Past? Time in Perspective Long expanses of time that paleontologists handle (e.g., billions of years) are difficult for many people to conceive of. It is necessary to place fossils in time and space to fully understand their significance.
25 Fossils: Memories of the Biological Past Limitations of the fossil record The Fayum in Egypt has a rich record of early primate evolution ending at about 31 mya. Later fossilization conditions may not have been as ideal as in previous millennia. The same is true of the human fossil record. Best preservation is in eastern and southern parts of Africa after 4 mya
26 Figure 8.3j Kinds of Fossils-Eocene Primate, Darwinius Masillae
27 How Old is the Past? Geologic Time: Earth History Three established eras of time in Earth s history Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Changes to the Earth s continent Pangaea and oceans occurred as mammalian, primate, and human evolution was occurring.
28 Figure 8.8 Geologic Timescale
29 Figure 8.10 Movement of Continents
30 How Old is the Past? Relative Methods of Dating: Stratigraphic Correlation and the Law of Superposition Relative age is determined by comparing the stratum position of one piece of evidence to another. Evidence at the bottom of a stratum sequence is older than that above it. Stratigraphic correlation matches up strata to determine the scale of time over a larger region.
31 Figure 8.20 Relative vs. Numerical
32 Figure 8.11a Steno s Law of Superposition
33 Figure 8.11b Steno
34 How Old is the Past? Relative Methods of Dating: Chemical Dating Fluorine dating measures levels of fluorine in bones to determine relative age.
35 Figure 8.13 Fluorine Dating
36 How Old is the Past? Relative Methods of Dating: Biostratigraphic (Faunal) Dating Faunal dating compares different fossil forms based on the first appearance of an organism on through its extinction.
37 Primates and Primatelike Ancestors have been Evolving for more than 60 Million Years
38 Figure 8.16 Fossil Pig Molars
39 Figure 8.15a The Skeleton of Irish Elk
40 Figure 8.15b A Reconstruction Depicts the Irish Elk
41 How Old is the Past? Relative Methods of Dating: Cultural Dating Cultural dating uses changes in material culture (such as stone tools) to establish a chronology.
42 Figure 8.17a Cultural Artifacts-An Oldowan Chopper
43 Figure 8.17b Cultural Artifacts-An Oldowan flake Tool
44 Figure 8.17c Cultural Artifacts-An Acheulean Hand Axe (France)
45 Figure 8.17d Cultural Artifacts-A Hand Axe ( Kenya ) from Ologosailie
46 ( Spain ) Figure 8.17e Cultural Artifacts-A Hand Axe from Galeria
47 Figure 8.17f Cultural Artifacts-A Mousterian Levallois flake Tool
48 Figure 8.17g Cultural Artifacts-Mousterian Tools
49 Figure 8.17h Cultural Artifacts-A Solutrean Tool
50 Figure 8.18 Lion Man
51 Figure 8.17i Cultural Artifacts-An Upper Paleolithic Point
52 Figure 8.17k Cultural Artifacts-A Neolithic Axe Head
53 Figure 8.17l Cultural Artifacts-Neolithic Scrapers
54 Figure 8.17j Cultural Artifacts-A Neolithic Flake Tool
55 Figure 8.17n Cultural Artifacts-Post-Neolithic Clovis Points
56 Figure 8.17o Cultural Artifacts-A Post-Neolithic Spade
57 Figure 8.17p Cultural Artifacts-An American Indian Stone Maul
58 Figure 8.17m Cultural Artifacts-A Mayan Pot
59 Figure 8.17q Cultural Artifacts-An Inuit Fishing Spear
60 Figure 8.17r Cultural Artifacts-A Ford Model T
61 Figure 8.17s Cultural Artifacts-An Apple IPod
62 Figure 8.19a Ceramics-an Amratian Vase, ca BC
63 Figure 8.19b Ceramics-A Vase Created by Aristonothos from Greece, ca. 650 BC
64 Figure 8.19c Ceramics-An Egyptian Ptolemaic Alabaster Jar, ca. 300 BC
65 Figure 8.19d Ceramics-An Anasazi Black on White Jar, ca
66 Figure 8.19e Ceramics-A Water Pitcher Commemorating the 1796 U.S. Presidential Election
67 How Old is the Past? Absolute Methods of Dating: What Is the Numerical Age? Absolute (numerical) age is determined through methods that result in an age, NUMBER OF YEARS old on a time scale. Dendrochronology counts the rings of trees; each ring marks one year of growth.
68 Figure 8.21 Dendrochronology
69 How Old is the Past? Absolute Methods of Dating All methods of dating have limitations as to which time spans they can date as well as which types of materials they can test.
70 How Old is the Past? Absolute Methods of Dating The Radiometric Revolution and the Dating Clock Radiometric dating is based on the steady rate of decay of various materials. Radiocarbon dating measures the halflife of carbon isotopes. This method using carbon is most accurate for only the last 50,000 70,000 ybp. BP means before present.
