What is the LAB Dynamically: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Rheology from Post-loading Deformation
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1 What is the LAB Dynamically: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Rheology from Post-loading Deformation Roland Bürgmann, UC Berkeley With contributions by Pascal Audet, Daula Chandrasekhar, Georg Dresen, Andy Freed, Jeff Freymueller, Tom Herring, Kaj Johnson, Fred Pollitz, Isabelle Ryder, Kelly Wiseman Yuan & Romanowicz, 2010 Bürgmann & Dresen, 2008
2 What is the LAB Dynamically: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere Rheology from Post-loading Deformation! What is the depth of, and rheology about the LAB in continental interiors, active plate boundary zones and oceanic plates? Yuan & Romanowicz, 2010 Audet & Bürgmann, 2011 & Dresen, 2008
3 3 Audet & Bürgmann, 2011
4 4 Cratonic Shields: Strong Mantle and Crust > 120 km > 670 km Milne et al., Science 2001
5 Cratonic Shields: Strong Mantle and Crust Kohlstedt, 2007 Sella et al., 2007! Glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) probes deep, large scale strength! High viscosity (10 21 ) below thick (> 100km) elastic layer 5
6 6 Audet & Bürgmann, 2011
7 M Bhuj Earthquake: First Large Intra-plate Event in Space Geodetic Era 7 Chandrasekhar et al., 2009 EPSL
8 Postseismic Displacements After Bhuj Displacement (mm Displacement (mm) RAJK Time after Earthquake (yr) DHAM Time after Earthquake (yr) Displacement (mm Displacement (mm) RAPR Time after Earthquake (yr) GAND Time after Earthquake (yr) Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) RATN Time after Earthquake (yr) LODA East North East (Log) North (Log) Time after Earthquake (yr) Displacement (mm) BIRN Time after Earthquake (yr) Chandrasekhar et al., 2009 EPSL Displacement (mm) BHUJ Time after Earthquake (yr) Displacement (mm) MAND Time after Earthquake (yr)
9 Elastic Plate and Viscoelastic Asthenosphere! Mantle relaxation dominates! Lower crust stronger than mantle and seismogenic to near Moho! Effective viscosity increases with observation time span yr. 266 Mantle Viscosity (Pa s) Chandrasekhar et al., 2009 EPSL Viscosity Ratio (lower crust/ mantle) 6 9
10 Strong Crust, Surprisingly Soft Mantle 80 km Kumar et al. 2007, Nature! Mantle under NW India may have been weakened by Deccan plume! This may be at the root of intra-plate earthquakes in the area P wavespeed! Kennett & Widiyantoro, EPSL
11 11 Audet & Bürgmann, 2011
12 12 Mojave Desert Earthquakes Simons et al., 2002 Fialko et al., 2004 Andy Freed
13 Freed et al., 2007 GRL Transients
14
15 Freed et al., 2007 GRL
16 Comparison of Rheological and Seismological LAB M 7.4 & 7.1 M 7.2 Ved Lekic et al., this meeting Freed et al., 2007 GRL
17 Freed et al., 2007 GRL Transients North Components
18 Power-law Flow or Transient Creep in Upper Mantle! = A " n e- Q/RT Freed et al., 2010 EPSL
19 Effective
20 Effective
21 Long-term Effective
22 Implications for Long-Term Ambient Conditions of the Mantle Beneath the Mojave Desert Mineralogy Creep Mechanism Grain Size Strain Rate Wet Olivine Dislocation Creep mm 0.1 µstrain/yr Temperature Absolute Shear Stress Long-term Viscosity Andy Freed, this meeting
23 23 Plate Boundaries: Weak Mantle - Strong Crust? Thatcher & Pollitz, GSA Today 2008 Kohlstedt, 2007 Treatise of Geophysics
24 24 Audet & Bürgmann, 2011
25 Megathrust Earthquake Transients! Far reaching, large and long lasting transient deformation! Pattern depends on mantle viscosity structure Shearer & Burgmann, 2010 Pollitz et al., 2006, GJI 25
26 Megathrust Earthquake Transients! Far reaching, large and long lasting transient deformation! Pattern depends on mantle viscosity structure Pollitz et al., 2008 GJI 60 years Shearer & Bürgmann, 2010 Shapiro et al.,
27 Sea-floor GPS to Probe Oceanic Asthenosphere (cm) GPS-A for Sumatra not funded, but 2010 Chile and 2011 Tohoku quakes provide new opportunities to probe oceanic asthenosphere rheology 27
28 M M M 8.8 Audet & Bürgmann, 2011
29 What is the depth of, and rheology about the LAB in continental interiors, active plate boundary zones and oceanic plates?! High viscosity (~10 21 Pa s) asthenosphere below thick, strong continental interiors Hot, wet asthenosphere under strong crust! Low viscosity (~10 19 Pa s) below km thin, strong crust and mantle lithosphere ~ Pa s! No solid constraint yet on oceanic asthenosphere from post-loading experiments Hyndman, GSA Today ~ Pa s Hyndman, 2005 Yuan & Romanowicz,
30 What is the depth of, and rheology about the LAB in continental interiors, active plate boundary zones and oceanic plates?! Seismic LAB >> mechanical (post loading & Te) estimates! Role of lithosphere-internal strength and time-dependent rheology? (e.g., T. Lowry, E. Beard, A. Freed)! Rheology is complex in 4D! Need better constraints on mineralogy, T, H 2 O, grain size, composition etc. (e.g., F. Martinez, D. Schutt, I. Wada, H. Yuan, V. Lekic, K. Fischer etc. etc.)! Oceanic asthenosphere rheology?! Sea floor geodesy, modeling and ocean island loads (e.g., S. Zhong ) ~ Pa s Yuan & Romanowicz, 2010 Audet & Bürgmann,
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