71 Figure 8.22 Radiocarbon Dating
72 How Old is the Past? Absolute Methods of Dating Other materials beside carbon have a longer time range than 50,000 years for dating older fossils. Radiopotassium Dating Measures the potassium radioisotope in volcanic rock associated with fossils Potassium has a long half-life (it slowly decays and gives off argon gas) and can be used to date fossils far older than 200,000 years, to millions of years old.
73 How Old is the Past? Absolute Methods of Dating Other methods of aging fossils are non radiometric ie. are not based on the half-life of isotopes that decay at a steady rate. amino acid dating fission track dating paleomagnetic dating electron spin resonance dating
74 How Old is the Past? Genetic Dating Amino acid dating Based on the decay of protein molecules Useful for fossils up to 200,000 years old and, in some cases, up to 1 mya
75 How Old is the Past? Absolute Dating Fission track dating Based on changes in uranium-238 Used to date volcanic ash and glass millions of years old
76 Figure 8.23 Fission Track Dating
77 How Old is the Past? Absolute Dating Paleomagnetic dating Uses changes in the earth s magnetic field to date rock Electron spin resonance dating Measures radioisotope buildup in fossils over time
78 Figure 8.24b Non-Radiometric Absolute Dating Methods
79 How Old is the Past? Absolute Dating Luminescence dating Measures the amount of the sun s energy in sediment, stone, or ceramic
80 How Old is the Past? Comparative Genetic Dating The Molecular Clock Measures changes in DNA over time Based on a constant mutation rate Used to examine the timing of the splits in primate evolution Comparisons are made of related living species DNA to see when their last common ancestor lived and speciation occurred.
81 Figure 8.25 Genetic Dating: Divergence of Higher Primates
82 Reconstruction of Ancient Environments and Landscapes In addition to constructing time scales, researchers also reconstruct ancient environments. Remains of plants and animals indicate the ecology and climate of that time. Temperature can be calculated from stratified sediment in lake and ocean cores. Humidity is calculated from tree rings. Satellite imagery and geology can indicate ancient topography and the location of former rivers and lakes.
83 Figure 8.31 Serengeti Plain, Kenya
84 Reconstruction of Ancient Environments and Landscapes The Driving Force in Shaping Environment: Temperature Temperature drives climate. Linked to biology and chemistry Ancient temperatures are reconstructed through study of ocean dwelling organisms.
85 Figure 8.27 Foraminifera
86 Figure 8.28 Global Temperature and Climate Changes
87 Reconstruction of Ancient Environments and Landscapes Temperature One of the most dramatic changes in temperature occurred around 6 mya and was a cooling period in Earth's history.
88 Reconstruction of Ancient Environments and Landscapes Chemistry of Animal Remains and Ancient Soils Chemical analysis of bones and teeth can reconstruct diets and habitats based on plants the animals ate. Different environments are associated with different types of carbon dioxide (e.g., C 3 or C 4 ). Time, space, habitat, and diet are important factors in the interpretation of the fossil record.
89 Figure 8.30a C3 Plants, Such as Wheat
90 Figure 8.30b C4 Plants, Such as Corn
91 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions The study of what happens to the remains of an organism is called: a) geology. b) paleontology. c) fossilization. d) taphonomy.
92 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions Rapid evolutionary change during long, static periods is known as: a) stasis. b) gradualism. c) punctuated equilibrium. d) adaptation.
93 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions The law of superposition created by Nicolaus Steno helped lay the foundations for: a) relative dating. b) absolute dating. c) numerical aging. d) All of the above
94 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions All of the following are relative methods of dating except: a) stratigraphic correlation. b) fluorine dating. c) radiocarbon dating. d) faunal dating.
95 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions All of the following are absolute methods of dating except: a) tree ring dating. b) cultural dating. c) fission-track dating. d) amino acid dating.
96 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions To calculate the numerical age of a fossil specimen that you believe dates to about 2 mya, which of the following methods would you choose? a) Fission-track dating b) Carbon-14 dating c) Dendrochronology d) Any of the above
97 Chapter 8: Clicker Questions The molecular clock indicates that humans and chimpanzees diverged about mya. a) 6 b) 14 c) 18 d) 25
98 Art Presentation Slides Chapter 8
99 Figure 8.1 Megalonyx Jeffersoni Fossil Claws
100 Figure 8.14 Dragutin Gorjanovic - Kramberger
101 The Fossil Record and the Timing and Tempo of Evolution
102 Figure 8.12 Krakatoa
103 Atomic Bombs
104 Atomic Bombs
105 Figure 8.24a Non-Radiometric Absolute Dating Methods
106 Figure 8.24c Non-Radiometric Absolute Dating Methods
107 Figure 8.26 Life in the Trees
108 Figure 8.29 Antarctica
109 Our Origins StudySpace Quizzes Ebook Links Outlines FlashCards Google Earth AnthroTours
110 W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee Owned This concludes the slide set for Chapter 8 Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen
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